SCIENCE REPORTER: AUGUST 2023

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99notes October 13, 2023

NEWS IN BRIEF:

1) Novel Solar Desalination System for Remote Areas

The most common methods for desalination are membrane-based reverse osmosis
and thermal desalination. However, both consume a lot of energy.
As an alternative to such solar stills, the IISc (Indian Institute of Science),
Bengaluru, has developed a novel design for a solar-powered desalination unit.
It is more energy-efficient, cost-effective and portable, making it convenient to set up in
areas with limited access to continuous electricity.

2) Programmable 3D Printed Wound Dressing

In view of the problems in changing dressings frequently in burn patients, researchers
from the University of Waterloo have developed programmable 3D-printed reusable
hydrogel wound dressing.

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 The newly developed dressing will be beneficial in the healing process. The study was
published in the Journal Colloids and Interfacial Science.

3) Robomuse 5.0 — A Mobile Robot for Heavy Payloads

A mobile robot called “Robomuse 5.0”, which would be suitable for various industries to
carry payloads up to 100 kg and perform object manipulation by installing an arm on
top of it, has been developed by researchers at IIT Delhi.
This mobile robot is also a good research platform for various teaching and research
organisations.
The mobile robot, Robomuse 5.0, can have multiple applications, including the
transportation of heavy items on a factory shop floor.
If a manipulator is fitted on its top, the mobile manipulator can perform pick-and-place
operations, e.g., to dispose of a faulty item in a bin.

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4) Researchers Develop New Superconducting Diode
The University of Minnesota Twin Cities-led team has developed a new
superconducting diode, a key component in electronic devices, that could help scale up
quantum computers for industry use and improve the performance of Artificial
Intelligence systems. The paper was published in Nature Communications.
Compared to other superconducting diodes, the researchers’ device is more energy
efficient, can process multiple electrical signals at a time, and contains a series of gates
to control the flow of energy, a feature that has never before been integrated into a
superconducting diode.

5) “Statistics Nobel” for Indian-origin Scientist

In a moment of rare glory for India and Indian Science, Prof. Calyampudi
Radhakrishna Rao has been declared the winner of the current year’s International
Prize in Statistics, regarded as the Nobel equivalent for the number crunchers.

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 Rao has been selected for the honour for his contribution to the world of statistics that
has a profound influence on science.

6) Scientists Discover Dense Exoplanet

A new Jupiter size exoplanet with the highest density known till this date, and mass 13
times that of Jupiter, has been discovered by an international team of scientists at the
Exoplanet Research Group of the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad.
The team includes scientists from India, Germany, Switzerland and the USA. The
discovery of this massive exoplanet was made using the indigenously made PRL
Advanced Radial-velocity Abu-sky Search spectrograph (PARAS) at the 1.2 m
telescope of PRL at its Gurushikhar Observatory in Mt Abu by measuring the mass of
the planet precisely.
The newly discovered exoplanet is found around the star called TOI4603 or HD
245134.
NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) initially declared TOI4603 as
a possible candidate to host a secondary body of unknown nature.
Using PARAS, scientists discovered it as a planet by measuring the mass of the
secondary body and hence the planet is called TOI 4603b or HD 245134b.

What are Exo planets?

Massive giant exoplanets are those having a mass greater than four times that of
Jupiter.

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 The newly discovered exoplanet TOI 4603b is one of the most massive and densest
giant planets that orbit very close to its host star at a distance less than 1/10th the
distance between our Sun and Earth.

The figure on the left shows an artistic impression comparing the distances between
the TOI-4603 star-planet system and the Sun-Mercury and Sun-Jupiter systems. It is
noteworthy that the TOI-4603b planet, which has the same size as Jupiter, is situated
more than fifty times closer to its star than Jupiter is to the Sun. On the right is a
comparison between the TOI-4603b planet and Jupiter,which is 13 times more massive
than Jupiter.
This discovery marks the third exoplanet discovery by India, and by the PRL
scientists using the PARAS spectrograph and the PRL 1.2 m telescope, following the
discoveries in 2018 (K2-236b) and 2021 (TOI-1789b).

Article 1: Chandrayaan-3 India’s Quest for the Moon

The Moon, the largest and brightest celestial object in the night sky, has always been
much coveted by humankind.
The only natural satellite of the Earth, it has been a centre of attention for ages, more
than any other heavenly body.
It is expected that an understanding of the Moon may provide us a pathway to unravel
the early evolution of our solar system and that of Earth.

Past expeditions:

Chandrayaan-1

It was India’s first lunar and highly successful mission.

It was launched by PSLV-C11 on 22 October 2008 and was operational till 29 August
2009.
Chandrayaan-1 discovered traces of water on the Moon — a path-breaking
discovery in space science. Global imaging of the Moon was another major
achievement of this mission.

Chandrayaan-2

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 India’s second mission to the Moon, Chandrayaan-2 was launched on board GSLV Mk
III (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, now renamed now as LVM III) rocket on
22 July 2019.
While Chandrayaan-1 was designed for remote sensing observations of the Moon
surface, Chandrayaan-2 is a composite module consisting of three components:
a lunar orbiter, Vikram-Lander and Pragyan-Rover.

Chandrayaan-3

Chandrayaan-3 is a follow-on mission to Chandrayaan-2 to demonstrate end-to-end

capability in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface.
LVM III M4 (4 indicates 4th operational flight of the vehicle) was used for lifting off
Chandrayaan-3, which placed the integrated spacecraft in an Elliptic Parking Orbit
(EPO) of size ~170 x 36,500 km.
As Chandrayaan-3 is a repeat mission its cost is relatively less.
The total cost of the Chandrayaan-3 mission is over ₹615 Crores.
In comparison, the Chandrayaan-2 mission cost was ₹978 Crores. This includes the
launch cost of around ₹375 Crores.

Mission Objectives:

The Chandrayaan-3 mission has three main objectives:

1. The primary objective is going to be a safe, soft and precise landing of the Lander on
the lunar South Pole.
2. To demonstrate Rover operations on the Moon surface, and
3. To carry out on-site scientific experiments on the lunar soil.

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 To achieve the above mission objectives, several advanced technologies have
been introduced in Chandrayaan-3 including instrumentation redundancy,
structural rigidity and multiple contingencies.
The primary objectives of Chandrayaan-3 are to demonstrate the capability of the
Vikram-Lander’s soft landing on the south polar region of the Moon where no
country has attempted to reach so far and to conduct the Pragyan rover on the
lunar surface.

Mystery of the Lunar South Pole

The lunar south pole region is of special interest as Chandrayaan-1 found signatures of
water ice deposits in the craters of the Moon’s poles.
Since then, numerous missions have made similar detections, including Cassini, Deep
Impact, LRO and LCROSS missions.
The south pole zones of the Moon that remain in shadow are much larger than the
North Pole. There is a possibility of the presence of icy walls in the permanently
shadowed areas.
These cold trap craters in the south pole region may also contain a fossil record of the
early Solar System. Ice found inside these craters and within the lunar soil could
provide a vital source of water as humans venture back to the lunar surface.
That’s why the south pole is considered a big resource rich target.
This region is also considered very difficult to explore as it is home to some harsh
conditions, including temperatures as low as -233°C.
The Chandrayaan-3 Lander is expected to soft land at a latitude of about 69.37°S,
32.35°E slightly off the site of Chandrayaan-2 (70.9° S, 22.7° E high plain between two
craters, Manzinus-C and Simpelius-N).
The mission aims to study the unique geology and composition of this unexplored
region.

Technical details of Chandrayaan 3:

Chandrayaan-3 consists of two Modules — Propulsion and Lander (Lander +
Rover).
After landing, the Rover will roll out to the Moon surface. Propulsion Module (PM):

The PM will be used as a relay satellite; it will remain in lunar orbit to enable
communications with Earth.
The main function of PM is to carry the Lander Module (Lander + Rover configuration)
from launch injection (170 x 36,500 km Earth orbit) to 100 km circular polar Lunar orbit.
Thereafter it will get separated from the Lander Module.

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 As a value addition, the Propulsion Module also includes one scientific payload,
Spectro-polarimetry of HAbitable Planet Earth (SHAPE), which will be operated
post-separation of the Lander Module.
SHAPE payload is designed to study the spectral and Polari metric measurements
of Earth from lunar orbit.
The reflected light would enable us to probe a variety of Exo-planets that would
qualify for habitability (or for the presence of life).

Lander-Vikram Module:
The Lander (Vikram named after Indian space programme pioneer Vikram Sarabhai) is
box shaped (200 x 200 x 116.6 cm) with four landing legs.
It is responsible for the precise soft landing on the lunar surface.
The four legs of the Lander will absorb energy while touching down on the Moon and
provide stability to it for further operations.
After the Lander lands on the Moon, the ramp opens and the Rover descends to the
lunar surface.

The Lander carries the Rover inside a compartment. It has a ramp for deployment onto the
lunar surface. Similar to Chandrayaan-2, Chandrayaan-3 Lander has four scientific payloads
to perform experiments on the lunar surface.

Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive Ionosphere and Atmosphere

(RAMBHA): The lunar ionosphere is a highly dynamic plasma environment. The
Langmuir probe RAMBHA will measure the near surface plasma (ions and electrons)
density and its variation with time.

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 Chandra’s Surface Thermo-Physical Experiment (CHaSTE): ChaSTE consists of a
thermal probe with sensors and a heater and measures the vertical temperature
gradient and thermal conductivity into the lunar regolith down to a depth of ~10 cm near
the polar region.
Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA): ILSA is a triple axis, MEMS-based
seismometer that can detect minute ground displacement, velocity, or acceleration
caused by lunar quakes. Its primary objective is to characterise the seismicity around
the landing site.
Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA): LRA provided by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight
Centre is employed as a passive experiment to understand the dynamics of Earth’s
Moon system. It will take precise measurements of the distance between the reflector
on the lunar surface and satellites in lunar orbit.

Conclusion:
The successful landing of Chandrayaan-3 Lander would make India only the fourth
nation to accomplish landing and roving on the Moon’s surface after Russia, United
States and China.
Further, India is poised to reach the harshest but more resourceful south pole terrain of
Moon that no one has ever been able to succeed.

Article 2: Bringing Field Botany Alive

The throbbing and rich discipline that today’s Botany is, owes a lot to its founders who
travelled all over the face of Earth to see how and which plants were growing in
different parts and geographical niches of the world.
Equipped with a keen sense of observation, these founders gave birth to the
fascinating discipline of Field Botany that records all about the habit and habitat of a
plant and assists in taxonomic identification of plants including the ones that look alike
but are in reality different.

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What is field study?
Field study is an essential and integral part of the learning about living organisms
including plants, animals and the teeming microbes that outnumber all plants and
animals taken together.
Learning biology in field settings is a real time experience which helps in the
development of creativity, environmental awareness and a sense of accountability
towards nature among students.
However, during the last two decades, there has been considerable decline in the
interest for field-studies among both students and teachers in the area of botany.
This loss of interest has amplified further during recent times leading to a total
disconnect between learning botany in laboratory and in nature.

Current scenario in India:

With the emergence of biotechnology in India during the last few decades, there is a
rush of interest in molecular biology and genomics, ignoring the importance of basic
botany.
One has to realise that without knowing about plants, molecular studies will have little
value.
The challenge in fact is to combine and relate good holistic Botany with good molecular
biology of the plants.
Unfortunately, most teachers are also attracted towards the modern molecular
branches of botany resulting in the tragic neglect of the plant as a whole.

Role of Botanical Excursions:

Historically, short and long-distance botanical excursions used to be an essential
component of syllabi and it was mandatory for every student to take part in these
excursions without fail.
Gradually, the long-distance botanical excursions became ‘Fun Tours’ while short-
distance botanical excursions turned to be essentially ‘Picnics’ in the midst of plants.
Currently, this activity has either been completely abandoned (with few exceptions) or
replaced by entertainment exercise.

Benefits of Botanical Excursions:

The botanical excursions provided opportunities to students to observe plants in their
natural habitats of different geo-climatic regions of the country.
Sensitising students about the importance of conservation of biodiversity is an
important facet of our teaching-learning process in field settings which automatically
will inspire students to observe plants and make limited collection under the guidance
of a knowledgeable field-botanist.

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Importance of Field Botany:
The importance of field study is immense as it provides opportunities to create not only
better science but also better scientists, citizens, and people thereby substantially
affecting the human-nature relationship that forms the basis for sustainability.
Classroom teaching of botany needs to be supplemented with field-trips. In fact,
teachers too need to acquire field knowledge and also to be trained to take students to
field excursions.
Organisations like the Botanical Survey of India (BSI), State Forest Departments,
and Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE) can play a pivotal
role in this direction by introducing and conducting regular refresher courses involving
‘field-based studies’.
It can be made mandatory for colleges and university to send at least one faculty
member of botany for such refreshers courses on regular basis.
To strengthen our base of experts in field-botany, governments could consider creating
additional positions in universities.

Article 3: Biocomposites to Ensure Environmental Sustainability

Context:
Traditional materials, such as metals and plastics, have been widely used in various
engineering applications, but their properties and performance characteristics are often
limited, making them unsuitable for modern engineering requirements.
As a result, there has been a growing interest in developing new materials, such as
composite materials, that can offer enhanced properties and performance.

What are composite materials?

Composites are a distinctive type of materials that are created by blending two or
more dissimilar materials to form a novel material with superior properties
compared to its constituent parts.
The resulting composite material can be designed to possess specific characteristics
such as high strength, stiffness, toughness, and corrosion resistance, among
others.
Main Components:
Reinforcement
Matrix

The reinforcement provides the composite with its strength and stiffness.

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The matrix holds the reinforcement in place and transfers the load between the
reinforcement.

Uses:
Composite materials have been used in a variety of engineering applications,
ranging from aerospace to biomedical engineering.
The use of composite materials has also led to significant advancements in the design
and manufacture of various engineering components, such as aircraft parts, automotive
components, and medical implants.

Advantages:

One of the most significant advantages of composite materials is their high strength-
to weight ratio, which makes them particularly attractive for applications where weight
reduction is critical.
Additionally, composite materials can exhibit excellent fatigue resistance, corrosion
resistance, and impact resistance, making them ideal for applications where
durability and reliability are essential.

What are Biocomposites?

Biocomposites have emerged as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to

traditional composites.
Biocomposites are composed of natural fibers, such as wood, hemp, or bamboo as
reinforcement material, combined with a biopolymer matrix, such as starch,
cellulose, or Polylactic Acid (PLA).

Advantages:

biodegradability,
renewability,
reduced environmental impact.

Applications:

Biocomposites have a wide range of potential applications in various fields, such as

packaging, construction, automotive, and aerospace industries.

Biocomposites Manufacturing:

The fibers can be processed and modified in various ways, such as chemical
treatments and mechanical processing, to improve their properties and compatibility
with the biopolymer matrix.

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 Matrix materials: Some commonly used biopolymers for Biocomposites include:
Starch
Cellulose
Lignin
Proteins
Polylactic Acid (PLA)
One common method involves blending the natural fibers with a biopolymer
matrix, such as starch or Polylactic Acid (PLA).
Another method involves impregnating the natural fibers with the biopolymer
matrix using techniques such as solution casting or hot pressing.
In some cases, Biocomposites can also be prepared using 3D printing techniques, in
which the natural fibers and biopolymer matrix are printed layer-by-layer to form a
composite structure.

Biocomposites Vs Traditional Composites

Biocomposites have several advantages over traditional composites which include:

Biodegradability
Reduced Environmental Impact
Renewability
Lightweight and high strength
Customizability

Challenges for Biocomposites:

Limited availability of Raw materials
High Production costs
Limited processing options
Limited disposal options
Limited mechanical properties
Lack of standardization

Bioplastics:
Bioplastics are a type of plastic that are made from renewable biomass sources, such
as vegetable fats and oils, corn starch, pea starch, or microbiota, instead of
traditional petrochemicals.
This is in contrast to Biocomposites which are made by combining natural fibers with a
biopolymer matrix, resulting in a material that is both strong and lightweight.

Conclusion:

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 Despite the challenges like high production costs, limited processing and disposal
options, and limited availability of raw materials, the development and adoption of
Biocomposites have the potential to significantly reduce the impact of human
activities on the environment.
By using renewable materials and reducing waste generation, Biocomposites can
contribute to a more sustainable future.
The use of Biocomposites in various applications such as construction, automotive,
aerospace and packaging is increasing, and research is ongoing to further improve
their properties and reduce their costs thus making them contribute to a more
sustainable future.

Article 4: Resistant starch Type III

Context:
White rice obsessed people often have an emotional attachment with numerous
avatars of bhat, or rice.
It is more than a basic that serves as a suitable canvas for the traditional regional side
dishes. Its distinctive taste, flavour, texture and white colour also feeds the spirit.

What is Glycemic load?

Glycemic load is a practical measure that counts gram of carbohydrate in a served food
contributing to glucose level in the bloodstream.

What is Glycemic index?

It is a ratio between how quickly a carbohydrate can increase blood glucose level
immediately after meal as compared to that of a reference (generally glucose).

Effects of excess consumption:

Metabolic disorder such as type II diabetes, unusual weight gain, high blood
pressure, etc.

Miracle Starch:
The primary ingredient of rice is starch, a naturally occurring polymeric
carbohydrate consisting of amylose and amylopectin.
Carbohydrate especially starch is often maligned since they are digested rapidly giving
a high glucose spike.

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 However, not all the starch we consume is broken down. There is a hidden magical
starch which is non-digestible.
Starch that is resistant to digestion by the small intestine is known as resistant
starch.
In the colon, it feeds the beneficial gut microbiota, resulting in essential metabolites
such as propionate, acetate, butyrate (2 to 4 carbon chain length FAs) and
acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate (ketone bodies) and assists in reducing the
occurrence of colon cancer.

Benefits:
This kind of resistant starch acts as soluble, fermentable fibre and is lower in calories
than conventional starch thus reducing appetite and supporting weight
management.

Moderate-level resistant starch consumption can increase insulin (peptide hormone secreted
by pancreas) sensitivity and hence manage blood glucose levels (glycemia), lowering
the incidence of type II diabetes.

Article 5: Why are venomous snails so fascinating to scientists?

Context:
There are over 700 recognised species of cone snails, making them one of the most
diverse groups of venomous animals on Earth.
Cone snails are known for their strikingly beautiful shells. The shells come in a variety
of colours, patterns, and shapes, making them popular among shell collectors.
These cone snails are highly venomous and hunt by instantly killing their prey.

Hunting mechanism of Cone snails:

Cone snails have a unique hunting mechanism — they possess a modified radula,
which is a feeding organ found in mollusks.
This radula is transformed into a harpoon-like structure called a radular tooth, which
they use to inject venom into their prey.
The venom contains a complex mixture of toxins, typically consisting of hundreds of
different compounds.
Each cone snail species produces a unique venom cocktail, allowing them to specialise
in hunting specific prey.

About Cone Snails:

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 Despite their potent venom, cone snails are generally slow-moving creatures.
They rely on their camouflage and stealth to surprise their prey.
They extend a proboscis to consume their prey once they immobilise the prey with their
venom.
While most species prey on other mollusks, they also feed on fish, worms, and even
cone snails.
Some cone snails are specialised hunters, targeting specific prey species, while
others have a more generalist diet.

Scientists researching on venom to cure diabetes:

Cone snail releases insulin that can lower the blood sugar level of its prey within
seconds, causing it to die.
Researchers have been fascinated by how fast this insulin works which is not the case
with the human insulin.
Human insulin also tends to form clumps, which stabilise the substance and make it
simpler to store in the body, but it is unable to function until the clumps break down.
Contrarily, insulin or the venom from cone snails don’t clump and could offer
insight into creating non-clumping insulin for faster diabetes treatment.

Conclusion:

Cone snail venom contains diverse bioactive compounds, offering potential medical
applications and contributing to our understanding of molecular biology and
pharmacology.
Breakthrough in this research could prove wonders for mankind.

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