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Coordinates: 69.367621°S 32.348126°E
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article documents a current or recent space mission. Details may
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Chandrayaan-3

Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module in a cleanroom

Lander
Mission type
Rover

Operator ISRO

COSPAR ID 2023-098B

SATCAT no. 57320

Website www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3.html

Mission duration 1 month and 14 days (elapsed)

 Propulsion module: ≤ 3 to 6 months (planned) 23 days

(elapsed) (since orbit insertion)

 Vikram lander: ≤ 14 days (planned) 5 days (elapsed)

 (since landing)

 Pragyan rover: ≤ 14 days (planned) 5 days (elapsed)

(since deployment)

Spacecraft properties

Bus Chandrayaan

Manufacturer ISRO

Launch mass 3900 kg[1]

Payload mass Propulsion Module: 2148 kg

Lander Module (Vikram): 1726 kg

Rover (Pragyan) 26 kg

Total: 3900 kg

Power Propulsion Module: 758 W

Lander Module: 738 W (WS with Bias)

Rover: 50 W

Start of mission

Launch date 14 July 2023 09:05:17 UTC[2]

Rocket LVM3 M4

Launch site Satish Dhawan Space Centre

Contractor ISRO

Moon orbiter

Orbital insertion 5 August 2023

Orbital parameters

Pericynthion 153 km (95 mi)

altitude

Apocynthion 163 km (101 mi)

altitude

Moon lander

Spacecraft Vikram lander

component

Landing date 23 August 2023 12:32 UTC[3]

Landing site Shiv Shakti point

69.367621°S 32.348126°E[4]
 (between Manzinus C and Simpelius N craters)[5]

Moon rover

Landing date 23 August 2023

Mission Insignia

Chandrayaan programme

← Chandrayaan-2

LUPEX →

Chandrayaan-3 (pronounced /ˌtʃʌndɹəˈjɑːn/), is the third Indian lunar

exploration mission under the Indian Space Research
Organisation's (ISRO) Chandrayaan programme.[6] It consists of a lander
named Vikram and a rover named Pragyan, similar to those of the Chandrayaan-
2 mission. The propulsion module carried the lander and rover configuration to lunar
orbit in preparation for a powered descent by the lander. [7][8]
Chandrayaan-3 was launched on 14 July 2023. The spacecraft entered lunar orbit on
5 August, and the lander touched down in the lunar south pole region[9] on 23 August
2023 at 12:32 UTC, making India the fourth country to successfully land on the
Moon, and the first to do so near the lunar south pole using indigenous rocket[10].[11][12][13]

Background
Further information: Chandrayaan programme
On 22 July 2019, ISRO launched Chandrayaan-2 on board a Launch Vehicle Mark-3
(LVM3) launch vehicle consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover.[14] The lander
was scheduled to touch down on the lunar surface on 6 September 2019 to deploy
the Pragyan rover. The lander ultimately crashed when it lost contact with earth
(ISRO) and deviated from its intended trajectory while attempting to land near the
lunar south pole.[15][16]
The lunar South Pole region holds particular interest for scientific exploration due to
studies that show large amounts of ice there. Mountainous terrain and unpredictable
lighting conditions not only protect the ice from melting, but also make landing
scientific probes there a challenging undertaking. This ice could contain solid-state
compounds that would normally melt under warmer conditions elsewhere on the
Moon, compounds which could provide insight into lunar, Earth, and Solar System
history. Ice could also be used as a source of drinking water and hydrogen for fuel
and oxygen for future manned missions and outposts. [17][18]
The European Space Tracking network (ESTRACK), operated by the European
Space Agency (ESA), is supporting the mission. Under a new cross-support
arrangement, ESA tracking support could be provided for upcoming ISRO missions
such as those of India's first human spaceflight programme, Gaganyaan, and
the Aditya-L1 solar research mission. In return, future ESA missions will receive
similar support from ISRO's own tracking stations.[19]
Objectives
ISRO's mission objectives for the Chandrayaan-3 mission were:

1. Getting a lander to land safely and softly on the surface of the Moon.
2. Observing and demonstrating the rover's driving capabilities on the Moon.
3. Conducting and observing experiments on the materials available on the lunar
surface to better understand the composition of the Moon. [20]

Spacecraft
Design
Chandrayaan-3 comprises three main components:
Propulsion module
The propulsion module carries the lander and rover configuration to a 100
kilometres (62 mi) lunar orbit. It is a box-like structure with a large solar panel
mounted on one side and a cylindrical mounting structure for the lander (the
Intermodular Adapter Cone) on top.[8][7]
Lander
The Vikram lander is responsible for the soft landing on the Moon. It is also
box-shaped, with four landing legs and four landing thrusters capable of
producing 800 newtons of thrust each. It carries the rover and various
scientific instruments to perform on-site analysis.[21][22]
The lander for Chandrayaan-3 has four variable-thrust engines with slew
rate changing capabilities, unlike Chandrayaan-2's lander, which had five, with
the fifth one being centrally mounted and capable only of fixed thrust. One of
the main reasons for Chandrayaan-2's landing failure was attitude increase
during the camera coasting phase. This was removed by allowing the lander
to control attitude and thrust during all phases of descent. Attitude correction
rate is increased from Chandrayaan-2's 10°/s to 25°/s with Chandrayaan-3.
Additionally, the Chandrayaan-3 lander is equipped with a Laser Doppler
Velocimeter (LDV) to allow measuring attitude in 3 directions.[23][24] The impact
legs have been made stronger compared to Chandrayaan-2 and
instrumentation redundancy has been improved. It will target a more precise
4 km (2.5 mi) by 4 km (2.5 mi) landing region based on images previously
provided by the Orbiter High-Resolution Camera (OHRC) onboard
Chandrayaan-2's orbiter. ISRO improved the structural rigidity, increased
polling in instruments, increased data frequency and transmission, and added
additional multiple contingency systems to improve lander survivability in the
event of failures during descent and landing. [25][24]
Rover
The Pragyan rover is a six-wheeled vehicle with a mass of 26 kilograms (57
pounds). It is 917 millimetres (3.009 ft) x 750 millimetres (2.46 ft) x 397
millimetres (1.302 ft) in size.[26]
The rover is expected to take multiple measurements to support research into
the composition of the lunar surface, the presence of water ice in the lunar
soil, the history of lunar impacts, and the evolution of the Moon's atmosphere.
[27][9]


Integrated module
 

Propulsion module
 

Lander
 
 

Pragyan rover

Payloads
Lander

 Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) will

measure the thermal conductivity and temperature of the lunar
surface.
 Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) will measure the
seismicity around the landing site.
 Langmuir Probe (LP) will estimate the near-surface plasma
density over time.[28]
Rover

 Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) will derive the

chemical composition and infer the mineralogical composition
of the lunar surface.
 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) will determine
the elemental composition (Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Fe) of lunar
soil and rocks around the lunar landing site.[28]
Propulsion module

 Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE) will

study spectral and polarimetric measurements of Earth from
the lunar orbit in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength range (1–
1.7 μm [3.9×10−5–6.7×10−5 in]).[8][7]

Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APSX)

 
 

Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE)

 

Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA)

 

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS)

 

Langmuir Probe (RAMBHA-LP)

 

Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth (SHAPE)

Mission profile
Animation of Chandrayaan-3

Around the Earth – Orbit raising phase

Around the Earth

Around the Moon

   Chandrayaan-3's Path ·    Earth ·    Moon

Launch
LVM3 M4, Chandrayaan-3 – Launch vehicle lifting off from the
second launch pad of SDSC-SHAR, Sriharikota
Chandrayaan-3 was launched aboard an LVM3-M4 rocket on 14
July 2023, at 09:05 UTC from Satish Dhawan Space
Centre Second Launch Pad in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, India,
entering an Earth parking orbit with a perigee of 170 km (106 mi)
and an apogee of 36,500 km (22,680 mi).
Orbit
After a series of earth bound manoeuvres that placed
Chandrayaan-3 in a trans-lunar injection orbit,[29][30][31] ISRO
performed a lunar-orbit insertion (LOI) on 5 August, successfully
placing the Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft into an orbit around the
Moon. The LOI operation was carried out from the ISRO
Telemetry, Tracking, and Command Network (ISTRAC)
in Bengaluru.[32][33]
On 17 August, the Vikram lander separated from the propulsion
module to begin the last phase of the mission.[34]
Descent
On 23 August 2023, as the lander approached the low point of its
orbit, its four engines fired as a braking manoeuvre at 30
kilometres (19 mi) above the Moon's surface. After 11.5 minutes,
the lander was 7.2 km (4.5 miles) above the surface; it maintained
this altitude for about 10 seconds, then stabilized itself using eight
smaller thrusters and rotated from a horizontal to a vertical position
while continuing its descent.
It then used two of its four engines to slow its descent to roughly
150 metres (490 ft); it hovered there for about 30 seconds and
located an optimal landing spot before continuing downward and
touching down at 12:32 UTC.[21][35]
Stages of Chandrayaan-3 deployment and flight
Date/
Stage and LAM burn Orbital
Time Orbit References
sequence time period
(UTC)
170 km
Earth orbit: 14 July × 36,500 km
— —
Launch 2023 (110 mi
× 22,680 mi)
173 km
Earth bound
15 July × 41,762 km
maneuvers: — — [36][37]

2023 (107 mi
1
× 25,950 mi)
226 km
Earth bound
17 July × 41,603 km
maneuvers: — — [36][38]

2023 (140 mi
2
× 25,851 mi)
228 km
Earth bound
18 July × 51,400 km
maneuvers: — — [39]

2023 (142 mi
3
× 31,938 mi)
233 km
Earth bound
20 July × 71,351 km
maneuvers: — — [36][40]

2023 (145 mi
4
× 44,335 mi)
236 km
Earth bound
25 July × 127,603 km
maneuvers: — — [41]

2023 (147 mi
5
× 79,289 mi)
Translunar 31 July — 288 km — [42]
 × 369,328 km
injection 2023 (179 mi
× 229,490 mi)
Lunar bound 164 km
5 Approx.
maneuver:1 1,835 s × 18,074 km
August 21 h [43]

(Lunar orbit (30.58 min) (102 mi

2023 (1,300 min)
insertion) × 11,231 mi)
170 km
Lunar bound 6
× 4,313 km
maneuvers: August — — [44]

(106 mi
2 2023
× 2,680 mi)
174 km
9
Lunar bound × 1,437 km
August — — [45]

maneuvers:3 (108 mi
2023
× 893 mi)
150 km
14
Lunar bound × 177 km
August — — [46]

maneuvers:4 (93 mi
2023
× 110 mi)
153 km
16
Lunar bound × 163 km
August — — [47]

maneuvers:5 (95 mi
2023
× 101 mi)
Lander 113 km
18
deorbit × 157 km
August — — [48]

maneuvers: (70 mi
2023
1 × 98 mi)
Lander 25 km
19
deorbit 60 s × 134 km
August — [49]

maneuvers: (1.0 min) (16 mi

2023
2 × 83 mi)
23
August
Landing TBC — — [3]

2023
12:32
23
Rover
August — — — [3]

deployment
2023

 Moon as captured by the Lander Position Detection Camera (LPDC) aboard

Chandrayaan-3 lander on 15 August 2023
 
 View from the Lander Imager Camera-1 (LI-1) on 17 August 2023 just after the
separation of the Chandrayaan-3 Lander Module from the Propulsion Module
 
 

Chandrayaan-3 orbital manoeuvre

Mission life
 Propulsion module: Carries lander and rover to 100-by-100-
kilometre (62 mi × 62 mi) orbit, with operation of experimental
payload for up to six months.[50]
 Lander module: 1 lunar daylight period (14 Earth days) [50]
 Rover module: 1 lunar daylight period (14 Earth days) [50]

Team
 ISRO Chairperson: S. Somanath[51]
 Mission Director: S. Mohanakumar[52]
 Associate Mission Director: G. Narayanan[53]
 Project Director: P. Veeramuthuvel[54]
 Deputy Project Director: Kalpana Kalahasti[55]
 Vehicle Director: Biju C. Thomas[56]

Funding
In December 2019, ISRO requested the initial funding of the
project, amounting to ₹75 crore (US$9.4 million), out of which ₹60
crore (US$7.5 million) would be for meeting expenditure towards
machinery, equipment, and other capital expenditure, while the
remaining ₹15 crore (US$1.9 million) was sought for operating
expenditure.[57] Amit Sharma, CEO of an ISRO vendor, said, "With
local sourcing of equipment and design elements, we are able to
reduce the price considerably."[58]
Confirming the existence of the project, ISRO's former chairman K.
Sivan stated that the estimated cost would be around ₹615
crore (equivalent to ₹721 crore or US$90 million in 2023).[59][60][61]

Domestic reaction
Congratulating the ISRO team behind the successful
Chandrayaan-3 Moon Mission at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and
Command Network in Bengaluru, Prime Minister Narendra
Modi announced that the touchdown point of the Vikram lander
would henceforth be known as Shiv Shakti point.[62] He further
declared August 23, the day the Vikram lander landed on the
moon, as National Space Day.[63][64]
See also
 Aditya-L1 – Indian solar observation mission
 Gaganyaan – Indian manned spacecraft project
 Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
 Indian Martian Exploration Programme
 Venus Orbiter Mission – Indian Venus exploration mission

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56. ^ "Chandrayaan 3 Launch Live: India's Chandrayaan-3 moon mission lifts
off from Sriharikota".  The Times of India. 14 July 2023. Archived from the
original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved  14 July 2023.
57. ^ Kumar, Chethan (8 December 2019). "ISRO seeks 75 crore more from
Centre for Chandrayaan-3".  The Times of India. Archived from the original
on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
58. ^ Bhattacharjee, Nivedita (24 August 2023).  "Chandrayaan-3 punches
home India's lead in budget space flights".  Reuters. Retrieved 26
August  2023.
59. ^ "Chandrayaan-3 to cost Rs 615 crore, launch could stretch to 2021".  The
Times of India. 2 January 2020.  Archived  from the original on 30
December 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
60. ^ "How much did India's Chandrayaan-3 lunar mission cost?".  CNBC. 15
July 2023.  Archived  from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 15
July  2023.
 61. ^ Mike Wall (18 August 2023). "India's Chandrayaan-3 snaps close-up
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the original on 23 August 2023. Retrieved 22 August  2023.
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2023. Retrieved  26 August 2023.
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scientists".  Hindustan Times. 26 August 2023. Retrieved  26 August 2023.

External links
Chandrayaan - 3 ISRO official site

 Indian space programme

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Antrix Corporation

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lation and
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companies Pixxel

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Satellize

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 Dhruva Space

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Related
RESPOND

 List of Indian satellites

 List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches

 List of ISRO missions

 List of ISRO chairpersons

Lunar rovers

Yutu-2 (2019–present, on Chang'e 4)

Pragyan (2023–present, on Chandrayaan-3)

Lunokhod 0 (1A)† (1969)

Lunokhod Lunokhod 1 (1970–1971, on Luna 17)

Lunokhod 2 (1973, on Luna 21)

Lunar Roving Vehicle (1971, Apollo 15)

Apollo LRV-2 (1972, Apollo 16)

LRV-3 (1972, Apollo 17)

CLEP Yutu (2013–2016, on Chang'e 3)

Chandrayaan Pragyan† (2019, on Chandrayaan-2)

Rashid Rashid† (2022–2023, on Hakuto-R)

Astrobotic M1 (carries: ASAGUMO (Spacebit) / CubeRover (Astrobotic) / Uni (Team AngelicvM) / Yaoki) (2023)

MoonRanger (2023)

SLIM (2023)

VIPER (2024)

Chang'e 7 (Rashid 2) (2026)

Lunar Terrain Vehicle

ATHLETE

Audi Lunar Quattro ×2 (PTScientists)

Deep Space Systems

ECA

HERACLES

Lunar Cruiser

Luna-Grunt rover

LUPEX rover

Moon Diver

Moon Express

OrbitBeyond rover

Polaris

Scarab

Space Exploration Vehicle

Team Puli

Lunokhod 3 (1977)

Resource Prospector

Tank on the Moon (2007 documentary)

List of missions to the Moon

Mars rover

Rover (space exploration)

List of extraterrestrial rovers

Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign † indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.

Spacecraft missions to the Moon

Indian spacecraft

 List of Indian satellites

 List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches

 List of ISRO missions

Communication CMS 
01

02

GSAT 
1

3 (EDUSAT)

5P

6A

7A

9 (South Asia Satellite)

10

11

12

14

15

16

17

18

19

29

30

31

HAMSAT

INSAT 
1A

1B

1C

1D

2A

2B

2C

2D

2DT

2E

3A

3B

3C
 3D

3DR

3DS

3E

4A

4B

4C

4CR

4E

4F

4G

Planned: GSAT 
20

22

23

24

Earth Bhaskara 

observation I

II

Cartosat 
1

2A

2B

2C

2D

2E

2F

EMISAT

EOS 
EOS-01

HySIS

IMS-1

IRS 
1A

1B
 1C

1D

1E

P1

P2

P3

Megha-Tropiques

Microsat 
Microsat-R

Oceansat 
1

Resourcesat 
1

RISAT 
1

2B

2BR1

Rohini 
RS-D1

RS-D2

SARAL

SCATSAT-1

Technology Experiment Satellite (TESS)

Planned: NISAR

GISAT

Oceansat-3

Resourcesat-3

RISAT-1A

APPLE

Aryabhata

Experimental Rohini 
RS-1

Rohini Technology Payload (RTP)

Navigation IRNSS 
 1A

1B

1C

1D

1E

1F

1G

1I

NVS-01

ANUSAT

Jugnu

SRMSAT

Student satellites StudSat 

StudSat-2

YouthSat

Pratham

SROSS 
A

Scientific B

C2

Astrosat
Aditya-L1 (planned)
Astronomical
XPoSat (planned)

AstroSat-2 (planned)

Lunar Chandrayaan-1 

programme Moon Impact Probe

Chandrayaan-2 
Vikram

Pragyan

Chandrayaan-3 
Vikram

Pragyan

Lunar Polar Exploration Mission

Chandrayaan-5
 Chandrayaan-6

Mars Orbiter Mission

Interplanetary Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (planned)

Venus Orbiter Mission (planned)

Indian human spaceflight programme 

SRE-1

SRE-II

SRE-III

Gaganyaan 
CARE

ISRO Space Station

 Future spacecraft in italics.

21st-century space probes

← 2022  ·  Orbital launches in 2023  ·  2024 →

ION SCV-007 & 008 (Astrocast × 4), Orbiter SN1† (Unicorn-2G†, Unicorn-2H†), Vigoride-5, ICEYE × 3, Lynk Tower 03, Lynk Tower 04, ÑuSat × 4, Flock 4y × 36, K

Alpha, Lemur-2 × 6, Milspace-2 1, MilSpace-2 2, Platform 2, SpaceBEE × 12,

Shijian 23

ForgeStar-0†, STORK-6†

OneWeb L16 (40 satellites)

Apstar 6E

Yaogan 37, Shiyan 22A, Shiyan 22B

Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D 34, Jilin-1 Hongwai-01A × 2, Jilin-1 Mofang-02A × 3

LDPE-3A, USA-342 / CBAS-2

USA-343 / GPS III-06

Starlink G2-4 (51 satellites)

Hawk × 3

IGS-Radar 7

Starlink G5-2 (56 satellites)

Starlink G2-6 (49 satellites), ION SCV-009

Starlink G5-3 (53 satellites)

Elektro-L №4

Amazonas Nexus

Progress MS-22

Starlink G5-4 (55 satellites)

Starlink G2-5 (51 satellites)

Inmarsat-6 F2

ChinaSat 26

Soyuz MS-23

Starlink G6-1 (21 satellites)

SpaceX Crew-6

Starlink G2-7 (51 satellites)

ALOS-3†

OneWeb L17 (40 satellites)

Olymp-K №2 / Luch-5X №2

SpaceX CRS-27

Shiyan 19

Capella 9, Capella 10

Gaofen 13-02

Starlink G2-8 (52 satellites)

SES-18, SES-19

Kosmos 2567 / Bars-M 4L

BlackSky 18, BlackSky 19

Starlink G5-5 (56 satellites)

OneWeb L18 (36 satellites)

Ofeq-13

Kosmos 2568 / EO MKA №4

Starlink G5-10 (56 satellites)

PIESAT-1A 01, PIESAT-1B × 3

Yaogan 34-04

Intelsat 40e / TEMPO

JUICE

ION SCV-010 (Kepler-20, Kepler-21), Vigoride-6, Hawk × 3, İMECE, ÑuSat × 4, DEWA SAT-2, LacunaSat-2F, Lemur-2 × 3, Sateliot_0 / Platform 3, TAIFA-1

Fengyun 3G

Starlink G6-2 (21 satellites)

Starlink G3-5 (46 satellites)

O3b mPOWER 3, O3b mPOWER 4

ViaSat-3.1

Starlink G5-6 (56 satellites)

TROPICS 05, TROPICS 06

Tianzhou 6

Starlink G2-9 (51 satellites)

BeiDou-3 G4

Starlink G6-3 (22 satellites)

Iridium 9 (5 satellites), OneWeb L19 (15 satellites), JoeySat

Axiom Mission 2

Progress MS-23

TROPICS 03, TROPICS 07

Kondor-FKA №1

Arabsat 7B (BADR-8)

NVS-01

Shenzhou 16

Malligyong-1†

Starlink G2-10 (52 satellites)

Starlink G6-4 (22 satellites)

SpaceX CRS-28 (Maya-5, Maya-6)

Shiyan 24A, Shiyan 24B

Starlink G5-11 (52 satellites)

ION SCV-011 (Unicorn-2I), Orbiter SN3, Blackjack Aces × 4, ICEYE × 4, ÑuSat × 4, Lemur-2 × 3, SpaceBEE × 14

Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D × 8, Jilin-1 Gaofen-06A × 30, Jilin-1 Pingtai-02A × 2

SATRIA

Shiyan 25

Starlink G5-7 (47 satellites)

USA-345 / Orion 11

Starlink G5-12 (56 satellites)

Meteor-M №2-3

Euclid

Syracuse 4B

Starlink G5-13 (48 satellites)

Starlink G6-5 (22 satellites)

Chandrayaan-3 (Vikram, Pragyan)

Starlink G5-15 (54 satellites)

Lemur-2 × 2

Starlink G6-15 (15 satellites)

Starlink G6-6 (22 satellites)

Yaogan 36-05 (3 satellites)

Starlink G6-7 (22 satellites)

Jupiter-3 / EchoStar-24

Cygnus NG-19

Fengyun 3F

Galaxy-37

Starlink G6-8 (22 satellites)

Kosmos 2569 / GLONASS-K2 13L

Starlink G6-20 (15 satellites)

S-SAR 02 / Huanjing-2F

Luna 25

Starlink G6-9 (22 satellites)

Starlink G6-10 (22 satellites)

Gaofen 12-04

Starlink G7-1 (21 satellites)

Progress MS-24

Malligyong-1 F2†

Acadia 1

Jilin-1 Kuanfu-02A

SpaceX Crew-7

Starlink G6-11 (22 satellites)

Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Cubesats are smaller.

Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
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