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INTERIOR DESIGNING ( INTRODUCTION TO INTERIOR ) A SHORT

DOCUMENT - BASIC DESCRIPTIONS OF THE COMPONENTS OF
INTERIOR DESIGNING

Presentation · July 2021

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.16511.33448

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INTERIOR DESIGNING
INSTRUCTOR – ANOUSHA HASHMI
UNIVERSITY - KSA
 INTRO – INTERIOR
DESIGNING

Difference between
Interior Design
or
Interior Decorator
 COLOR WHEEL

• The color wheel is a chart representing the relationships between colors.

Based on a circle showing the colors of the spectrum originally fashioned by Sir
Isaac Newton in 1666, the color wheel he created serves many purposes today.
Painters use it to identify colors to mix and designers use it to choose colors that
go well together.
• Tint is a mixture of a color with white which increases lightness,
• Shade is a mixture with black, which increases darkness.
• Tone is produced either by mixing a color with grey, or by both tinting and shading

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 COLOR PSYCHOLOGY

• Color psychology is a powerful interior design tool that impacts the mood
of a room more so than any other factor. Different shades evoke certain
emotions so, when choosing your colors, it’s important to consider the kind of
atmosphere you wish to create and which colors will help you achieve
this.

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 COLOR OF THE YEAR ( AEGEAN TEAL )

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 TREND COLORS OF THE YEAR ( URBAN BRONZE)

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 TREND COLORS OF THE YEAR ( ILUMINATING YELLOW AND ULTIMATE GREY)

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 The Elements of Interior
Design
1. Color
2. Form
3. Light
The Layers of Interior The Principles of Interior
4. Line
Design Design
5. Pattern
1. Ceiling 1. Balance
6. Texture 2. Rhythm
2. Flooring
7. Space 3. Harmony
3. Furniture
4. Accent Fabrics 4. Emphasis
5. Non upholsterer Furniture 5. Proportion and Scale

6. Wall art and Accessories 6. Composition

7. Plants and Lighting 7. Perspective

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 THE LAYERS OF
INTERIOR DESIGN
 1 - CEILING

Ceiling- A ceiling is an “overhead

interior surface” that covers the
upper limit of a room. It is no
generally considered a structural
element, but a finished surface
concealing the underside of the
floor or roof structure above.

False Ceiling- A ceiling suspended a

foot or more below the actual
ceiling to provide space for an easy
access to wiring and ducts, or to
alter the dimensions of a room.-

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 2 - FLOORING 3 - FURNITURE

• The term ‘flooring’ refers to the • Interior designers use furniture to

lower enclosing surface of spaces
within buildings. This may be part of
the floor structure, such as the
upper surface of a concrete slab or
floor boards, but typically it is a
permanent covering laid over the
floor.
establish a pleasing sense of order.
They consider two-dimensional and
three-dimensional design in the
arrangement of furniture along with
the elements of design such as
shape, form, color, and texture.
• Sofas: Fabric and Leather.

• 1.1 Timber. • Sectionals: Fabric and Leather.

• Sleeper Sofas: Fabric and
• 1.2 Laminate. Leather.
• 1.3 Vinyl. • Accent Chairs: Fabric and
• 1.4 Bamboo. Leather.
• Loveseats: Fabric and Leather.
• 1.5 Cork.
• Chairs-and-a-half.
• 1.6 Tile (porcelain or ceramic)
• Recliners: Fabric and Leather.
• 1.7 Tile (natural stone)
• Swivels & Gliders: Fabric and
• 1.8 Carpet. Leather.

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 4 – ACCENT FABRICS 5 - NON UPHOLSTERER
FURNITURE
• Accent colors are colors that are • Upholstered furniture offers lot
used for emphasis in a color scheme. of cushions with foam and it is
These colors can often be bold or always enclosed in fabric or
vivid and are used sparingly, to leather.It also has a steel or
emphasize, contrast or create wooden frame on the top of
rhythm. More toned down colors which, springs are attached
such as neutrals or darker shades before cushions being arranged
can also be used depending on the
surroundings.
• Crepe. ...
• Denim. ...
• Lace. ...
• Leather. ...
• Linen. ...
• Satin

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 6. WALL ART AND
ACCESSORIES
• Wall art is that finishing element
that can help pull a space together
and make it feel complete. ... The
key is to choose a piece of art or
another wall hanging that fits in with
the decorating style that you've
already
• Wall murals and paintings
• Wallpaper and paint.
• Lighting.
• Wood.
• Modern wall art.
• Traditional wall art.
• Abstract wall art.
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7. PLANTS AND
LIGHTING
• Plants can add a fresh pop of color to a
predominately white room. Orchids
love bright light, so put some orchid
plants in your sunniest rooms..
• some of the ways to decorate an
indoor plant in living rooms.
- A Large Plant beside the Sofa.
-Pick a Shelf.
-Use a Bench.
-Have Stunning Pots, customize.
-Decorate that corner.
-Hanging Plants.
-Floating Greenery.
-Fake It!
• Expertly placed lighting adds another
dimension to a space, bringing an
interior design project to life. Great
lighting creates depth and height, cosy
spots, and draws attention to your
most impressive areas. It's all about
the balance of light and shade and
bringing new energy to an interior
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THE ELEMENTS OF
INTERIOR DESIGN
 1 - COLOR

Color is sometimes divided into two categories:

warm and cool tones. Warm tones, like red,
orange and yellow can energize a space and its
occupants. Cool tones such as blue, green and
purple generally create quiet, relaxing
atmospheres.

Gray, beige, white, earth tones and other neutrals

dominate our bestseller list when it comes to our
most popular interior paint colors.

When choosing wall and flooring colors, it’s

important to keep the goal of the space in mind. If
energetic work is being performed in a space,
warm, exhilarating tones might be good to
consider, for example. In break areas, cool tones
may be more appropriate when occupants can
relax.

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 2 – FORM
• Form is the shape of the room, as
well as any objects within the room.
In other words, it relates to the
physical form of anything that is
three dimensional. Forms can usually
be described as either geometric or
natural. Geometric refers to hard
lines and square edges, often looking
man-made, while natural relates to
more organic forms that seem to be
created by nature. Forms can also be
open – objects that can be looked
into or closed – self-contained.
• Another thing to take into
consideration with form is the
proportions and scale of the room
compare to the objects being placed
within it. Adding forms of similar
shapes can create harmony and
balance, while adding too many
differing shapes can have a confusing
result. A space is typically more
pleasing if the dominant form is
repeated in minor objects
throughout the room
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3 - LIGHT
Natural or man-made light is a critical
aspect of any space. Without it, all of the
other elements would not be able to
shine to their full potential. Light can be
broken into the categories of task lighting
(defined purpose), accent lighting
(emphasising objects) and mood lighting
(adding ambience).
When considering lighting, it is important
to address the activities that will be
undertaken in the space. Both the quality
and quantity should be assessed here. For
example, an office will require bright
lighting so that the workers can see clearly
and act alert.
On the other hand, living room lighting
can be applied with a softer touch.
Applying a dimmer has the ability to make
a space much more versatile. Natural
lighting should always be taken into
consideration, and can be manipulated
through clever placement of doors,
windows and even mirrors.
Beyond its functional purpose, light has
the ability to set the mood and
atmosphere of a space while defining
colour, line and texture. Plus, any good
interior designer also knows that the
lighting fixtures are a visual feature in
themselves, which can add the right tough
to any design.
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 4 – LINE
• Horizontal, vertical and dynamic lines
help to shape a room and guide the eye.
Creating lines using the room’s furnishings
and structural design can form harmony,
unity and contrast. Horizontal lines,
created by tables and other surfaces, give
a sense of stability, formality and
efficiency.
• Interior designers highlight horizontal
lines to make a room appear wider and
longer, and to draw the eye to a focal
point. But be careful, overemphasis of
horizontal lines has the ability to make
the space seem boring and uninspired.
• Vertical lines, created by features such as
windows and doorways, evoke feelings of
freedom and strength. On a functional
level, accentuating vertical lines often
gives the illusion of a room being taller.
Often suited to use in dining rooms,
entries and offices, vertical lines must be
incorporated wisely so as not to leave
inhabitants feeling uneasy.
• Dynamic lines refer to diagonal, zigzag or
curved lines. Such lines can be found in
stairs, for example, and provide energy
and movement. Stimulating to the eye,
dynamic lines capture our attention
longer. However, too many dynamic lines
in one room can be distracting, and
overpower horizontal or vertical lines.
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5 - PATTERN
• Paired with colour, pattern offers a
similar use to texture in that it can
add appeal to a room. A pattern is
created by the use a repetitive
design and can be found in
wallpaper, soft furnishings, rugs and
fabrics. Patterns come in various
types, such as stripes, geometric,
pictorial, organic, motif and animal
prints. When implementing pattern,
it’s best to firstly consider the size
and style of a room. Introducing
pattern in a small room should be
done sparingly, to avoid
overwhelming the space.
• However, as discussed in the
element of line, patterns that create
vertical or horizontal lines can be
used to give a heightened sense of
space. Complex patterns made up of
contrasting colours and lines can
liven up a room, however they are
best used in the form of a feature
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 6. TEXTURE
• Texture refers to the tactile surface of
an object or finish. It’s an element that
is often overlooked, but really does
have the ability to bring a unique
dimension to the room. Just like
mixing colour and pattern, an interior
designer mixes the textures within a
space to give a subtle sense of depth.
Think glossy, coarse, smooth… From
furniture to accessories to fabric,
texture has the ability to add interest
and detail, making it visually pleasing
to the eye. In essence, it gives a room
feeling.
• Texture comes in two forms – visual
texture and actual texture. Visual
texture refers to texture that is
perceived by the eye. In other words,
this is the impression of texture one
gets by only viewing an object. This
effect is usually found in the form of
pattern. Actual or tactile textures can
be seen or felt and has 3D
characteristics. For example, a fluffy,
colourful cushion can be appreciated
not only with the eye but also with
touch
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7. SPACE
• The foundation of an interior, space
is a fundamental concept to
understand, ensuring you’re best
equipped to take advantage of what
is available to you. The available
‘space’ usually can’t be easily
changed (though sometimes a
designer may have the luxury of
doing so), so you need to work with
what you have within the physical
boundaries of the room.
• Space can be split into two
categories: positive and negative
space. Positive space is space
containing objects, whilst negative
space is the open/empty space
(including any space between
objects). Striking a balance between
the negative and positive spaces of a
room is essential to avoid
overcrowding, or on the other end
of the spectrum, sparseness
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THE PRINCIPLES OF
INTERIOR DESIGN
 1 - BALANCE

Balance is all about achieving equilibrium that

pleases the eye. Traditional interior design
incorporates symmetrical balance, a technique
that attempts to make both sides of the room
mirror one another. The current trend Interior
designers in Miami Beach use is Asymmetry, a
deviation from symmetrical balance where the
room is designed with dissimilar fixture design
and arrangement yet maintains the same visual
weight.

Radial symmetry is an unconventional

approach to the principle of balance, where the
central point incorporates a spiral pattern
either as fixtures or even as the part of the
room itself. A spiral staircase is a good example.

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 2 – RHYTHM
• Rhythm sets the visual movement of
the room’s design.
• Repetition is a classic technique of
the principle of rhythm that utilizes
the same aesthetic elements, like
maintaining the fixture or the
design’s characteristics and quality.
Progression is assembling aesthetic
elements in an escalating fashion like
arranging fixtures from smallest to
biggest or a arranging your
wallpaper’s hue from lightest to
darkest.
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3 - HARMONY
• Harmony is when things seem to
belong together. It has to do with
sameness. Design repetition such as
form, shape, texture, color is the
best method of achieving harmony
to create compositions. Harmonious
space seems to contain everything
that works together perfectly.
Everything feels right. The end result
is pleasant with everything exactly
where it should be.
• Harmony and unity create cohesion
which helps people recognize
patterns. The human brain
categorizes details that repeat and
rapidly recognize similar objects. If
design elements don’t exist, there
won’t be tranquility or cohesion.
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 4 – EMPHASIS
• Emphasis together with Balance
forms two most important principles
we need to learn about. The concept
of emphasis as an interior design
principle states that a central piece
of furniture or art needs to play
roles of grabbing attention. One of
our first tasks is to choose our focal
point and after start Balancing and
applying all other principles.
• You can even emphasize two
areas of design to create
interest and drama within a
space while creating a great first
impression. The importance of
first impressions cannot be
emphasized enough. It is
important in a successful
business and essential to
ensure that your brand’s
message, product, theme, belief
or personality shines through.
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5 – PROPORTION AND
SCALE
• Most interior designers
understand that scale and
proportion in interior design are
important. It is a very important
part of the principles of interior
design. Let’s see what is the
difference between them:
• What is Scale
• Scale refers to one object’s size
concerning another. Specifically,
the concept of scale is used
when one object’s size is known
for certain. Few examples are:
• the standard wall heights
• height of a table and chair
• how many meters a bathroom
or shower should be so as not
feeling too cramped.
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 6. COMPOSITION
• Composition in the interior is the
artistic connection of all elements in
a particular space, which should be
located in it in a certain order and
quantity in order to support the
general idea of ​a harmonious image.
• Certain modes of composition are
determined by the function of the
spaces as much as by the location
and by the architecture. For
example, a cozy or homey interior is
normally associated with residential
interiors or similarly intimate
interiors, such as restaurants that
may wish to appear “cozy.” Some
interiors, such as discotheques,
require excitement and other
interiors, such as funeral parlors,
require serenity or dignity.
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7. PERSPECTIVE
• Perspective drawing is a system for
representing three-dimensional
space on a flat surface. ... The one-
point perspective depicts a building
or interior space with one side
parallel to the picture plane
(perpendicular to the observer's line
of sight).
• Everything in perspective arises from
four perspective facts — the straight
line path of light, a fixed viewpoint,
the visual cone centered on the
direction of view, and the image
cross section through the visual
cone.
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 NEAREST LANDMARK

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 FACTORS AFFECTING
ORIENTATION OF BUILDINGS (5
POINTS)

1. Solar radiation and temperature. The intensity of solar

radiation depends on the direction of sunrays. ...

2. Clouds and Rains. Clouds and rains have comparatively

less importance in orientation of building. ...

3. Humidity. ...

4. Humidity design consideration. ...

5. Prevailing winds.

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 SPACE PLANNING
W H AT I S S P AC E
PLANNING ?

• Space planning is a
fundamental element of the
interior design process. It starts
with an in-depth analysis of how
the space is to be used. The
designer then draws up a plan that

defines the zones of the

space and the activities that will
take place in those zones.

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 MOOD BOARD

PLANTS

ACCENT FABRIC

WALL ART ACCESSORIES

UPHOLSTER FURINTURE

CEILING
FURINTURE

FLOORING

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 MATERIAL BOARD

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 MATERIAL BOARD

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DIAGRAM
drafting
 TYPES OF KITCHEN

The 6 Most Popular Kitchen Layout Types

The One Wall Kitchen. Usually found in smaller

kitchens, this simple layout is space efficient
without giving up on functionality. ...

The Galley Kitchen. ...

The L-Shaped Kitchen. ...

The U-Shaped Kitchen. ...

The Island Kitchen. ...

The Peninsula Kitchen.

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 STAIRS AND IT'S
COMPONENTS& TYPES
Stringer – The inclined boards in which the treads and risers are enclosed.

Tread – The top or horizontal surface of a step.

Nosing – The visible front of the treads.

Riser – The board that forms the face of the step. The maximum individual rise for
domestic flights is 220mm.

Newel – The larger vertical member, plain or decorative, is usually located on either
ends of the balustrade, or at each bend.

Newel Cap – The ornamental top of the newel post. Often carved shaped or turned.

Landing – A resting place, or wide step anywhere within the staircase or top of a flight
of stairs. Landings are often used to change the direction of a stair.

Handrail – A protective rail designed to prevent people or objects from falling into an
open stairwell. A moulded rail following the pitch, or rake of the staircase – which also
forms the top/upper edge of the balustrading.

Baluster – The vertical member, plain or decorative, that acts as the infill between the
handrail and Channel (or tread if cut string).

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 1.Sliding windows

2.Pivoted windows

3.Double-hung windows
TYPES OF WINDOWS 4.Louvered windows

5.Casement windows

There are different types of windows used in building 6.Metal windows

7.Sash windows
construction to provide ventilation, and view. The selection of
8.Corner windows
windows depends on many criteria.
9.Bay windows
A window is a vented barrier provided in a wall opening to 10.Dormer windows
admit light and air into the structure and also to give outside 11.Clerestory windows

view. Windows also increases the beauty appearance of 12.Lantern windows

the building. 13.Gable windows

14.Ventilators

15.Skylights
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 TYPES OF WINDOWS

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 1.Hinged doors. Most doors are
TYPES OF DOOR hinged along one side to allow the
door to pivot away from the
There are different types of doors used in
doorway in one direction, but not
building works classified based on placing of
the other. ...
components, method of construction, working
2.Sliding doors. ...
operations and construction material used. A door
3.Rotating doors. ...
is an accessible barrier which is provided in a
4.High-speed door. ...
wall opening to give an access to the
5.Automatic. ...
inside of a room of a building. The internal
6.Others. ...
portions of a building are connected by doors.
7.Panel doors. ...

8.Board batten doors.

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 1.Hinged doors. Most doors are
TYPES OF DOOR hinged along one side to allow
the door to pivot away from
the doorway in one direction,
but not the other. ...

2.Sliding doors. ...

3.Rotating doors. ...

4.High-speed door. ...

5.Automatic. ...

6.Panel doors. ...

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7.Board batten doors. 37
 TYPES OF ROOFS
❑ Gable Roof. Think back to your first crayon drawing of a
home. ...

❑ Clipped Gable Roof. The clipped gable roof goes by

several names, including bullnose. ...

❑ Dutch Gable Roof. ...

❑ Gambrel Roof. ...

❑ Hip Roof. ...

❑ Mansard Roof. ...

❑ Shed Roof. ...

❑ Flat Roof (Low Slope Roof)

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 TYPES OF CUSHION AND RUGS

Rugs connect us to our space. Not only do they complete

the room, they also shape the way you feel in it .

✓ Wool Rugs

✓ Natural Fiber Rugs

✓ Hair-on-Hide Rugs

✓ Synthetic Rugs

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 TYPES OF CUSHION AND RUGS

✓ Rug Pads

✓ Rug Swatches

✓ Cotton Rugs

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 o

o
TYPES OF SOFA
o

o
From sleek modern to traditional, there are
o
many types of sofas. Although people say
o
“couch”, the experts prefer the term sofa. o

Other words for them are “davenports,” o

o
“chesterfields,” “divan,” “settee,” “Lawson
o
style”, “Cabriole” and more. o

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 TYPES OF SOFA ( CUSHIONS )

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 o
TYPES OF CHAIRS
o
The 10 Best Iconic Chairs Ever Designed o
Eames Lounge Chair. ...

The Eames Chair. ... o

Egg Chair by Arne Jacobsen. ...

The Standard Chair by Jean Prouvé ...

o
Wishbone Chair by Hans J. ...
o
CH88 by Hans J. ...

Ghost Chairs by Philippe Starck. ...

o
Paulistano chair by Paulo Mendes da Rocha.

o
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 FABRICS MATERIAL

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 FABRICS MATERIAL
• Textiles are made from many materials, with four main sources
• - animal (wool, silk),
• plant (cotton, flax, jute, bamboo),
• mineral (asbestos, glass fibre),
• and synthetic (nylon, polyester, acrylic, rayon).
The first three are natural. In the 20th century, they were supplemented by
artificial fibres made from petroleum.

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