WN On General Studies, 2022 TB

WN(1) ON GS BY V.
SIVAPRAKASAM, 2022
WN ON GENERAL STUDIES, 2022(1) TB
CORONA VIRUS (COVID-19) (Ministry of Health & Family Welfare)
The emergence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first reported in December 2019 in a city
known as Wuhan, China. The exact source of this virus is debatable and a popular hypothesis has associated
its origin to a seafood market in Wuhan, China. It had spread to all continents except Antarctica.
Corona viruses are a family of viruses that can cause respiratory illness in humans. They get their
name “corona” from the many crown-like spikes on the surface of the virus. Severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS). Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and the common cold are examples of corona
viruses that cause illness in humans.
World Health Organisation (WHO) and the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have
gathering information continuously learning more about this outbreak. As on 05.11.2021, more than
15,90,00,000 people in the world had been infected. Over 33,00,000 people had died. Some 192 countries
and territories on all countinents reported cases of COVID-19. The US had the highest number of cases, with
more than 3,20,00,000 people infected and over 5,80,000 deaths. India had nearly 2,30,00,000 cases and
2,50,000 deaths.
The virus travels in respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, sings or
breathes near you (within six feet) or close contact like touching or shaking hands with an infected person.
This is thought to be the main way COVID-19 is spread. The method of spread is more likely to occur in
enclosed spaces with poor ventilation. COVID-19 virus enters one’s body through mouth, nose or eyes
(directly from airborne droplets or from transfer of the virus from your hands to your face). The virus travels
to the back of your nasal passages and mucous membrane in the back of your throat. It attaches to cells
there, begins to multiply and moves into lung tissue. From there, the virus can spread to other tissues. The
so-called ‘incubation period’ the time between becoming infected and showing symptoms, can range from
two to 14 days. The average time before experiencing symptoms is five days. Symptoms can range in
severity from very mild to severe. In about 80% of patients, COVI-19 causes only mild symptoms. The best
preventive measures include wearing a mask, staying six feet apart, washing hands often, avoiding sick
people, keeping your hands away from your face and getting adequate rest and nutrition.
Two preventive vaccines viz. Covishield and Covaxine have been administered as two doses 28 days
apart. One more booster dose is also recommended.
COVID-19 VACCINES
Emergency Use Approval for Two Vaccines
Indioa’s drug regulator, Central Drugs Standard Control organization, has given emergency use authorization
(EUA) to Oxford–Astra Zeneca’s Covi-shield and Bharat Biotech’s indigenously developed Covaxin. The
Subject expert committee (SEC) under CDSCO has recommended Covishield, for emergency use and Covaxin
for restricted use.
Approved Vaccines.
• Covishield is local name for the Oxford – Astrazeneca vaccine developed in the UK. It is being
manufactured by Pune- based Serum Institute of India, the world’s largest vaccine manufacturer. It is
made from a weakened version of a common cold virus (Known as an adenovirus) from chimpanzees.
It has been modified to look more like coronavirus- although it cannot cause illness.
• Covaxin is indigenously developed by Hyderabas based pharma Bharat Biotech in collaboration with
the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) .It is an inactivated vaccine made up of killed
coronavirus, making it safe to be injected into the body.
SUB VARIANT OF COVID-19
The XBB subvariant of Covid-19's Omicron variant is fast emerging as the dominant type in India, and now it
accounts for more than 18 per cent of cases in the US as well. According to the WHO, XBB is a recombined
subvariant, a sub-lineage of the Omicron variants BA.2.10.1 and BA.2.75 which means it is a subvariant of
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WN(1) ON GS BY V. SIVAPRAKASAM, 2022
the Covid-19 Omicron variant, not a new variant. The WHO says that while further studies are needed, the
current data do not suggest there are substantial differences in disease severity for XBB infections.
However, early evidence points to a higher re-infection risk compared to other circulating Omicron
sublineages. As of now, there are no data to support escape from recent immune responses induced by other
Omicron lineages, said the WHO.
Moreover, there is currently no epidemiological evidence that points to these sublineages having a
significantly higher risk than other Omicron sublines, however, this assessment is based on data from
sentinel nations and is not fully generalisable to other settings, it added.
XBB has a global prevalence of 1.3 per cent and it has been detected in 35 countries. Among the Indian
patients, the disease is mild like with other Omicron sub-lineages, and no increase in severity is noted,
according to the Indian SARS Cov-2 Genomics Consortium.
Meanwhile, as a WhatsApp message has been making its rounds claiming that the newly discovered XBB
subvariant of Omicron is five times more virulent and has a higher mortality rate than the Delta variant, the
Union Health Ministry has rejected the claim and has termed the message fake.
Pragati (Prime Minister’s Office): It is a Multi purpose and Multi model programme to address the
grievances of the common man and simultaneously monitory progress and implementation of Govt.
programme. The Project was launched on 25th March, 2015. 4th Wednesday of every month will be taken as a
Pragati Day. On Pragati Day PM will interact through video conferencing with the related Departments. It is
a 3 tier system-PMO, Union Govt. Secretaries and State’s Secretaries will provide a platform and an interface
on 3 aspects – Grievances, Monitoring and Data of Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency(NMEEE)(Ministry of Power and Enhanced

Energy Efficiency): National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency is approved by the Prime Minister’s
Council on Climate Change. This mission will help save about 5 per cent of the annual energy consumption
by 2015 and nearly 100 million tonnes of carbon dioxide every year. This mission is the second of eight
missions under India’s National Action Plan on Climate change. It enables about Rs.75,000 crore worth of
transactions in energy efficiency. It introduces a “perform, achieve and trade” (PAT) mechanism which would
assign energy efficiency improvement targets to the country’s most energy efficiency improvement targets to
the country’s most energy intensive industrial units and provides for Energy Savings Certificates, called
ESCerts. Units will also be allowed to use purchased ESCerts to meet their targets. The Ministry of Power
(MOP) and Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) were tasked to prepare the implementation plan for the
National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE).
HEALTH: Scientists for the first time have developed antibiotic free drug named Staphefekt as an
alternative to antibiotics. This new drug will aid in the fight against the antibiotics-resistent superbugs such
as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA). In a study, the drug was proven to eliminate MRSA in
five out of six patients with skin infections.
AADHAAR (M/o.Electronics and Information Technology): The Central Government-funded project

UNIQUE IDENTITY (UID) termed as AADHAR number is an important proof of identity of residents. The
Aadhaar is a 12-digit unique number issued by the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI). This
number is issued by taking a person’s biometric details such as iris scan and fingerprints, and demographic
information like date birth and address. The Supreme Court has stated that people need not link their
Aadhaar number mandatorily with various financial services such as bank accounts, mutual funds, etc.
However, you still have to mandatorily to link your PAN with Aadhaar or quote your Aadhaar number while
filing income tax returns or applying for a new PAN card.
The number will also enable the easier roll out of wide number of government services and schemes
like health insurance and benefit scheme for below poverty line families among others. UID could lay the
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basis for checking fraud and corruption, avoiding duplication, weeding out ghost beneficiaries and targeting
intended beneficiaries in a range of programmes.
NOT–FOR–PROFIT HOSPITAL
On 30th June, 2021, NITI Aayog released a comprehensive study on the not–for-profit hospital
model in the country, in a step towards closing the information gap on such institutions and
facilitating robust policy making in this area.
The aim of this study is to understand the operating model of some of the prominent institutions
across the country, including their premise of service, human resource availability, cost
containment levers, and the challenges they face.
Major Findings-Low Charges

• Most of the not – for – profit hospitals charge lower than the for profit hospitals.
• The cumulative cost of care at not – for – profit hospitals is lesser than for – profit hospitals by about
one – fourth in the in patient department.
• The NSS 75th round data revealed that the not –for – profit hospitals provide medicines to patients at
about 26% lesser than the for –profit hospitals, while the doctor’s fees are approximately 18% lower
in not –for profit hospitals.
“Not – for –Profit “ Hospitals

• A not –for –profit hospital does not make profits for its owners from the funds collected for patient
services.
• The Owners of these hospitals are often charitable organizations or non – profit corporation. The fees
for service at these hospitals are generally lower than for profit hospitals and the income from fees
(above the cost of service) are reinvested in the hospital.
Categories
• Faith – based Hospitals
• Community – based Hospitals
• Cooperative Hospitals
• Private Trust Hospitals
Benefits
• These hospitals area potential remedy to the challenges of unavailability and unaffordability of
healthcare in India.
• This sector provides not only curative healthcare, but also preventive healthcare, and links healthcare
with social reform community engagement and education.
• The infrastructure , services and charges of these hospitals are positioned to cater to the unreached
and underprivileged Population of the country.
• In addition, these hospitals have managed to create a perception of goodwill in the country not only
through selfless healthcare services with a social cause, but also through various community
engagement programs for education, vocational training hygiene, sanitation , women’s
empowerment and employment.
National Digital Health Mission

With the r aim to create an ecosystem for providing better healthcare ,service in the country, prime minister
Narendra modi announced the national digital health mission (NDHM) on August 15,2020, the 74th
independence day of India
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Highlights
The current digital infrastructure of the country that identifies and connects people while simplifying their
day-to –day life through digital means includes Aadhaar Unique Identify (UID), JAM trinity (Jan dhan –
Aadhaar –mobile )and Unified Payments Interface (UPI).
This strong digital infrastructure base acts as a launcher for NDHM to further develop and enhance
healthcare in the country through digital management .
The primary institutions sible for governing and implementing the mission include Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare (MoHFW) ministry of Electronics and information Technology (Meit Y) and National Health
Authority (NHA)
NDHM will implement the following digital system across the country
• Health ID : Implementation of a Unique Health ID (UHID) just like an Aadhaar ID to identify and
authenticate an individuals based on past health records .to create a wide network of health
records ,the data will various stakeholders after getting an informed constent from the individuals
• Digi Doctor : A repository of doctors with individuals details like name ,institution ,qualification,
specialization among other necessary details . The directly of Doctor will be updated from time
facilities those doctors are associated with.
• Health Facility Register (HFR) : A repository of Health Facilities across the country. HFR will be
centrally maintained and facilitate standardized data exchange of private and public health facilities
in India. Health facilities will also be allowed to update their profiles periodically.
• Personal Health Records (PHR) : A PHR is an electronic record of an individual which would contain
helath-0 related information of that individual. The data contained in PHR could be drawn from
multiple sources and will be managed and controlled by the individual. Who can update/ edit
information.
• Electronic Medical Records (EMR) : An app that contains medical and treatment history of a
patient. EMR is envisaged to be a web based system that would contain comprehensive health
related information of a patient at a facility. This would help clinicians track their patients, monitor
their health and suggest preventive check-ups and screenings.
NATIONAL APPRENTICESHIP TRAINING SCHEME (NATS)

The Budget allocation for the National Apprenticeship Training Scheme (NATS), has been substantially
increased from Rs.175 crore to Rs.500 crore in next FY 2021-22 for providing post-education apprenticeship,
training of graduates and diploma holders in Engineering.
Highlights:
• The Finance Minister said that the existing scheme of National Apprenticeship Training Scheme
(NATS) for providing post education apprenticeship, training of graduates and diploma holders in
Engineering will be realigned with provision f over Rs.3,000 crore.
• An initiative is underway in partnership with United Arab Emirates (UAE) to benchmark skill
qualification ,assessments and certification accompanied by deployment of certified work –force.
• India also has a collaborative training ,inter-training programme with Japan to facilities transfer
to Japanese industrial and vocational skills , tec hniques and knowledge .India plans to take
forward this initiative with many more countries.
NATIONAL HYDROGEN ENERGY MISSION 2021-22
Union Minister for Finance Nirmala Sitharaman announced in Union Budget 2021-22 that the
Hydrogen Energy Mission will be launched in 2021-22. Prime Minister Narendra Modi, while speaking at the
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Third Re-invest Conference in November 2020, had announced plans to launch a comprehensive National
Hydrogen Energy Mission. It is now proposed to launch a Hydrogen Energy Mission in 2021-22 for
generating hydrogen from green power sources.
Highlights:
• Hydrogen produced from renewable sources has many uses and can help steer the world towards a
cleaner future. But the approach to making hydrogen thus far has relied on fossil fuels. The proposed
mission can help change this equation.
• India is already keen on developing a hydrogen economy. It is a participant, one among 16 nations or
groupings, in the Mission Innovation Renewable and Clean Hydrogen Challenge.
• A report titled ‘India Country Status Report on Hydrogen and Fuel Cells, launched by the Department
of Science and Technology in mid- October 2020 outlines the benefits of hydrogen in comparison to
conventional fuels and with respect to tackling challenges in the energy sector.
• Hydrogen with its abundance, high energy density, better combustion characteristics, nonpolluting
nature etc. has vast advantages over the conventional fuels.
• There is a wide variety of primary and secondary energy sources of hydrogen-this can help to
accommodate the local context in different parts of India and eventually help to cut the country’s
dependence on imports and move towards improved energy security.
• The use of hydrogen can reduce the CO2 related emissions significantly at the point of use and if
green hydrogen is used then there is capability to decarbonizes the entire value chain, enabling
reduced emissions and climate change threats. It can even decarbonizes the sectors where it is
difficult to reduce emissions.
• Green Hydrogen Mission is not only essential to decarbonise heavy industries like steel and cement,
but also holds the key to clean electric mobility that doesn’t depend on rare minerals.
• The emphasis on Hydrogen in the Union Budget 2021-22 was in line with the technological
development in the global north and with a long term vision towards reduced dependency on minerals
and rare- earth element based battery as energy storage.
• Hydrogen energy technologies across the world have still not become commercially viable, but the
energy source is seen as the next big thing as its usage would lead to zero emissions. With the
announcement February 1, India has officially joined the race.
NATIONAL APPRENTICESHIP TRAINING SCHEME (NATS)

The Budget allocation for the National Apprenticeship Training Scheme (NATS), has been substantially
increased from Rs.175 crore to Rs.500 crore in next FY 2021-22 for providing post-education apprenticeship,
training of graduates and diploma holders in Engineering.
Highlights:
• The Finance Minister said that the existing scheme of National Apprenticeship Training Scheme
(NATS) for providing post education apprenticeship, training of graduates and diploma holders in
Engineering will be realigned with provision f over Rs.3,000 crore.
• An initiative is underway in partnership with United Arab Emirates (UAE) to benchmark skill
qualification ,assessments and certification accompanied by deployment of certified work –force.
• India also has a collaborative training ,inter-training programme with Japan to facilities transfer
to Japanese industrial and vocational skills , tec hniques and knowledge .India plans to take
forward this initiative with many more countries.
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WN(3) GENERAL STUDIES, 2022
INDIAN POLITY-GOVERNMENT POLICIES/SCHEMES
PRAVASI BHARATIYA DIVAS / SAMMAN
Ministry of Overseas Affairs, Govt. of India organizes Pravasi Bharatiya Divas on every 9 th January since 2003.
This day is celebrated to mark the contribution of Overseas Indian community in the development of India. It provides
an interaction platform for overseas Indians to address their issues and concerns to Indian Government. This day was
selected because it was only on the 9th January 1915, M.K. Gandhi returned to India from South Africa. It is usually a
three day event (7 to 9 January). Delegates from various countries participate in seminars, conferences. Prime
Minister/President of India addresses. Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Awards are given to meritorious people. This
convention also helps in “networking” among the overseas Indian community. So they can share their experiences in
various fields, make business deals etc. While the 3rd Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, was held in Mumbai, the 4th was at
Hyderabad, 7th was at Chennai, 10th at Jaipur and 11th at Kochi(Kerala) all other PBD were held in New Delhi.
Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award (PBSA) is the highest honour conferred on overseas Indians. Total 15
awards given. Two Important names, for example are: (i) Patricia Maria Rozario (UK) for Music. She was the only
woman among Diaspora to win an award; (ii Dr.Rasik Vihari Joshi (Mexico) for Sanskrit literature (this is first time after
2009, someone got it for literature).
The seventh edition of the annual Regional Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, held in the Australian city of Sydney, in
November 2013 was attended by over a thousand delegates from Asia-Pacific. "The aim of the Regional Pravasi
Bharatiya Divas – or Overseas Indian Conference - is to connect India with its vast Indian Diaspora and bringing their
knowledge, expertise and skills together.
The 12th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, held in New Delhi from January 7-9, 2014 was organised by the Ministry of
Overseas Indian Affairs (MOIA) in partnership with the Ministry of Youth Affairs. The event was coordinated and
managed by the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI). The event brought forth the key
issues faced by the overseas Indian community and suggested ways to enhance their participation in the country’s
economic growth.
•The focus of the conclave was finding ways to unleash the potential of youth. In India, around 50 percent of the
working population falls in the age group of 18-35 years. The conclave sought to create a sustainable and inclusive
growth model by combining unique strengths of the Diaspora youth and young Indians -- specialized skills, sound
technical knowledge and human capital -- required to service industrial growth in the country. The youth was cited as a
medium of change in society.
• The 13th PBD was held in Gujarat marking the 100th year of Mahatma Gandhi’s return to India from South Africa. The
Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs (MOIA) established in May 2004 as Ministry of Non-Resident Indians’ Affairs was
renamed as MOIA in September 2004. Positioned as a SERVICES MINISTRY, it provides information partnerships and
facilitations for all matters related to Overseas Indians (comprising Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) and Non-Resident
Indians (NRTIs).
The 14th PBD was held on 9th January, 2016 in New Delhi. The event was inaugurated by the External Affairs
Minister Sushma Swaraj and attended by Priti Patel, MoS for Employment, United Kingdom. Apart from the main event
in New Delhi, the day was celebrated by the MEA, across the world, through its missions/posts abroad. On this
occasion, Sushma Swaraj announced that government was considering Aadhaar cards to non resident Indians(NRIs)
and allowing women workers to Gulf countries only through the government agencies to ensure they were not duped by
recruiting agents or firms.
The 14th Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas was unique for two reasons-
1) It was the first limited edition of the PBD. The government, in 2015, took a decision to limit the PBD
conference as a biannual event and extend the PBD across the world and throughout the year. In effect, the
next PBD conference will be held in 2017.
2) It was organised for the first time by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) after the government’s decision to
merge Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs (MOIA) with it. Earlier it used to celebrated by the MOIA.
The Regional Pravasi Bharatiya Divas was held during 6-7, January, 2018 at Marina Bay Sands, Singapore.
The 15th PBD was held at Varanasi, during 21-23, January, 2019. Prime Minister of Mauritius, Pravind Jugnauth was
the chief guest. Mr. Himanshu Gulati, Member of Parliament of Norway, was the Special Guest while Mr. Kanwaljit
Singh Bakshi, Member of Parliament of New Zealand was the Guest of Honor at the 15th edition of PBD. For the first
time, three-day long convention was organized. The theme of PBD Convention 2019 is "Role of Indian Diaspora in
building New India".
In reverence to the sentiments of the larger diaspora to participate in Kumbh Mela and Republic Day
celebrations, the 15th PBD Convention was organised from 21 to 23 January 2019 instead of 9th January. After the
Convention, participants visited Prayagraj for Kumbh Mela on 24th January. They then proceed to Delhi on 25th
January and witnessed the Republic Day Parade at New Delhi on 26th January 2019.
PBD 2020 was held in New Delhi on 9th January, 2020 in which External Affairs Minister interacted with
Diaspora in eight countries through Video Conference. The event was webcast live to all Indian Missions and Posts
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abroad. The 16th PBD convention was held virtually in New Delhi on the 9 th January, 2021 at New Delhi. The theme
was “CONTRIBUTING TO ATMANIRBHAR BHARAT”.
Government initiative related to Overseas Indians:
Pravasi Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PKVY): To institutionalize the process of SKILL DEVELOPMENT of emigrant Indian
workers.
Scholarship Programme for Diaspora Children (SPDC): 100 scholarships per annum are granted to Persons of Indian
Origin (PIO) and Non Resident Indians (NRI) students for undergraduate courses.
Know India Program (KIP): It familiarizes Indian-origin youth (18-30 years) with their Indian roots and contemporary
India.
E-migrate system: It is a foreign employers database. It ensures the welfare and check on exploitation met to
emigrants.
VAJRA (Visiting Advanced Joint Research Faculty) scheme: It formalizes a rotation program wherein top NRI
scientists, engineers, doctors, managers and professionals serve Indian Public Sector organizations for a brief period,
lending their expertise.
Inaugurating the 17th edition of the Pravasi Bhartiya Divas on 9th January, 2023 in Indore, Madhya Pradesh
the Prime Minister remarked that the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is special in numerous ways as India completed 75 years
of its independence only recently. He also informed that the first-ever digital PBD Exhibition on the theme ‘Azadi Ka
Amrit Mahotsav’ has also been organised.
The theme of the 17th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is “Diaspora: Reliable partners for India’s progress in Amrit Kaal”.
1. First Plenary on ‘Role of Diaspora Youth in Innovations and new Technologies’, was chaired by Minister of
Youth Affairs & Sports, Anurag Singh Thakur.
2. Second Plenary on ‘Role of Indian Diaspora in promoting Indian Healthcare Eco-system in Amrit Kaal:
Vision @2047’, was chaired by Minister of Health & Family Welfare, Dr Mansukh Mandaviya and co-chaired
by Minister of State for External Affairs, Dr Rajkumar Ranjan Singh.
3. Third Plenary on ‘Leveraging the soft power of India – Goodwill through craft, cuisine & creativity’, was
chaired by Minister of State for External Affairs, Smt. Meenakshi Lekhi.
4. Fourth Plenary on ‘Enabling global mobility of Indian workforce – Role of Indian Diaspora’, was chaired by
Minister of Education, Skill Development & Entrepreneurship, Shri Dharmendra Pradhan.
5. Fifth Plenary on ‘Harnessing the potential of diaspora entrepreneurs towards an inclusive approach to nation
building’, was chaired by Minister of Finance, Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman.
6. All the Plenary Sessions will feature panel discussions inviting eminent diaspora experts.
The 17th PBD Convention holds significance as it is being organised as a physical event after a gap of four years and
the first after the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic. The last PBD Convention in 2021 was held virtually during the
Pandemic
Ghadar Party: In 1913, the Punjabis in USA and Canada founded Ghadar Party to liberate India from the British rule.
100 years passed since formation of Ghadar Party. A Five Rupee Postal Stamp was released to commemorate the
centenary. The Ghadar memorial in San Francisco would be upgraded into a functional museum and library. A
sculpture will be installed in that memorial, to honour Ghadar patriots.
POSTAL ADDRESS LOCATOR (PAL) REPLACES PIN

The Indian Postal Department is to replace Postal Index Number (PIN) with a new code, Postal Address
Locator(PAL). The eight-digit PAL might go on stream in three months. Unlike the PIN system in which each post office
has a unique number, the PAL is geographical location-specific. The district is the basic unit as it is the best-known
administrative geograsphic entity in India. The PAL assigns a unique four-digit number (first part of the eight-digit code)
to each of the 600 administrative districts. PAL, however, has two variants i.e., one for the districts and the other for the
metros. The PAL is expected to improve sorting and delivery of mail and enable India Post, which has a network of over
1.5 lakh post offices, to deliver local mail the same day of posting.
EUTHANASIA (RIGHT TO LIFE VS RIGHT TO DIE)

Euthanasia is synonymous to mercy killing. It means that the person is given the liberty to end his life in cases
of extreme contingency. Until now, Euthanasia is legalized only in few countries like Netherlands while the rest of the
world has denounced this right. The 18th Law Commission has recommended (June, 2008), to the government to allow
terminally ill persons to end their lives to relieve them of long suffering. The Commission rests its views from the
historic Menaka Gandhi’s judgement which says,”life does not mean animalistic existence”. The Commission, therefore
says that if a person is terminally ill and is unable to take normal care of his body or has lost all the senses and if his
real desire is to quit the world, he cannot be compelled to continue with torture and painful life. In such cases, it would
indeed be cruel not to permit him to die. This question came before the Supreme Court in many cases. The question
was finally settled by the Apex Court in Gyan Kaur vs State of Punjab wherein the court held that the right to life under
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Article 21 of the Constitution does not include the right to die or to be killed. Right to die is inherently inconsistent with
the right to life. While Right to life is natural right while suicide is an unnatural termination or extinction of life. The Law
Commission has also recommended to decriminalize attempt to suicide by deleting Section 309 IPC which punishes a
person who survives an attempt to end life.
Auebec province of Canada, on June 5, 2014, adopted a legislation Right-to-Die that allows terminally ill
patients to kill themselves with a doctor’s help(Euthanasia). The other countries where Euthanasia is legal are the
Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg.
CENTRAL VIGILANCE COMMISSION (CVC)

CVC is an apex Indian government body set up in 1964 on the recommendations of the Committee on
Prevention of Corruption, headed by K. Santhanam, to address corruption in government. It has the status of an
autonomous body, free of control from any executive authority, charged with monitoring all vigilance activity under the
Central Government and advising various authorities in Central Government organizations in planning, executing,
reviewing and reforming their vigilance work. CVC is not an investigating agency. Either it gets its investigations done
by the CBI or through the Departmental Chief Vigilance Officers. The annual report of the CVC not only gives the details
of the work done but also brings out the system failures which led to corruption in various Departments and suggestions
for improvement.
CLASSICAL LANGUAGE
The Ministry of culture (Union Government) has given classical language status to Telugu, Kannada Malayalam
and Odiya in addition to Sanskrit and Tamil.
TERRORISM
‘Terrorism’ is the deliberate and systematic destruction of life or property causing terror and panic in an effort to
compel others to concede to their declared goals.
Article 2(4) of the UN Charter prohibits the use of force against the territorial integrity and political
independence. Article 2(7) of the same charter prohibits any form of intervention except on the humanitarian grounds.
The General Assembly Resolution(1970) proclaims that it shall be the duty of every State to refrain from –
(a) Organising or encouraging the organisation of irregular forces or armed bands, including mercenaries, for inclusion
into the territory of another State.
(b) The threat or use of force to violate the existing international boundaries of another State as means of solving
international disputes, including territorial disputes and problems concerning frontiers of States.
(c) Organising, instigate in, assisting or participate in in acts of civil strike or terrorist act in another State or
acquiescing in organised activities within its territory directed towards the commission of such acts, when the acts
referred to in the present paragraph involve a threat or use of force.
Post September 11(2001) Resolution of UN: The UN Resolution 1373, now chapter 7 of the UN Charter seeks to act
against terrorists and states that harbour them. This resolution asks all member States to deny finance, support and
harbour to terrorists.
NAXALISM
The term comes from Naxalbari, a small village in West Bengal, where a section of Communist Party of India
(Marxist) [CPI(M)] led by Kanu Sanyal led a violent uprising in 1967, trying to develop a “revolutionary opposition” in
opposition to the official CPI(M) leadership. The insurrection started on May 25, 1967 from the village of Naxalbari in the
state when a tribal was attacked by local goons over a land issue. The tribals attacked the opposing landlords and the
violence escalated.
The past few years has seen the insurgents spreading Naxal influence from 76 districts in nine states to 118
Districts in 12 states. The Communist Party of India (Maoists) was formed on September 21, 2004 through the merger
of two prominent naxalite outfits – the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist), People’s War Group (PWG) and the
MCCI.
Naxalite party has been banned in Andhra Pradesh. Chattisgarh has been permitted to engage 3500 SPOs for
payment of honoraria. Jharkhand also has been permitted to engage 3400 SPOs. The Cabinet Committee on Economic
Affairs approved in September, 2008 a new Central scheme for providing special infrastructure in States affected by
Left-wing extremism. The Rs.500-crore scheme was launched during the XI Plan. The Government approved the
formation of a 10,000-strong, special anti-naxal force ‘COBRA’. Commando Battalion for Resolute Action (CoBRA)
is a specialized force which has been raised for guerilla/jungle warfare type operations for dealing with Maoist and
therefore also known as 'jungle warriors'. Personnel for CoBRA are selected from CRPF as CoBRA is integral part of
CRPF.
UAPA REPLACES ‘POTA’

While implementing one of the points in Common Minimum Programme, the Union Govt. decided to repeal
POTA. In replacement of POTA, it was proposed to bring another ordinance to amend the Unlawful Activities
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(Prevention) Act (UAPA) 1967 to deal with certain facets of terrorism such as defining a terrorist act, banning of terrorist
organizations and their support systems which are some of the features of POTA. A new clause has been inserted in
the UAPA making any activity mentioned in Sections 153-A (promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of
religion, race, place of birth, residence, language, etc. and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony) and 153-B
(imputations, assertions prejudicial to national integration) of the Indian Penal Code, a punishable offence.
The Central POTA Review Committee has been given the powers of a civil court in order to quicken the review process
and also one year time to review all the POTA cases.
NATIONAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY(NIA)

On the passage of The National Investigative Agency and Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act,
National Investigation Agency (NIA) has been set up as Central agency to combat terror in India. The agency will be
empowered to deal with terror related crimes across states without special permission from the states. NIA was created
after the November 2008-Mumbai terror attacks as need for a central agency to combat terrorism was realized. NIA
will have concurrent jurisdiction which empowers the Centre to probe terror attacks in any part of the country, covering
offences, including challenge to the country’s sovereignty and integrity, bomb blasts, hijacking of aircraft and ships, and
attacks on nuclear installations. The Intelligence and Investigating Agencies from whom views have been elicited, have
favoured an Indian Police Service official to heat NIA. Other than offenses of terrorism, it will deal with counterfeit
currency, human trafficking, narcotics of drugs, organized crime (extortion mobs and gangs), plane hijacking and
violations of atomic energy act and weapons of mass destruction act. As and when any case is assigned to the NIA, it
will take up investigation. Government had stated that the work is in progress to set up 20 counter insurgency and anti-
terrorism schools in the country which will train personnel to tackle cases involving terrorists. It was also announced
that a round the clock information gathering and sharing centre on terrorism has come into effect.
Some of the salient features of NIA are: National Investigation Agency (NIA) will take care of the whole of India,
citizens of India outside India and persons on ships and aircraft registered in India. Officers of the NIA to have all
powers, privileges and liabilities which the police officers have in connection with investigation of any offence.
The police officer in charge of a police station on receipt of the report of the offence shall forward it to the state
government which in turn will send it to the Centre. If the Centre feels the offence is terror related, it shall direct the NIA
for investigation. NIA may investigate other offences connected with terror-related offences.
NATIONAL JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS COMMISSION (NJAC)

The National Judical Appointments Commission Act, was passed in 2014. The Act provides for the procedure
to be followed by the NJAC for recommending persons for appointment as Chief Justice of India and other Judges of
the Supreme Court, and Chief Justice and other judges of High Courts.
Procedure:
When a vacancy arises in the Supreme Court or High Courts, the central government will make a reference to
the NJAC. Existing vacancies will be notified to the NJAC within thirty days of the Act entering into force. When a
vacancy arises due to the completion of term, a reference will be made to the NJAC, six months in advance. For
vacancies due to death or resignation, a reference must be made to the NJAC within thirty days of its occurrence.
On 16 October 2015 the Constitution Bench of Supreme Court by 4:1 Majority upheld the collegium system and
STRUCK DOWN THE NJAC AS UNCONSTITUTIONAL after hearing the petitions filed by several persons and bodies
with Supreme Court Advocates on Record Association (SCAoRA) being the first and lead petitioner. [12][13] Justices J S
Khehar, MB Lokur, Kurian Joseph and Adarsh Kumar Goel had declared the 99th Amendment and NJAC Act
unconstitutional while Justice Chelameswar upheld it under the pretext that it affects the independence of judiciary.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SIGNIFICANCE OF GSLV
The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) project was initiated in 1990 with the objective of acquiring an
Indian government launch capability for geosynchronous satellites. India has depended on the United States and
Europe for the launch of INSAT class of satellites.
The first development flight of GSLV Mk.I (GSLV-D1) was launched on 18 April 2001. The flight carrying
GSAT-1 failed to reach the correct orbit. Attempts to save GSAT-1 by using its own propulsion system to maneuver it
into the correct orbit were unsuccessful as it ran out of fuel several thousand kMs below geosynchronous orbit. The
GSLV became operational after a second development flight, which successfully placed GSAT-2 in 2003. In its first
operational flight in September 2004, GSLV launched EDUSAT - India's first dedicated satellite for educational
services. However, the second operational flight, GSlV F02, conducted on July 10, 2006 did not succeed in placing
the satellite INSAT-4C into orbit.
GSLV-D5, launched on 5 January 2014, was the first successful flight of the GSLV Mark.II using the indigenously
developed cryogenic engine, the CE-7.5.
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The third stage of the GSLV Mk.II is propelled by the CE-7.5, an indigenous cryogenic rocket engine, 2.8 m in
diameter and uses liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX) The indigenous cryogenic engine was built at the
Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre in Valiamala, Kerala & Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu. This makes India one of the 6
countries which are capable of producing cryogenic engines. All GSLV launches have been conducted from the Satish
Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota.
The launch of GSLV has put India in the select league of nations with the capability to place multi purpose
satellites in orbit and send space missions. India has been paying $70 million to Ariane Space for Launch of INSAT
satellites. Now this amount can be saved. Besides India can enter the multi billion dollar market for launching
communication satellites. India can benefit through its lower launch price and target the lighter satellites of developing
countries. GSLV gives India the Inter continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) status which can direct an explosive to
distance of 5000 Km. Besides, the immaculate guidance system of GSLV is an added advantage. The armed forces
use IRS satellites for surveillance but this is a poor substitute because this satellite is designed for civil application. The
armed forces need a dedicated satellite which can provide them imagery of a particular region on demand. They also
need ability to launch low earth satellites for detailed surveillance. With the launch of GSLV such a scenario has
become a reality.
CHANDRAYAN-1
Chandrayan-I, India’s first mission to the Moon, is visualized to be the forerunner to more ambitious planetary
mission in the years to come including landing robots on the moon and visits by Indian spacecrafts to other planets in
the solar system. It was launched by India’s national space agency the Indian Space Reserch Organisation (ISRO).
The unmanned lunar exploration mission includes a lunar obriter and an impactor. It was launched from Satish Dhawan
Sapce Centre, Sriharikota, Nellore District, AP. It will observe the moon from various angles and beam back pictures
on its chemical, physical and physio-chemical characteristics. Over a two-year period, it is intended to survey the lunar
surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and 3-diamensional topography. The information
received is expected to throw light on the origin and evolution of the moon and other bodies of the planetary system and
how life evolved on the earth.
The Chandrayan-1 vehicle was launched in October 2008 and successfully inserted into lunar orbit on
November 8, 2008. Data from Chandrayan-1 suggested that water is still being formed on the Moon. Scientists said that
the breakthrough would change the face of lunar exploration. But ISRO had to formally call off the Chandrayan-1 moon
mission after it lost its radio contact with it and found no possibility of retrieving it. The mission, which put India in an
elite club of countries – the United States, Russia, Japan, China and members of the European Space was expected to
last two years. It has shattered India’s dream of taking the first key stride towards landing an unmanned moon rover by
2012. The Mission is a major boost to India’s space program, as India competes with Asian nations China and Japan in
exploring the Moon. Over a two-year period, However, it is being reported (July, 2009) that it has developed certain
snags.
CHANDRAYAN-2
After meticulous effort of a decade, it was finally launched on July 22, 2019. Chandrayaan-2 spent several
weeks inching its way to the moon, ultimately entering lunar orbit on August 20. On September 2, 2019, Vikram (named
after the great Indian Sicentist) separated from the mission’s orbiter, and the newly freed lander began a series of
braking maneuvers to lower its orbit and ready itself for landing
Shortly before touchdown, the robotic lander Vikram – part of the Chandrayaan-2 mission – fell out of contact
with mission control. The Indian Space Research.Organisation, India’s space agency, says that the spacecraft stopped
communicating with Earth when it was within 1.3 miles of the lunar surface.
Chandrayaan-2’s target site was by far the southernmost ever selected for a solf lunar landing. Its scientific
goal is to study the south polar region’s distribution of water, ice and other so-called volatile compounds.
Novertheless, the Chandrayaan-2 mission’s orbiter remains safely in lunar orbit, with a year-long scientific mission
ahead of it. The orbiter component will still be able to make high-resolution maps of the lunar surface, as well as the
occurrence of certain elements such as magnesium. Its radar system will also be able to “listen” for the tell-tale ping of
water ice mixed into lunar soil.
CHANDRAYAN-3
ISRO's upcoming missions this year focus on manned space travel (Gaganyaan), studying the sun (Aditya L-1)
and soft-landing on the moon (Chandrayaan-3). Apart from these three missions, several satellite launches (both
domestic and foreign) are also scheduled by ISRO throughout the year.The spacecraft is planned to be launched
in 2023. The rocket for the launch of the spacecraft was declared ready and awaits the module.
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STEM CELLS
Liver diseases can be either inherited, or caused by alcohol abuse or infections such as hepatitis. Liver disease
is the fifth largest cause of death in developed nations after cardiovascular, cancer, stroke, and respiratory diseases.
Given a shortage of donor liver organs, alternatives are urgently needed. This study increases the likelihood that
alternatives can be found, either by developing new drugs or by using cell-based therapy-when cells from patients with
genetic diseases are cured and transplanted back. The scientists reprogrammed cells from the skin samples into a kind
of stem cell called induced pluripotent stem (IPS) cells, and then reprogrammed them to generate liver cells which
mimicked the broad range of liver diseases in the patients they had come from. They used the same technique to
create healthy liver cells from the comparison group.
Stem cells are the body’s master cells and scientists are trying to find ways to use then to grow new organs,
repair damaged hearts or severed spinal cords, or replace brain cells destroyed by storkes, Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s
disease. It was a major step which may in future be a potential source of new liver cells for patients with liver failure.
Research work using human embryonic stem cells was thrown into doubt recently after a distinct court issued a
preliminary injunction halting federal funding for it in US.
CLONING
A world-wide controversy is going on regarding the issues of therapeutic cloning. This began with the
announcement made by South Korean scientists that they had got success in cloning a human embryo from which stem
cells were culled thereafter. Thus South Korea became the first country to ever clone a human embryo. Scientists and
doctors believe that embryonic stem cells can be used for creating customized cures for diabetes, Parkinson’s and
other diseases. In therapeutic closing process medicines are created in order to help patients grew their own tissues. A
human body contains 220 cells types and the embryonic cells have the potential to grow into any of them. Therapeutic
cloning is a contentious issue and collecting stem cells destroys the embryo which is considered as destroying life. The
major area of concern is that this technology may be used for reproductive cloning to produce human beings setting
aside the therapeutic purpose. This may result in social imbalances. Another area of concern is the potential of
exploiting women to harvest eggs. The world community is divided over this issue. US scientists are in favour of
universal banning of reproductive cloning only because this technology is yet to be perfected. High rate of birth defects
have been experienced in cloned animals.
GARIMA-II
A cloned buffalo calf was born at the Karnal-based National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), where two calves
were cloned a year ago. The buffalo calf, named Garima-II was born through the new and advanced ‘hand-guided
cloning technique’. It weighs 32 kg and is apparently normal and healthy. Earlier, the world’s first buffalo calf through
the ‘hand-guided cloning technique’ developed by the NDRI was born on February 6, 2009, but it could not survive
beyond five days. The second cloned calf, Garima-I, was born on June 6, 2009. It survived and is reportedly healthy.
The new call was developed from embryos that were cultured and grown in a laboratory and then transferred to
recipient buffalo. It was born through a Caesarean operation.
HUMAN CLONING AGREEMENT

Nineteen European nations namely, Denmark, Latvia, Luxembourg, France, Greece, Iceland, Norway, Portugal,
Romania, San Marino, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Turkey – signed an agreement banning human cloning. On
January 17 the same year, 186 member countries of UNESCO adopted a declaration denouncing human cloning.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such as Computer Science, Biology,
Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering. A major thrust of AI is in the development of computer
functions associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving.
Scientists are studying as to how design circuits that can recognize objects like the people do. A computer
probably can calculate an answer to a maths problem much faster than an average person. But when it comes to visual
recognition – faces, objects and pattern – the human brain has it all when compared to the most sophisticated
processors. Humans and other primates have remarkable ability to effortlessly recognize things visually. But there is
complex mechanism behind the recognition process. Kreiman, a professor in the Department of neuroscience and
ophthalmology at Harward Medical School and Childrens’ Hospital in Boston are trying to understand the neural
underpinnings of human brain functions with the goal of designing computers that ultimately can recognize objects as
rapidly and as accurately as human beings.
ANTARCTIC TREATY
Antarctic treaty was signed among 12 nations having interest in the Antarctic, on 1 st December, 1959. They are
Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway South Africa, the former USSR, UK and the
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US. More number of countries including India became party to it later. In 1990, the total signatories were 39.. The
treaty provides the following:
a) Reserves the Antarctic area south of 60 digrees south latitude for peaceful purposes;
b) Provides for international cooperation in scientific investigation and research and
c) Preserves, for the duration of the treaty, the status quo with regard to territorial sovereignty, rights and claims.
ANTARCTICA EXPEDITION
The 20th Indian scientific expedition to the Antarctica commenced on 1.1.2001 when the Magdalena
Oldondoreff, a chartered German vessel, sailed from Cape Town to the icy continent. This was the second time when
an Indian Antarctic expedition set out from Cape Town. The expedition, launched under the overall co-ordination and
supervision of National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Goa, is being led by Mr.Mervin D’Souza, a geologist.
The 54 member team, representing various disciplines of sciences, includes 39 Indian scientists. The lone woman
member is a communication scientist.
Specialised logistic support is being provided by a contingent of the Indian army and scientists from the
Defence Research and Development Organisation(DRDO). The agenda of expedition includes launching of new
experiments to gain deeper insight into problems such as global warming and issues like iceberg formation. It would
also conduct experiments on human biology to understand the practical problems associated with stress survival
mechanisms under harsh climate conditions.
India has successfully launched the 41st Scientific Expedition to Antarctica with the arrival of the first batch
of its contingent at the southern white continent. The first batch comprising of 23 scientists and support staff reached
the Indian Antarctic station Maitri on last week of October, 2021.
THIRD RESEARCH CENTRE AT ‘ANTARCTICA’

India is all set to build the third permanent research centre at Antarctica to take up research in various fields
called Bharati, which will start operating from 2012. With this India will join the elite group of nine members that have
multiple stations in the region. India already has two research bases; (i) Dakshin Gangotri set up in 1983 and
abandoned in 1988-89 as it was submersed under ice. (ii) Maitri was set up thereafter in a moderate climate zone in
1990. The National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research (NCAOR), Goa, will set up the new station on Larsmann
Hill, 3000 km from Schirmacher Oasis, where Maitri is set up. While Maitri was more than 100 km from the Antarctic
Sea, Bharti will be on a promontory by the sea. This will enable Scientists to take up rare research on marine ecology of
the polar system. Bharti, like Maitri, will also conduct research on seismic activity, climate change and medicine. The
station will be a compact structure of 30x50 metres, accommodating 25 scientists. India was admitted to the Scientific
Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), an international body that coordinates scientific activities in the region, on
October 1, 1984.
ARCTIC RESEARCH STATION

India began its Arctic research programme in August 2007 with five scientists. India now has its own research
station at Arctic. Union Science and Technology Minister inaugurated ‘Himadri’. India has a station in Antarctica.
Equipped with state-of-the-art facilities for year-round scientific work, the station is at Ny-Alesund in Norway, which is
the northern-most permanent human settlement, 1200 km from the North Pole. Ny-Alesund is the playground for
scientists interested in Arctic research.
With Himadri, India has become the 11th country to have established a full fledged research station here. The
others are Britain, Germany, France, Italy, China, Japan, South Korea, The Netherlands, Sweden and Norway. The
National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research(NCAOR), an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Earch
Sciences will manage Himadri. There are currently 70 permanent research stations scattered across the continent of
Antarctica, which represent 29 countries from every continent on Earth. McMurdo Station is the largest Antarctic station.
It is built on the bare volcanic rock of Hut Point Peninsula on Ross Island, the solid ground farthest south that is
accessible by ship. It is the logistics hub of the U.S. Antarctic Programme(established in 1955), with a harbour, landing
strips on sea ice and shelf ice and a helicopter pad.
ROBITICS
The word ‘robot’ was introduced to the public by Czech writer Karel Eapek. The first digitally operated and
programmable robot, the Unimate, was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack
them.
Robots are widely used in manufacturing, assembly and packing, transport, earth and space exploration,
surgery, weaponry, laboratory research and mass production of consumer and industrial goods.Domestic robots for
cleaning and maintenance are increasingly common in and around homes. The word robotics, used to describe this
field of study, was coined by the science fiction writer Issac Asimov.
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RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT
Radioactive waste management refers to the safe treatment, storage and disposal of liquid, solid and gas
discharge from nuclear industry operations with the goal of protecting people and the environment.
Radioactive wastes from the nuclear reactors and reprocessing plants are treated and stored at each site.
Waste immobilisation plants are in operation at Tarapur and Trombay and another is being constructed at Kalpakkam.
Research on final disposal of high-level and long-lived wastes in a geological repository is in progress at BARC.
NANO TECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnology is the study of the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. When K. Eric Drexler
popularized the word ‘nanotechnology’ in the 1980s, he was talking about building machines on the scale of molecules,
a few nanometers wide-motors, robot arms, and even whole computers, far smaller than a cell. Generally
nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller, and involves developing material or
devices within that size. One of the applications: Almost all electronic devices manufactured in the last decade use
some nanomaterials. Nanotechnology is used much more extensively to build new transistor structures and
interconnects for the fastest, most advanced computing chips introduced in 2007. Recent advances in nanoscience and
nanotechnology intend new and innovative applications in the food industry. Nanotechnology exposed to be an efficient
method in many fields, particularly the food industry and the area of functional foods.
MISSILES
SAGARIKA: It will be a nuclear-capable, ballistic missile, capable of being mounted in ships or submarines.
Considering the upward capability developments, Prithvi class of missiles could be reclassified from short-range ballistic
missile to a medium range ballistic missile. The current codename of the operational variant Dhanush could pave way
for the new codename Sagarika as Sagarika becomes operational. Dhanush was successfully tested in March, 2007.
Sagarika will be inducted into the Advanced Technology Vessel being developed fo Indian Navy.
PINAKA
Pinaka is a multiple rocket launcher produced in India and developed by the DRDO for the Indian Army. The
system has a maximum range of 39-40 km, fire a salvo of 12 HE rockets in 44 seconds, neutralizing a target area of 3.9
sq. km. The system is mounted on a Tatra truck for mobility. Pinaka saw service during the Kargil War, where it was
successful in neutralizing enemy positions on the mountain tops. It has since been inducted into the Indian Army in
large numbers. The special features of Pinka includes: Microprocessor based fully automatic positioning and fire control
console. Total operational time optimized for shoot and scoot capability. Nutralisation of enemy guns/rocket locations.
Anti-Tank and Anti-Personnel minelettes; Anti-Tank bomblettes.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL INFORMATICS CENTRE(NIC)

NIC is the notal S&T organisation providing network backbone and e-governance support to the Central
Government departments, States, UTs and District Administrations in the country. NIC has been playing a pioneering
role in propagating IT-led development facilitating rapid economic growth and social transformation in India, by setting
up a countrywide network (NICNET), first of its kind among the developing countries, linking more than 600 districts, 28
State Govts, 7 UT Administrations and Central Govt. departments.
NIC has successfully implemented many large e-governance projects in the area of Land Records
Computerisation, Passport, Visa, Treasury computerisation, Judiciary (e-courts), Customs, India Portal, Accounts
Computerisation, Web enabled systems, Rural Information systems, e-procurement, Transport Authority Management,
Police Station Automation, Property Registration, Panchayati Raj Computerisation, Agriculture, etc.NIC has also
provided IT support to neighboring countries (Laos, Mongolia, Afghanistan & Myanmar) by undertaking various projects
related to capacity building, framing e-governance action plan and setting up of data Centre.
NATIONAL E-GOVERNANCE PLAN (NeGP)

The Govt. of India has approved the NeGP in May 2006 with the vision: ‘Make all Government services
accessible to the common man in his locality, throughout common service delivery outlets and ensure efficiency,
transparency & reliability of such services at affordable costs to realize the basic needs of the common man’.
The NeGP currently consists of 27 Mission Mode Projects (MMPs) and 8 Support Components to be
implemented at the Central, State and Local Govt. levels. These include Projects such as Income Tax, Customs &
Excise & Passports at the Central Level, Land Records, Agriculture and e-District at the State Level and Panchayats
and Municipalities at the Local level. There are also a number of Integrated MMPs like e-Procurement, Service Delivery
Gateway and EDI which are integrated MMPs where delivery of services envisaged in the project entail coordinated
implementation across multiple Departments of Government.
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STATE WIDE AREA NETWORKS (SWANs)
In the e-Governance process, there are three important elements that form the basis of the effective service
delivery framework , namely the State Wide Area Networks (SWANs), the front-end outlets for the service delivery i.e.
Common Service Centres (CSCs) and the State Data Centres (SDCs).SWANs are being established in 29 States and 6
UTs across the country at a total cost of Rs.3334 crores. This scheme envisages establishment of an intra-government
network with a minimum of 2 Mbps connectivity from the State headquarters to Block HQs through District HQs.The
SWAN project provides the connectivity to facilitate the rolling out of citizen centric services under various Mission
Mode Projects (MMPs) under NeGP.
INTERNET
The Internet, sometimes called the “Information Superhighway”, is a global system of interconnected computer
networks that interchange data by packet switching using the standardized Internet Protocol (IP) Suite. It is a “network
of networks” that consists of millions of private and public, academic, business and government networks of local to
global scope that are linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections and other technologies. The
Internet carries various information resources and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer and file
sharing, online gaming, and the inter-linked hypertext documents and other resources of the World Wide Web (WWW).
Its outstanding feature is hypertext, a method of instant cross-referencing. In most Web sites, certain words or
phrases appear in text of a different colour than the rest; often this text is also underlined. When you select one of
these words or phrases, you will be transferred to the site or page that is relevant to this word or phrase.
DIRECT TO HOME(DTH) IN BROADCASTING SYSTEM

The “information Revolution” is at its peak with the arrival of DTH. DTH (Direct to Home) refers to distribution of
multi-channel T.V. Programmes in KU band by using a satellite system. It is a popular technology in European the US
and South East Asian countries. Since the programmes are beamed in KU band, digitally and via satellite it is easily
accessible even in remote hill areas. Secondly, the picture and sound quality is crystal clear. Thirdly, the viewers get
more choice and programmes and also multimedia services. However, the high cost of installation is a serious
drawback. For broadcasters they will have to prescribe to the programme and advertisement code.
GENERATIONS OF MOBILE PHONES

2G is short for second generation wireless telephone technology. 2G cellular telecome networks were
commercially launched on the GSM standard in FINLAND in 1991. Primary benefits of 2G networks over their
predecessors were that phone conversations were digitally encrypted and 2G introduced data services for mobile,
starting with SMS. After 2G was launched, the previous mobile telephone systems were retrospectively dubbed 1G.
While radio signals on 1G networks are analog, the 2G networks are digital signaling to connect the radio towards to
the rest of the telephone system.
3G is the third generation of tele standards and technology for mobile networking. 3G networks enable its
operators to offer users a wider range of more advanced services while achieving greater network capacity through
improved spectral efficiency. Services include wide-are wireless voice telephony, video calls, and broadband wireless
data, all in a mobile envioronment. The first commercial launch of 3G was in Japan in October, 2001.
4G(also known as beyond 3G), an abbreviation for Fourth Generation, is a term used to describe the next
complete evolution in wireless communications. A 4G system will be able to provide comprehensive IP solution where
voice, data and streamed multimedia can be given to users on an “Anytime, Anywhere” basis and at higher data rates
than previous generations.
4G TECHNOLOGY
4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to 3G and 2G families of
standards. The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a change in te fundamental nature of the service,
non-backwards compatible transmission technology and new frequency bands. The first was the move from 1981
analog (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2002, by 3G multi-media support, spread
spectrum transmission and at least 200 kbit/s, soon expected to be followed by 4G, which refers to all-IP packet-
switched networks, mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier transmission. A 4G system is
expected to provide a comprehensive and secure all-IP based solution where facilities such as IP telephony, ultra-
broadband Internet access, gaming services and streamed multimedia may be provided to users.
5G TECHNOLOGY
Now, 5G is where the world is heading towards. Verizon 5G Nationwide is available in over 2700 cities
nationwide, performs comparably to 4G LTE (Long Term Volution) and is improving. And Verizon 5G Ultra Wideband,
which is available in select areas, provides speeds upto 10x faster than 4G LTE, meaning users on Verizon’s 5G Ultra
Wideband network can stream, download, and surf the web faster than ever before. As networks evolved from 3G to 4G
LTE, and now 5G, Verizon has taken steps to improve performance.
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ENVIRONMENT
BIODIESEL
It is a biodegradable variety of diesel produced from oil producing plants. Biodiesel is made from the oil
producing plant jetropha through a process called transesterification. In this process, fat is mixed with alcohol and a
catalyst which separates the vegetables oil into 2 components – glycerin and methyl ester. The former is used in soaps
and the latter is biodiesel.
Petroleum oil is polluting in nature. Hence it has adverse impact upon human health and environment. Biodiesel
is biodegradable and non-polluting in nature. It requires no changes in the present diesel engine and also lubricates
them better. It is non-toxic in nature and thus can be safely used in marine industry. It can reduce our oil import bill.
Austria is the first country to test biodiesel roduced with recycled frying oil in 1983. In India, the initiative has
been taken by Daimler Chrysler Company. The National Oil Seeds and Vegetable Oil Development Board(NOVOD) has
also formulated a biodiesel project which will cost Rs.1430 crore for biodiesel production from Jatropha.
NATIONAL BIO FUEL POLICY

Indian is one of the largest user of hydrocarbons and it is imperative that the country has a Bio fuel policy in
place. Move to promote sustainable energy usage, the Union Government in December 2009, approved the National
Bio Fuel Policy, which provides technical subsidies and grants, to the producers for second-generation biofuels. The
policy also talks about setting up of a National Biofuel Fund. Further, a National Biofuel Coordination Committee,
headed by the Prime Minister is set up to provide policy guidance and other features such as – (i)Bio diesel production
will be taken up from non-edible oil seeds in waste/degraded lands.(ii) An indicative trarget of 20% blending of bio-fuels
both for bio-diesel and bio-ethanol by 2017 has been proposed.(iii)Minimum support price for non-edible oil seeds will
be announced with periodic revision to provide fair price to the growers.
TSUNAMI
Tsunami (pronounced tsoo-nah-mee) is a Japanese word which means “harbour wave”. Tsu means harbour
and nami stands for wave. Tsunamis are large waves that are generated when the sea floor is deformed by seismic
activity, vertically displacing the overlying water in the ocean.
Tsunami Warning System: Though this was the first time that a Tsunami of this magnitude had struck the
Indian coast, Tsunamis of lesser magnitude can not be ruled out in the future. Though a second Tsunami may be years
away, there is no room for complacency. There exists a Tsunami Warning System benefiting 27 Pacific countries. After
an earthquake occurs beneath the seabed, it takes three hours for the dynamic waves of great height to build up. All
communities within a three hour travel time from the epicenter of the earthquake can be evacuated to safety thanks to
the Tsunami Warning System. Present experience has shown that forewarning systems are a must to face the fury of
nature. It is time that India too got connected to the Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre or had an indigenous integrated
technological solution as a long term disaster management system. Press reports (THE HINDU, 30.12.2004) indicate
that the Govt. of India have decided to install ‘Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting System(DOARS) which will have
pressure sensors to detect the water movement would be installed at a deapth of 6 km under the sea. This will be linked
to the satellite which will relay the information to the earth station.
COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG)

In the last few years CNG has emerged as the fuel of the 21st century. The government and the environmentalist
have finally decided to restrict the diesel fuel and diesel operated buses in the near future. However this move has
been opposed by many. Following are the facts relating to CNG:
1) It is well known that the reduction of size of suspended particulate matter makes them more lethal. Particles in
diesel engines are one micron in diameter. Besides, they are coated with Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
(PAHs). Thus, even Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel (ULSD) with particulate filter is five times more carcinogenic than
CNG. Euro II compliant diesel is 30 times more carcinogenic than CNG.
2) The CNG buses are more expensive than a diesel Euro I bus and the operating cost of a CNG bus would be more
than that of a diesel bus but if ultra low sulphur diesel (less than 0.005%) is used, CNG would be cheaper.
Further, the National Institute of Public Finance and Policy (NIPFP) has concluded that CNG is a more cost
effective fuel.
3) CNG gas is lighter than air and quickly and safely disperses to non combustible level if it leaks. In this respect, it is
safer than diesel.
4) CNG and LPG are the best options for combating air pollution and Global warming.
5) The social cost due to climate change induced by Green House Gases emissions is much higher for petrol and
diesel as compared to CNG.
Ultra low sulphur diesel, on which the buses will supposedly run, has to be imported from Sweden, the only country
to manufacture and export it. Cost of local manufacturing will be exorbitant. Countries like Japan, Brazil, Thailand are
converting to CNG. India should have no reason to hesitate.
10
ECO-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGY
The world is grappling with the challenge of climate change and global warming and feel concerned at the
rapidly deteriorating environment, clean energy sources alone hold the answer to these serious issues. India has
already initiated steps in this direction by establishing several missions to fight climate change including the solar
mission. It has also decided to incentivise wind power generation by allotting Rs.380 crore. It has also launched a
special programme to generate more wind power and attract investments domestically as well as globally in order to
give boost to cleaner and safer energy generation. Solar energy generation is welcome next step in this direction.
When India succeeds in garnering success on these twin fronts, it will be a great achievement of India in its war against
climate change.
National Environment Policy, 2006
The National Environment Policy, 2006 is the first comprehensive policy document formulated at national level
for realizing the overarching goal of sustainable development in the country. It does not displace but builds on earlier
policy. It is the outcome of extensive consultations with experts, Governments, Industry associations, academic and
research institutions, civil society, NGOs and the public. The NEP outlines the significance of a number of new and
continuing initiatives for enhancing environmental, conservation, which requires coordinated action of diverse actors
and stake holders at all levels.
oOo
11
WN ON GENERAL STUDIES, 2022 (7) TB
G.K IN BRIEF
SPORTS
Who became the 75th Chess Grandmaster of India?= V. Pranav.
What was India’s rank on the medal table in 22nd Commonwealth Games, 2022?=Fourth Rank.
Who emerged Champion of the Wimbledon Open Men’s Singles title 2022?=Novak Djokovic from Serbia.
Who emerged champion of the Wimbledon Open Women’s Singles title 2022?=Elena Rybakina from Kazakhistan.
Who is the first Indian Woman to win an individual Olympic medal?=Karnam Malleshwari.
Who became the first India to win a Silver medal at the World Athletics Championship?=Neeraj Chopra in 18th
Who is the new President of FATF?= T. Raja Kumar of Singapore.
FIFA best Men’s Player: Robert Lewandowski (Bayern Munich)
FIFA Best Women’s Player: Alexia Putellas (Barcelona)
FIFA Special Award (Men’s): Cristiano Ronaldo (Manchester United)
Neeraj Chopra and Mirabai Chanu named SPORTSTAR OF THE YEAR MALE AND FEMALE.
Who became the 75th Chess Grandmaster of India? – V. Pranav.
What was India’s rank on the medal table in 22nd Commonwealth Games, 2022? – Fourth Rank.
CONSTITUTION
The Right to Property was made a legal right under: --Article 300-A.
Part of the Constitution deals with the ‘Trade, Commerce and Intercourse’ within the territory of India? --Part 13.
National Panchayati Raj Day in India is observed on: --April 24.
Which Article of Constitution deals with the abolition or creation of the legislative councils in states? ---Article 169.
The names of states and the Union Territories and their territorial extent are mentioned in the – The First Schedule
of the Indian Constitution.
The Constitution of India from Article 5 to 11 under Part 2 deals with: The Citizenship.
Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court can be made through: Article 138.
Which Schedule was added to the India Constitution by the 74th Amendment Act, 1992.? – Twelfth Schedule.
Which Article in the Indian Constitution deals with the equal justice and free legal aid to the poor.: -- Article 39-A.
The President of India in terms of State bill enjoy: - Absolute Veto.
Article 371A of the Indian Constitution makes special provisions for the state of ----Nagaland.
Which Article deals with the special provisions with respect to the state of Sikkim? – Article 371F.
DATES/DAYS
January, 9.: ... Non Resident Indian (NRI) Day.
January 15: ... Army Day
January 24: … National Girl Child Day.
January 25: … National Tourism Day, National Voters’ Day.
World Book Day is observed on : - April 23.
National Tourism Day is observed on :- January 25.
What was the theme of International Youth Day 2022?= “Intergenerational Solidarity: Creating a World for All Ages”.
Who has been re-elected the President of FIDE?= Arkady Dvorkovich from Russia.
World Water Day is observed on: --- March 22.
World Health Day is observed on: April 7.
1
WHO IS WHO
Who became the first woman Director General of the CSIR?= Nallathambi Kalaiselvi.
Who has been appointed new Chairman of DRDO?= Samir V. Kamat.
Who is regarded as the pioneer of Atomic energy in India?= Homi J. Bhabha.
Who was crowned the Femina Miss India World 2022?=Sini Shetty from Karnataka.
Outstanding Contribution to Film Industry: Asha Parekh.
Who has been appointed new Chairman of DRDO?Samir V. Kamat.
Who became the first Woman Director-General of the CSIR? Nallathamby Kalaiselvi.
Who assumed charge as the new Chairperson of the 22nd Law Commission of India: -- Justice Ritu Raj Awasthi.
Who has been named the global brand ambassador of BYJU’s social impact arm ‘Education For All’? – Lionel Messi.
PM Modi received the Lata Deenanath Mangeshkar Award on April 24 which marks the 80th death anniversary
of Master Deenanath Mangeshkar, the singing legend’s father. The Lata Deenanath Mangeshkar Puraskar will be
given every year to only one individual who has made path-breaking, spectacular and exemplary contributions to the
nation, the people and society.
Captain Harpreet Chandi PIO Becomes 1st Woman of Colour to Make Solo Trip to South Pole
A British born Indian Sikh woman has made history by becoming the first woman of colour to complete a solo
expedition to the South Pole. Captain Harpree Chandi (32) from Derby, reached the South Pole on January 3, 2022,
the 40th day of her unsupported 700-mile trek across the Antarctic wilderness in temperatures of upto 50 degree
Celsius and wind speeds of upto 60 mph (96 km ph). Chandi who named herself ‘Polar Preet’ for the trek and is a
physiotherapist in the British army said in an audio blogs: “I made it to the South Pole where it is snowing. It feels so
surreal to finally be here. This expedition was always about so much more than me. I want to encourage people to
push their boundaries and to believe in themselves without being levelled a rebel.” US Defence Secretary Ben Wallace
congratulated Preet, saying that “her history-making expedition is inspiration to all of us and a phenomenal
achievement.”
Elon Musk has finally bought 100 per cent stake in Twitter for approx. $44 billion, around $54.20 per share, and all
in cash. Elon Musk believes that twitter has extraordinary potential for freedom of speech which is essential for
democracy. Elon Musk is an entrepreneur, investor, media proprietor and business magnate. He is the founder of
SpaceX, Tesla Inc and Cofounder of the Boring Company, Neuralink and Open Al. Musk is the wealthiest person in
the world according to both the Bloomberg and the Forbes billionaires list.
Lhakpa Sherpa is a Nepalese woman Sherpa mountain climber. At the age of 48, she has climbed Mount Everest
record Tenth time on May 12, 2022. She broke her own record to reach the 8849 meter summit. Lhakpa Sherpa was
chosen by the BBC as one of its 100 most inspirational and influential women for 2016.
Sherpa Kami Rita: 52 year old Nepali Sherpa Kami Rita has scaled Mount Everest for a record 26 th time on May 7,
2022 along the south east ridge route. He has broken his own record and established a new world record in
climbing.
Dmitry Muratova: The Russian Dmitry Muratova, Editor in Chief of the independent newspaper ‘Novaya Gazeta’ has
auctioned off his nobel peace prize medal for $103.5 m (GBP 84 m) on June 21, 2022. Dmitry Muratova said all the
money from the sale would go to help refugees from the war in Ukraine. Muratova was co-awarded the peace prize
2
in 2021 for defending freedom of expression in Russia. The person who bid for the nobel peace price hasn’t been
named. According to the Heritage auction, all proceeds will go towards UNICEF’s Humanitarian response for
Ukrainian children displaced by war.
BOOKS AND AUTHORS:
Beyond Religion: Ethics for a whole world. By Dalai Lama.
A better India: A better world. – By N.R. Narayana Murthy.
Dare to do: For the new generation. – By Kiran Bedi.
Moving on, moving forward: -- By Venkaiah Naidu.
How to prevent the next pandemic: -- By Bill Gates.
The Commissioner for lost causes: -- By Shashi Taroor.
Modi @ 20: Dreams meet delivery: - By Sudha Murti and Others.
Wrist Assured: -- By Gundappa Vishwanath, R. Kaushik.
Who emerged the winner of the booker prize 2022? – Shehan Karunati Laka from Sri Lanka.
Who has been awarded the Nobel prize 2022 in literature? –Annie Ernaux.
Who is the writer of the book “The Story of the Reserve Bank of India”?Rahul Bajoria.
Who is the writer of the book “How to Avoid A Climate Disaster”?–Bill Gates.
Which Indian leader is the author of the book Swaraj for the People? –Jayaprakash Narayan.
‘Gathering Storm’ is a book written by:--Winston Churchill.
Geetanjali Shree’s Hindi Novel, ‘Tomb of Sand’ Wins International Booker Prize 2022; First Book in Any
Indian Language to Get the Honour.
Delhi-based author Geetanjali Shree’s Hindi novel ‘Tomb of Sand’ on May 26, 2022 won the prestigious
International Booker Prize 2022 , becoming the first book written in an Indian language to be awarded the
prestigious 2022 International Booker Prize. Originally published in Hindi as ‘Ret Samadhi’, the book is translated into
English by Daisy Rockwell. Originally published in Hindi in 2018, ‘Tomb of Sand’ is the first of Geetanjali’s books to be
published in the UK in English by Titled Axis Press in August, 2021.
‘Tomb of Sand’ was among 13 long listed novels, which were translated to English from 11 languages and originate
from 12 countries across four continents. Geetanjali will be awarded GBP 50,000, which will be split evenly between
the author and the translator. Tomb of Sand is a story of an 80-year old woman who experiences a deep depression
after the death of her husband. Eventually, she overcomes her depression and decides to visit Pakistan to finally
confront the past that she left behind during the Partition.
ASORTED
What is India’s rank on the WEF Gender Gap Report 2022?—135th rank.
The Saubhagya Scheme was related to the: ---Household electrification.
Khetri, famous for copper mines in India is located in: --Rajasthan.
Palkonda range is located in India in the: --- Western Ghat.
The working of LED system is based on the principle of: -Electroluminescence.
‘Athlete’s foot’ is a disease caused by: --Fungi.
Solid state of Carbon dioxide is generally referred to as: --Dry Ice.
Yellow colour in turmeric is caused due to the presence of: --Curcumin.
The National Research Centre for Mushroom is located in: --Solan (Himachal Pradesh).
Gomardo Wildlife Sanctuary is located in: -- Chhattisgarh.
Which district became India’s first fully ‘functionally literate’ district?=Mandla (Madhya Pradesh).
Which District has been declared the best ‘Aspirational District’ in India?=Haridwar.
What is the name of recently conducted first bilateral air force exercise of India and Malaysia?= Udarashakti
exercise.
What is the name of joint India-Vietnam army exercise concluded recently?=VINBAX 2022.
3
Which film was adjudged the Best Film in the 68th National Film Awards?= Soorarai Potru.
India’s first Animal Health Summit 2022 was held in: New Delhi.
SBI launches its first dedicated branch to support start-ups in: Bengaluru.
The Indian rupee was made fully convertible on current account in: --1994.
The Regulating body of Mutual Funds in India is: SEBI.
Which Place is popularly referred to as the Gibraldar of the Indian Ocean? –Aden.
The Eastern and Western Ghats meet each other at the: --Nilgiri Hills.
The Bhakhra-Nangal dam is located on the river: -- Sutlej.
Waves used for detecting forgery in currency notes are known as: --Ultraviolet waves.
Which Indian state notified its fifth elephant reserve at Agasthyamalai? Tamilnadu.
At the pre-primary stage reading aloud while writing is given importance. This is based on which theory of learning? -
-Conditioning.
RBI launched its advanced supervisory monitoring system named: -Daksh.
In India the effective literacy rate is calculated from : -- Population above 7 years of age.
Angel Tax is very specially related to: -- Start-ups.
Serious fraud investigation office (SFIC) is a multi disciplinary organisation in India under :- M/o Corporate Affairs.
Angami Tribe is chiefly found in: - Nagaland.
Nefron is the structural and functional unit of:- Kidney.
National Research Centre for mushroom is located in:-Solan (Himachal Pradesh).
Internal communication within institutions is done through: LAN.
What is India’s Rank on the Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI)2023? -- 8th Rank.
Who was made National icon of Election Commission of India? – Pankaj Tripathi.
Who has been chosen for the Sastra Ramanujam prize for 2022?—Yunqing Tang.
What is the name of the recently conducted first bilateral air force exercise of India and Malaysia? – Udarshakti
Exercise.
The Headquarters of Interpol is located at: --Lyons, France.
The Abel Prize is generally referred to as the Nobel Prize for:- Mathematics.
‘Chong’, ‘Lim’ and ‘Nuralim’ are the popular folk dances of: --Nagaland.
‘Shadow Cabinet’ is the feature of the political system of:--Great Britain.
ABBREVIATIONS
ATP - Automatic Train Protection
BBIN -Bangladesh, Bhutan India Nepal.
C-DAC -Centre for Development of Advanced Computing
DRDL -Defence Research and Development Laboratory
FICCI - Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry.
I2U2 - India, Israel, US, UAE.
ICDS: - Integrated Child Development Services.
IPCC: - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
ITU: - International Telecommunication Union.
NIA: - National Investigation Agency.
NSM: - National Supercomputing Mission.
NTCA: - National Tiger Conservation Authority.
RLV: - Reusable Launch Vehicle.
4

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WN(1) ON GS BY V.

CORONA VIRUS (COVID-19) (Ministry of Health & Family Welfare)

SUB VARIANT OF COVID-19

National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency(NMEEE)(Ministry of Power and Enhanced

AADHAAR (M/o.Electronics and Information Technology): The Central Government-funded project

Major Findings-Low Charges

“Not – for –Profit “ Hospitals

National Digital Health Mission

NATIONAL APPRENTICESHIP TRAINING SCHEME (NATS)

NATIONAL HYDROGEN ENERGY MISSION 2021-22

NATIONAL APPRENTICESHIP TRAINING SCHEME (NATS)

POSTAL ADDRESS LOCATOR (PAL) REPLACES PIN

EUTHANASIA (RIGHT TO LIFE VS RIGHT TO DIE)

CENTRAL VIGILANCE COMMISSION (CVC)

UAPA REPLACES ‘POTA’

NATIONAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY(NIA)

NATIONAL JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS COMMISSION (NJAC)

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

HUMAN CLONING AGREEMENT

THIRD RESEARCH CENTRE AT ‘ANTARCTICA’

ARCTIC RESEARCH STATION

NATIONAL INFORMATICS CENTRE(NIC)

NATIONAL E-GOVERNANCE PLAN (NeGP)

DIRECT TO HOME(DTH) IN BROADCASTING SYSTEM

GENERATIONS OF MOBILE PHONES

NATIONAL BIO FUEL POLICY

COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG)

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