Prepared By

Anshuman Sahu
Class VIII

Guidede by
Mr. Prahallad badapanda
fcsa

Chandrayaan -1 (configuration)
Organization

Indian Space Research Organization

Mission type

Orbiter

Satellite of

Moon

Launch date

22 October 2008 from Sriharikota, India

Launch vehicle

PSLV-C11

Mission duration

2 years

NSSDC ID

2008-052A

Home page

Chandrayaan-1

Mass

523kg (1,153lb)

Orbital Elements
Eccentricity

near circular

Inclination

polar

Apoapsis

initial 7,500km (4,660mi), final 100km (62mi)

Periapsis

initial 500km (311mi), final 100km (62mi)

Introduction
Chandrayaan-1, journey to moon is an unmanned lunar exploration mission by the Indian Space

Research Organization (ISRO), India's national space agency. It is also India's first mission to the
moon. The mission includes a lunar orbiter and an impactor. The spacecraft was launched by a
modified version of the PSLV Xl on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre,
Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. "Chandrayaan" roughly translates to "lunar-sojourn" in many Indian
languages.
The remote sensing satellite weighs 1,380kilograms (3,042lb) (590kilograms (1,301lb) initial

orbit mass and 504kilograms (1,111lb) dry mass) and carries high resolution remote sensing
equipment for visible, near infrared, soft and hard X-ray frequencies. Over a two-year period, it is
intended to survey the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics
and 3-dimensional topography. The polar regions are of special interest, as they might contain ice.
The spacecraft was successfully launched on 22 October 2008 at 06:23 IST (00:52UTC). The

estimated cost for the project is Rs.3.86 billion (US$80 million).

The mission includes five ISRO payloads and six payloads from other international space agencies

including NASA, ESA, and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency, which are being carried free of cost.

Objectives
The stated scientific objectives of the mission are:
To design, develop and launch and orbit a spacecraft around the Moon using Indian

made launch vehicle.

Conduct scientific experiments using instruments on-board the spacecraft which will

yield the following results:

To prepare a three-dimensional atlas (with high spatial and altitude resolution of 5-10

m) of both near and far side of the moon.

To conduct chemical and mineralogical mapping of the entire lunar surface for

distribution of mineral and chemical elements such as Magnesium, Aluminum, Silicon,

Calcium, Iron and Titanium as well as high atomic number elements such as Radon,
Uranium & Thorium with high spatial resolution.

To Impact a sub-satellite ( Moon Impact Probe -MIP ) on the surface on the Moon as a

fore-runner to future soft landing missions.

Specifications
After full integration, the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft

(left) is seen being loaded into the Thermovac

Chamber (right)

Mass
1380 kg at launch, 675 kg at lunar orbit, and 523

kg after releasing the impactor.

Dimensions
Cuboid in shape of approximately 1.5 m
Communications
X band, 0.7 m diameter parabolic antenna for

payload data transmission. The Telemetry, Tracking

& Command (TTC) communication operates in S
band frequency.

Power
The spacecraft is mainly powered by its solar array,

which includes one solar panel covering a total area

of 2.15 x 1.8 m generating 700W of power, which
is stored in a 36 Ah Lithium-ion battery.The
spacecraft uses a bipropellant integrated propulsion
system to reach lunar orbit as well as orbit and
altitude maintenance while orbiting the Moon.

Specific areas of study

High-resolution mineralogical and chemical

imaging of permanently shadowed north

and south polar regions.

Search for surface or sub-surface water-ice

on the Moon, specially at lunar poles.

Identification of chemical end members of

lunar high land rocks.

Chemical stratigraphy of lunar crust by

remote sensing of central upland of large

lunar craters, South Pole Aitken Region
(SPAR) etc., where interior material may be
expected.

To map the height variation of the lunar

surface features along the satellite track.

Observation of X-ray spectrum greater than

10keV and stereographic coverage of most

of the Moon's surface with 5m resolution

To provide new insights in understanding

the Moon's origin and evolution.

Areas of study

Payloads

1.Payloads (Indian)

The Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) is a CCD camera with 5 m resolution and a 40

km swath in the panchromatic band and will be used to produce a high-resolution

map of the Moon. The aim of this instrument is to completely map the
topography of the moon. The camera works in the visible region of the
electromagnetic spectrum and captures black and white stereo images. When
used in conjunction with data from Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI), it can
help in better understanding of the lunar gravitational field as well. TMC is built
by ISRO's Space Applications Centre (SAC) of Ahmedabad TMC was successfully
tested on 29 October 2008 through a set of commands issued from ISTRAC.

The Hyper Spectral Imager (HySI) will perform mineralogical mapping in the 400-

900 nm band with a spectral resolution of 15 nm and a spatial resolution of 80 m.

The

Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI) will determine the surface

topography. An X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (C1XS) covering 1- 10 keV with a
ground resolution of 25 km and a Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM) to detect solar flux in
the 110 keV range. C1XS will be used to map the abundance of Mg, Al, Si , Ca,
Ti, and Fe at the surface, and will monitor the solar flux. This payload is a
collaboration between Rutherford Appleton laboratory, U.K, ESA and ISRO.

A High Energy X-ray/gamma ray spectrometer (HEX) for 30- 200 keV
measurements with ground resolution of 40 km, the HEX will measure U, Th,
210Pb, 222Rn degassing, and other radioactive elements

The Moon Impact Probe (MIP) developed by the ISRO, is a small satellite that will

be carried by Chandrayaan-1 and will be ejected once it reaches 100 km orbit

around Moon, to impact on the Moon. MIP carries three more instruments,

2.Payloads (Foreign )
SARA, The Sub-keV Atom Reflecting Analyser from the ESA will map composition using

low energy neutral atoms sputtered from the surface.

M3, the Moon Mineralogy Mapper from Brown University and JPL (funded by NASA) is

an imaging spectrometer designed to map the surface mineral composition.

SIR-2, A near infrared spectrometer from ESA, built at the Max Planck Institute for

Solar System Research, Polish Academy of Science and University of Bergen, will also
map the mineral composition using an infrared grating spectrometer. The instrument
will be similar to that of the Smart-1 SIR.
MINSAR, designed, built and tested for NASA by a large team that includes the Naval

Air Warfare Center, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Sandia
National Laboratories, Raytheon and Northrop Grumman; it is the active SAR system
to search for lunar polar ice. The instrument will transmit right polarised radiation with
a frequency of 2.5 GHz and will monitor the scattered left and right polarised
radiation. The Fresnel reflectivity and the circular polarisation ratio (CPR) are the key
parameters deduced from these measurements. Ice shows the Coherent Backscatter
Opposition Effect which results in an enhancement of reflections and CPR, so that
water content of the Moon polar region can be estimated.
RADOM-7, Radiation Dose Monitor Experiment from the Bulgarian Academy of

Sciences maps the radiation environment around the Moon.

Men behind the mission

The scientists considered instrumental to the success of the

Chandrayaan-1 project are

G. Madhavan Nair Chairman, Indian Space Research
Organisation
T. K. Alex Director, ISAC (ISRO Satellite Centre)
Mylswamy Annadurai Project director
S. K. Shivkumar Director - Telemetry, Tracking and
Command Network.
George Koshi Mission Director
Srinivasa Hegde Mission Director
M Y S Prasad Associate Director of the Sriharikota Complex
and Range Operations Director
J N Goswami Director of the Ahmedabad-based Physical
Research Laboratory and Principal Scientific Investigator of
Chandrayaan-1
Narendra Bhandari Head, ISRO`s Planetary Sciences and
Exploration program.

Chandrayaan II
The ISRO is also planning a second

version of Chandrayaan named

Chandrayaan II. According to ISRO
Chairman G. Madhavan Nair, "The
Indian
Space
Research
Organisation (ISRO) hopes to land
a motorised rover on the Moon in
2010, as a part of its second
Chandrayaan mission. The rover
will be designed to move on
wheels on the lunar surface, pick
up samples of soil or rocks, do in
site chemical analysis and send
the data to the mother-spacecraft
Chandrayaan II, which will be
orbiting above. Chandrayaan II will
transmit the data to Earth.

NASA Lunar Outpost

According to Ben Bussey, senior

staff scientist at the Johns Hopkins

University Applied Physics
Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland,
Chandrayaan's imagery will be used
to decide the future Lunar outpost
that NASA has recently announced.
Bussey told SPACE.com, "India's
Chandrayaan-1 lunar orbiter has a
good shot at further identifying
possible water ice-laden spots with
a US-provided low-power imaging
radar." Bussey advised one of
two US experiments on the Indian
Moon probe. "The idea is that we
find regions of interest with
Chandrayaan-1 radar. We would
investigate those using all the
capabilities of the radar on NASA's
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter",
Bussey added, "a Moon probe to be
launched late in 2008."(The LRO is
now scheduled for launch 24 April
2009).

Reactions and Statements

Indian President Pratibha Patil, Vice President of India Mohammad

Hamid Ansarisent congratulatory messages to the space scientists for

the successful launch.
Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh sent congratulatory messages to
the space scientists for the successful launch. and L. K. Advani, the
leader of opposition congratulated the ISRO scientists on launch.
The Chief Minister of Gujarat Narendra Modi, visited the ISRO centre in
Ahmedabad and congratulated the Indian scientists on their
achievement.
The Chief Minister of Karnataka B. S. Yeddyurappa, visited the ISRO
Indian Deep Space Network in Byalalu and congratulated the Madhavan
Nair and his team on their achievement.
NASA Administrator Michael D. Griffin congratulated Indian scientists:
"Congratulations to our Indian colleagues on the successful launch of
the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, which is carrying two NASA instruments.
India's first lunar mission will provide important insight."

Recent Update
The Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) was successfully operated on

29 October 2008 through a set of commands issued from ISTRAC.

PSLV-C11(in the picture)

was used to launch
Chandrayaan-1.

 Chandrayaan-1 was launched on 22 October 2008 at 6.22 am IST from

Satish

Dhawan Space Centre using ISRO's 44.4 metre tall four-stage PSLV launch rocket.
Chandrayaan will take 15 days to reach the lunar orbit. ISRO's telemetry, tracking and
command network (ISTRAC) at Peenya in Bangalore, will be tracking and controlling
Chandrayaan-1 over the next two years of its life span.

Since its launch, Chandrayaan has performed several engine burns, moving it into the
designated geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) around earth and has successfully
communicated with base center.
Chandrayaan-1 completed four orbits around the Earth, on 23 October: The health of the
spacecraft is normal and (it is) doing fine. Spinning in elliptical orbit once in every 6 hours
and 30 minutes, it has completed four orbits and is in the fifth orbit.

The first orbit-raising maneuver of Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was performed at 09:00

hrs IST on 23 October 2008 when the spacecrafts 440 Newton Liquid Engine was fired for
about 18 minutes by commanding the spacecraft from Spacecraft Control Centre (SCC) at
ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) at Peenya, Bangalore. With
this engine firing, Chandrayaan-1s apogee has been raised to 37,900 km, while its
perigee has been raised a little, to 305 km. In this orbit, Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft takes
about 11 hours to go round the Earth once.

The second orbit-raising manoeuvre of Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was carried out on 25

October 2008 at 05:48 IST when the spacecrafts 440 Newton Liquid Engine was fired for
about 16 minutes by commanding the spacecraft from Spacecraft Control Centre (SCC) at
ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) at Peenya, Bangalore. With
this engine firing, Chandrayaan-1s apogee has been further raised to 74,715 km, while
its perigee has been raised to 336 km, thus completing 20 percent of its journey. In this
orbit, Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft takes about twenty-five and a half hours to go round the
Earth once. This is the first time an Indian spacecraft has gone beyond the 36,000 km
high geostationary orbit and reached an altitude more than twice that height.

 The third orbit-raising manoeuvre was initiated on 26 October 2008 at

07:08 IST. The Liquid Apogee Motor was fired for about nine and a half
minutes. With this, Chandrayaan-1 entered a much higher elliptical orbit
around the Earth. The apogee of this orbit lies at 164,600 km, instead of
199,277 km apogee as originally announced by the Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO), while the perigee is at 348 km. In this orbit,
Chandrayaan-1 takes about 73 hours to go round the Earth once.
The fourth orbit-raising manoeuvre was carried out on October 29, 2008 at
07:38 IST. The spacecraft's liquid engine was fired for about three minutes,
raising it to a more elliptical orbit whose apogee lies at 267,000 km while
the perigee lies at 465 km. This makes its present orbit extends more than
half the way to moon. In this orbit, the spacecraft takes about six days to go
round the Earth once.

Chandrayaan-1 (TMC)
Terrain Mapping Camera
Tested

The Terrain Mapping camera (TMC) on board Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was

successfully operated on October 29, 2008 through a series of commands issued

from the Spacecraft Control Centre of ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command
Network (ISTRAC) at Bangalore. Analysis of the first imagery received by the Indian
Deep Space Network (IDSN) at Byalalu and later processed by Indian Space Science
Data Centre (ISSDC) confirms excellent performance of the camera. The first
imagery (image 1) taken at 8:00 am IST from a height of 9,000 km shows the
Northern coast of Australia while the other (image 2) taken at 12:30 pm from a
height of 70,000 km shows Australias Southern Coast.

TMC is one of the eleven scientific instruments (payloads) of Chandrayaan-1. The

camera can take black and white pictures of an object by recording the visible light
reflected from it. The instrument has a resolution of about 5 meters.

Besides TMC, the other four Indian payloads of Chandrayaan-1 are the Hyper

spectral Imager (HySI), Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI), High Energy X-ray
Spectrometer (HEX) and the Moon Impact Probe (MIP). The other six payloads of
Chandrayaan-1 are from abroad.

It may be recalled that the 1380 kg Chandrayaan-1 was successfully launched into

an initial elliptical orbit around the Earth by PSLV-C11 on October 22, 2008. This was
followed by four orbit raising maneuvers, which together raised Chandrayaan-1s
orbit to a much higher altitude. The spacecraft is now circling the Earth in an orbit
whose apogee (farthest point to Earth) lies at 267,000 km (Two lakh sixty seven
thousand km) and perigee (nearest point to Earth) at 465 km. In this orbit,
Chandrayaan-1 takes about six days to go round the Earth once. The spacecraft
performance is being continuously monitored and is normal.

Image-1

The first image taken at

8:00 am IST from a height

of 9,000 km shows the
Northern coast of Australia.

Image-2
The second image taken at

12:30 pm from a height of

70,000
km
shows
Australias Southern Coast.