Chandrayaan-3

Coordinates: 69.367621°S 32.348126°E

Chandrayaan-3

Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in clean room

Operator ISRO
COSPAR ID 2023-098A (https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2023-098A)
SATCAT no. 57320
Website www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html (https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html)
Mission 1 month and 2 days (elapsed)
duration
Propulsion module: ≤ 3 to 6 months (planned)
Vikram lander: ≤ 14 days (planned)
Pragyan rover: ≤ 14 days (planned)

Spacecraft properties
Bus Chandrayaan
Manufacturer ISRO
Launch 3900 kg[1]
mass
Payload Propulsion Module: 2148.00 kg
mass Lander Module (Vikram): 1752 kg including Rover (Pragyan) of 26 kg
 Total: 3900.00 kg
Power Propulsion Module: 758 W Lander Module: 738W, WS with Bias Rover: 50W

Start of mission
Launch date 14 July 2023 14:35:17 IST, (9:05:17 UTC)[2][3]
Rocket LVM3 M4
Launch site Satish Dhawan Space Centre
Contractor ISRO

Moon lander
Spacecraft Rover
component
[4][5]
Landing date 23 August 2023 17:47 IST, (12:17 UTC) (planned)
Landing site 69.367621°S 32.348126°E [6]

(between Manzinus C and Simpelius N craters)[7]

Official Chandrayaan-3 mission patch

Chandrayaan programme

Chandrayaan-3 (Devanagari: चंद्रयान-३, transl. Moon-spaceship)[8] is the third and most recent lunar
Indian Space Research exploration mission under the Chandrayaan programme of ISRO.[8] It consists of a
lander named Vikram and a rover named Pragyan similar to Chandrayaan-2, but does not have an orbiter.
Its propulsion module behaves like a communication relay satellite. The propulsion module carries the
lander and rover configuration until the spacecraft is in a 100 km lunar orbit.[9][10]

Following Chandrayaan-2, where a last-minute glitch in the landing guidance software led to the lander
crashing after entering lunar orbit, another lunar mission was proposed.[11]

The launch of Chandrayaan-3 took place on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST[12] and lunar injection of
100 km circular polar orbit was completed successfully as part of phase one.[3][13] The lander and rover are
expected to land near the lunar south pole region on 23 August 2023.[14]

Background
As part of the Chandrayaan programme to demonstrate soft landing on the Moon, ISRO launched
Chandrayaan-2 on board a Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3) launch vehicle consisting of an orbiter, a
lander and a rover.[15] The lander was scheduled to touchdown on the lunar surface in September 2019 to
deploy the Pragyan rover.[16][17]

The European Space Tracking (ESTRACK) operated by European Space Agency (ESA) will support the
mission according to a contract. Under the new cross-support arrangement, ESA tracking support could be
provided for upcoming ISRO missions such as those of India’s first human spaceflight programme,
Gaganyaan and the Aditya-L1 solar research mission. In return, future ESA missions will receive similar
support from ISRO’s own tracking stations.[18]

Objective
ISRO has set three main objectives for the Chandrayaan-3 mission, which include:

1. Getting a lander to land safely and softly on the surface of the Moon.
2. Observing and demonstrating the rover’s loitering capabilities on the Moon.
3. In-site observation & conducting experiments on the materials available on the lunar surface
to better understand composition of the Moon.[19]

Design
Chandrayaan-3 comprises three main components:

Propulsion Module: The propulsion module will carry the lander and rover configuration till 100 km lunar
orbit. It is a box-like structure with one large solar panel mounted on one side and a large cylinder on top
(the Intermodular Adapter Cone) that acts as a mounting structure for the lander.[10][9]

Lander: The lander is responsible for the soft landing on the Moon. It is also box-shaped, with four
landing legs and four landing thrusters of 800 newtons each. It will be carrying the rover and various
scientific instruments to perform in-site analysis.

The lander for Chandrayaan-3 will have only four throttle-able engines with thrust valve slew rate changing
capabilities, unlike Vikram on Chandrayaan-2 which had five 800 Newtons engines with a fifth one being
centrally mounted with a fixed thrust. One of the main reasons of Chandrayaan-2 failure, i.e., attitude
increase during camera coasting phase was removed by allowing the lander to control attitude and thrust in
all phases of descent. Attitude correction range is increased from 10°/s in Chandrayaan-2 to 25°/s in
Chandrayaan-3. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander will be equipped with a Laser Doppler
Velocimeter (LDV) to allow measuring attitude in 3 directions.[20][21] The impact legs have been made
stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and instrumentation redundancy has been increased. It will target a
more precise 4 km (2.5 mi) by 4 km (2.5 mi) landing region based on images previously provided by
OHRC on Chandrayaan-2. ISRO improved the structural rigidity, increased polling in instruments,
increased data frequency and transmission and added other multiple software and contingency systems, as
the lander is designed to withstand failed landing attempt via multiple complicated software
simulations.[22][21]

Rover:

Six-wheeled design
Weight of 26 kilograms (57 pounds)
Range of 500 metres (1,600 ft)
Dimensions : 917 millimetres (3.009 ft) x 750 millimetres (2.46 ft) x 397 millimetres (1.302 ft)

The Chandrayaan-3 rover is expected to make a number of important scientific discoveries, including:

The composition of the lunar surface

The presence of water ice in the lunar soil
The history of lunar impacts
 The evolution of the Moon’s atmosphere

Integrated module Propulsion module

Lander Rover

Instruments
Lander

Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) will measure the thermal

conductivity and temperature of the lunar surface.
Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) will measure the seismicity around the landing
site.
Langmuir Probe (LP) will estimate the plasma density and its variations.[23]

Rover

Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) will derive the chemical composition and infer
mineralogical composition of the lunar surface.
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) will determine the elemental composition
(Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe) of lunar soil and rocks around the lunar landing site.[23]

Propulsion Module

Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) to study the spectral and

polarimetric measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit in the near-infrared (NIR)
wavelength range (1-1.7 μm).[10][9]
 Alpha Particle X-Ray Chandra’s Surface Instrument for Lunar
Spectrometer (APSX) Thermophysical Seismic Activity (ILSA)
payload on the rover Experiment (ChaSTE) payload on the lander
payload on the lander

Laser Induced Langmuir Probe Spectro-polarimetry of

Breakdown (RAMBHA-LP) payload Habitable Planet Earth
Spectroscope (LIBS) on the lander (SHAPE) payload on the
payload on the rover propulsion module

Launch
Chandrayaan-3 was launched on 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST as
scheduled, from Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad
in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, India. The spacecraft entered lunar
orbit on 5 August 2023.[24] It is anticipated that the Chandrayaan-3
mission will achieve a soft landing on the lunar South Pole region
on 23 August.[25]

Choosing the month of July for the launch of Chandrayaan 3 was a

special move because of a calculation made by ISRO regarding the
closeness of Earth and Moon.[26]

LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 – Launch

vehicle lifting off from the Second
Launch Pad (SLP) of SDSC-SHAR,
Sriharikota
On August 5, the Indian Space Research Organisation achieved a Lunar-Orbit Insertion (LOI), successfully
placing the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft into orbit around the Moon. The LOI operation was carried out from
the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking, and Command Network (ISTRAC) located in Bengaluru.[27][28]

Mission profile
Animation of Chandrayaan-3

Around the Earth – Orbit raising phase Around the Earth

Around the Moon

Chandrayaan-3 · Earth · Moon

Orbit raising and station keeping

The satellite was launched aboard the LVM3-M4 rocket in the afternoon of 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST
to a EPO perigee of 170 km (106 mi). This will be followed by a series of orbit raising operations (using an
on-board LAM and chemical thrusters) to place the satellite in the Trans-lunar injection orbit.

Chandrayaan-3 orbital maneuver

 Date/ Height achieved
LAM burn Orbital
# Time Outcome References
time Apogee/Apolune Perigee/Perilune period
(UTC)

Earth bound maneuvers

15 July 41,762 km [29][30]

1 — 173 km (107 mi) — Success
2023 (25,950 mi)
17 July 41,603 km [29][31]
2 — 226 km (140 mi) — Success
2023 (25,851 mi)

18 July 51,400 km [32]

3 — 228 km (142 mi) — Success
2023 (31,900 mi)

20 July 71,351 km [29][33]

4 — 233 km (145 mi) — Success
2023 (44,335 mi)
25 July 127,603 km [34]
5 — 236 km (147 mi) — Success
2023 (79,289 mi)

Trans Lunar Injection

31 July 369,328 km [35]

1 — 288 km (179 mi) — Success
2023 (229,490 mi)
Lunar Bound Maneuvers

5
1,835 s 18,074 km Approx. 21 h [36]
1 August 164 km (102 mi) Success
(30.58 min) (11,231 mi) (1,300 min)
2023

6
4,313 km [37]
2 August — 170 km (110 mi) — Success
(2,680 mi)
2023
9
3 August — 1,437 km (893 mi) 174 km (108 mi) — Success [38]
2023

14
4 August — 177 km (110 mi) 150 km (93 mi) — Success [39]
2023

16
5 August — 163 km (101 mi) 153 km (95 mi) — Success [40]
2023
Lander Module Separation

17
1 August
2023
Lander Deorbit Burns

August
1
2023

August
2
2023
Landing

23
1 August
2023
Mission life

Carrying Lander Module & Rover upto ~100 x 100 km launch injection. Subsequently, operation of
experimental payload for a period of 3 to 6 months.[23]

Mission executives
ISRO Chairperson: S.Somanath[8]
Mission Director: S. Mohanakumar
Associate Mission Director: G. Narayanan (Indian scientist)|G. Narayanan
Vehicle Director: Biju C Thomas
Associate Vehicle Director: P. K. Sudeesh Kumar
Spacecraft Director: P. Veeramuthuvel

Funding
In December 2019, it was reported that ISRO requested the initial funding of the project, amounting to
₹75 crore (US$9.4 million), out of which ₹60 crore (US$7.5 million) will be for meeting expenditure
towards machinery, equipment and other capital expenditure, while the remaining ₹15 crore
(US$1.9 million) is sought under revenue expenditure head.[41]

Confirming the existence of the project, ISRO's former chairman K. Sivan stated that the estimated cost
would be around ₹615 crore (equivalent to ₹721 crore or US$90 million in 2023).[42][43]

See also
Chandrayaan programme – Indian lunar exploration programme
Indian Human Spaceflight Programme – Indian in space programme
Indian Martian Exploration Programme – Indian Mars exploration programme
Shukrayaan – India's venus exploration mission
Aditya-L1 – India's sun observation mission
Indian space station – Indian space station in space
NavIC – Indian alternative to GPS
Indian Space Research Organisation – India's national space agency
List of missions to the Moon – Missions to the Moon
Moon landing – Mission targeted at controlled landing on moon
Chandrayaan 3 Mission India (https://www.factrolls.com/2023/08/Chandrayaan%203%20Mi
ssion%20India%20Unveiling%20the%20Details%20of%20Indias%20Lunar%20Exploration.
html): Unveiling the Details of India's Lunar Exploration

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External links
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