APznzaZWxmaOa72NFVkVdCqD 824YJff4SUYznya WqDHBVM8QIaDoA-Q1R i4AoaKyJMfvKH55tM534aPiU3444sxBbrL MQxbHYZXQCMK8bSZc7J2OevlkiwwklH1wdgiDhKy1zwb9ejs2cRPf2kdja5i0NLyCPVUMiBsplFg7GZsjFyQCR3pjPouCzGW5ht0Sl IQOKaq

Lesson 2.1 Lesson 2.
3
Review on Graphs
Descriptive and
Statistics Charts
Lesson 2.4
Lesson 2.2
Review on
Descriptive
Inferential
Statistics in Excel
Statistics
STATISTICS
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
STATISTICS
What is the importance of statistics in people’s life?
to be able to effectively conduct research

to be able to read and evaluate journal articles
to further develop critical thinking and analytic skills
to be an informed consumer
to know when you need to hire outside statistical help
STATISTICS
Statistics is basically a science that involves data collection, data

interpretation and finally, data validation.
Statistical Data Analysis is a procedure of performing various
statistical operations. It is a kind of quantitative research, which
seeks to quantify the data, and typically, applies some form of
statistical analysis.
Statistical Data Analysis generally involves some form of
statistical tools, which a layman cannot perform without having
any statistical knowledge.
Branches of Statistics
• focuses on collecting,
organizing, summarizing, • help interprets and draws
and presenting the data. conclusions from the data
• help us compress data and • allow us to make conclusions

summarize them to give us about the population
more useful information
Measures of Measures of Measures of Position
Review Central Tendency Variation or Location
population
parameter
sampling
techniques
exploratory
data analysis
sample
statistics
inference
probability
John Alexis B. Gemino MTH101 Mathematics in the Modern World

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
a statistical technique that

summarizes and describes important
Introduction
characteristics of a data set
Measures of
Central Tendency
based on collecting, organizing and
Measures of
reporting data without using the data
Location to draw any wide-ranging conclusions
Measures of
Variation organized data can be presented
through bar graphs, pie charts, time
Source: Slidesgo series graphs, etc.
Review
Performance in a Test
How will you describe the test
scores of students in a particular
class?
Measures of Central Tendency

scatterplot of Measures of Variability
test scores
Measures of Location
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
Introduction
MEAN
𝑥ҧ represents average of the
data set
Measures of
𝑥෤
Central Tendency
MEDIAN represents midpoint of the

Measures of
Location distribution/data set
Measures of
𝑥ො
Variation
The number that occurs most
MODE frequently in a data set.
MEAN
represents “center of gravity” of

the data set
Introduction
obtained by summing the data

Measures of
Central Tendency values and by dividing the
number of data values
Measures of
Location
given observed data points
Measures of
Variation
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛 , the mean is given by
𝑛
1 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛
෍ 𝑥𝑖 =
𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1
POPULATION MEAN VS SAMPLE MEAN
POPULATION SAMPLE
Introduction collection of all elements a part or subset of the
under consideration in a population from which the
Measures of
Central Tendency statistical study information is collected
Measures of
Location
POPULATION MEAN SAMPLE MEAN

Measures of
Variation 𝑁 𝑛
1 1
𝜇 = ෍ 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑁 = population size 𝑥ҧ = ෍ 𝑥𝑖 , 𝑛 = sample size
𝑁 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
WEIGHTED MEAN
in the computation of mean,

Introduction values in the data set may have
different degrees of importance,
Measures of
Central Tendency
quantified by weights
Measures of
Location
obtained by summing the data
values which are already
Measures of multiplied by their corresponding
Variation
weights and by dividing the sum
by the sum of the weights
WEIGHTED MEAN
Given observed data points 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛 , with

the corresponding weights 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 , … , 𝑤𝑛 the
Introduction
mean is given by
Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
Location σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑤1 𝑥1 + 𝑤2 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑤𝑛 𝑥𝑛
𝑛 =
Measures of
Variation
σ𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 𝑤1 + 𝑤2 + ⋯ + 𝑤𝑛
WEIGHTED MEAN
Calculate Reiner Braun’s General Weighted Average (GWA) given the

grades on the following subjects with varying number of units:
Introduction Subject No. of Units Grade
Marleyan History 2 1.00
Measures of
Central Tendency Military Science 5 2.50
Marksmanship 3 1.50
Measures of
Location
σ3𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑤1 𝑥1 + 𝑤2 𝑥2 + 𝑤3 𝑥3 2 1.00 + 5 2.50 + 3(1.50)
Measures of
GWA = 3 = =
Variation
σ𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 𝑤1 + 𝑤2 + 𝑤3 2+5+3
2.00 + 12.50 + 4.50 19.00

GWA = = = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟎
10 10
Properties of the Mean
Introduction
Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
Location
Measures of
Variation
MEDIAN
represents “midpoint” of the

Introduction distribution/data set
Measures of
Central Tendency 50% of the population/sample is
greater than or equal to this
Measures of
Location
value; 50% of the
population/sample is less than or
Measures of equal to this value
Variation
a robust statistic
MEDIAN
Given observed and ordered (lowest to highest)

Introduction data points 𝑥(1) , 𝑥(2) , … , 𝑥(𝑛) , the median is:
Measures of
Central Tendency
if 𝑛 is odd: if 𝑛 is even:
Measures of
Location
Measures of
middle point mean of two middle numbers
Variation
𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥 𝑛+1
2 2 2
2
Properties of the Median
Introduction
Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
Location
Measures of
Variation
MODE
The number that occurs most

Introduction
frequently in a data set.
Measures of
Central Tendency
Data may have:
Measures of
Location • 1 mode (unimodal)
Measures of
• 2 modes (bimodal)
Variation • > 2 modes (multimodal)
• no mode at all
Properties of the Mode
Introduction
Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
Location
Measures of
Variation
Five persons were asked on the usual number of hours they
spent watching television in a week. Their responses are:
Introduction
Measures of
Central Tendency
5, 7, 3, 38, and 7 hours.
Measures of
Location a. Find the mean, median and mode.
Measures of
b. If another person were to be asked the same question
Variation and he/she responded 200 hours, how would this affect the
mean, median and mode?
Introduction
Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
Location
Measures of
Variation
When do we typically use them?
MEAN MEDIAN MODE

Type of Data/ Categorical
Continuous Ordinal*
Introduction Nominal*
Scale of Measurement Interval/Ratio Interval/Ratio
All others
Measures of
Central Tendency Distribution or Affected by Not affected Not affected
Skewness of Data Skewness by Skewness by Skewness
Measures of
Location Presence of Outliers Affected by Not affected Not affected
or Extreme Values Outliers by Outliers by Outliers
Measures of
Variation
Does it exist as May not May not Exists as
a data point? exist exist a data point
MEASURES OF LOCATION
Introduction
Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
𝑄𝑘 𝐷𝑘 𝑃𝑘
Location
QUARTILE DECILE PERCENTILE

Measures of
Variation
Fractiles (or quantiles) extend

the idea of median by dividing the
Introduction ordered data set/distribution into
more than two equal parts.
Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
Location
Measures of
Variation

Measures of
Central Tendency
Quartiles (𝑸𝒌 ) divide the data
Measures of set into four equal parts.
Location
Measures of
Variation

Measures of
Central Tendency
Quartiles (𝑸𝒌 ) divide the data
Measures of set into four equal parts.
Location
Deciles (𝑫𝒌 ) divide the data set
Measures of
Variation into ten equal parts
Percentiles (𝑷𝒌 ) divide the data
set into 100 equal parts.
Let 𝑥(1) , 𝑥(2) , … , 𝑥(𝑛) be the observed and ordered (lowest to highest)
data points and 𝑘 be the fractile/quantile location.
Introduction
Measures of MEDIAN QUARTILE

Central Tendency
𝑥෤ = 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑄𝑘 = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑛+1 , 𝑘 = 1,2,3
Measures of 2 4
Location
Measures of
Variation
DECILE PERCENTILE
𝐷𝑘 = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑛+1 , 𝑘 = 1,2,3, … , 9 𝑃𝑘 = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑛+1 , 𝑘 = 1,2,3, … , 99
10 100
MEDIAN QUARTILE
Introduction 𝑥෤ = 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑄𝑘 = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑛+1 , 𝑘 = 1,2,3
2 4
Measures of
Central Tendency
DECILE PERCENTILE
Measures of
Location 𝐷𝑘 = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑛+1 , 𝑘 = 1,2,3, … , 9 𝑃𝑘 = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑛+1 , 𝑘 = 1,2,3, … , 99
10 100
Measures of
Variation
Note: 𝑥෤ = 𝑄2 = 𝐷5 = 𝑃50 , 𝑄1 = 𝑃25 , 𝑄3 = 𝑃75
𝐷1 = 𝑃10 , 𝐷2 = 𝑃20 , 𝐷3 = 𝑃30 , 𝐷4 = 𝑃40 ,
𝐷6 = 𝑃60 , 𝐷7 = 𝑃70 , 𝐷8 = 𝑃80 , 𝐷9 = 𝑃90
Using the raw data below, compute for 𝑄3 , 𝐷5 , and 𝑃25 and 𝑥.
෤
Introduction 33 47 52 62 73 83
36 48 54 63 75 84 Arrange the data in order
Measures of
Central Tendency
from lowest to highest.
38 49 56 63 78 86
Measures of 41 50 58 66 79 88 𝑄𝑘 = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑛+1
Location 4
42 51 58 67 80 88
𝑄3 = 𝑥 3 47+1
Measures of 43 51 59 68 81 89 4
Variation
44 52 60 69 81 90 𝑄𝑘 = 𝑥 0.75×48 =𝑥 36 = 𝟕𝟗
45 52 60 72 82
What if the value inside the parenthesis is NOT a whole number?

Suppose we have another data point, say 103.
Introduction
33 47 52 62 73 83
Measures of 36 48 54 63 75 84 Compute for 𝑄3 , 𝐷5 , and 𝑃25 and 𝑥.

෤
Central Tendency
38 49 56 63 78 86
𝑄𝑘 = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑛+1
Measures of 4
Location
41 50 58 66 79 88
42 51 58 67 80 88
𝑄3 = 𝑥 3 48+1
Measures of 4
Variation 43 51 59 68 81 89 𝑄3 = 𝑥 0.75×49 =𝒙 𝟑𝟔.𝟕𝟓
44 52 60 69 81 90
45 52 60 72 82 103
In the example, 𝑄3 = 𝑥 36.75 .

To estimate the 36.75th number, we perform linear interpolation.
Introduction
To do this, take note that 𝑥 36.75 is between 𝑥 36 and 𝑥 37 .
Measures of
Central Tendency (1) Assign weight of 0.75 to the second number.
(2) Assign weight of (1-0.75) to the first number.
Measures of
Location
𝑥 = 𝑥 36 1 − 0.75 + 𝑥 37 (0.75)
36.75
Measures of 𝑥 36.75 = 𝑥 36 0.25 + 𝑥 37 (0.75)
Variation
𝑥 36.75 = 79 0.25 + 80 0.75 = 79.75
So, 𝑄3 = 𝑥 36.75 = 𝟕𝟗. 𝟕𝟓.
This method of linear interpolation is consistent with the formula

for the median when 𝑛 is even, even when we use the formula
Introduction
for when 𝑛 is odd.
Using the same example,
Measures of
Central Tendency 𝑥෤ = 𝑥 𝑛+1 → 𝑥෤ = 𝑥 48+1 = 𝑥(0.5×49) = 𝑥 24.5 .
2 2
Measures of Take note that 𝑥 24.5 is between 𝑥 24 and 𝑥 25 .
Location
(1) Assign weight of 0.5 to the second number.
Measures of (2) Assign weight of (1-0.5) to the
Variation first number.
𝑥 24.5 =𝑥 24 1 − 0.5 + 𝑥 25 (0.5)
𝑥 24 + 𝑥 25 60 + 62
𝑥 24.5 =𝑥 24 0.5 + 𝑥 25 0.5 = = = 𝟔𝟏 = 𝑥෤
2 2
MEASURES OF VARIATION OR DISPERSION
𝑥(𝑛) − 𝑥(1) 𝑄3 − 𝑄1
Introduction
INTERQUARTILE
RANGE
Measures of RANGE
Central Tendency
𝜎 𝑠
22 𝜎𝑠
𝜎𝑠
Measures of
Location
Measures of
𝜇 𝑥ҧ
Variation
STANDARD COEFFICIENT OF
VARIANCE VARIATION
DEVIATION
The rates of returns for two stocks, namely, Stock A
and Stock B from 2005 to 2014
Introduction
Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
Location
Measures of
Variation
Introduction
Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
Location
Measures of
Variation
MEASURES OF VARIATION OR DISPERSION
Introduction Dispersion refers to the spread

or variability of data
Measures of
Central Tendency
Do the observations tend to be
Measures of
Location
quite similar (homogeneous)?
Measures of Do the observations tend to vary

Variation
considerably (heterogeneous)?
RANGE
The difference between the

Introduction greatest data point and least
data point.
Measures of
Central Tendency
Given observed and ordered
Measures of (lowest to highest)
Location
data points 𝑥(1) , 𝑥(2) , … , 𝑥(𝑛) , the
Measures of range is:
Variation
Range = 𝑥 𝑛 −𝑥 1
INTERQUARTILE RANGE (IQR)
The difference between the 3rd

Introduction
quartile and 1st quartile.
Measures of
Central Tendency
IQR = 𝑄3 − 𝑄1
Measures of
Location IQR represents the spread of the
Measures of
middle 50% of the data set.
Variation
Higher IQR → Larger Dispersion
VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION
They both measure how closely

the values are clustered around
Introduction the mean.
Measures of Higher Value → Larger Dispersion
Central Tendency
Standard deviation has the

Measures of
Location same unit of measurement as the
data set while the variance does
Measures of
Variation not (squared units).
They are the most commonly

used measures of variation.
VARIANCE
Introduction
POPULATION VARIANCE SAMPLE VARIANCE
Measures of
Central Tendency 𝑁 𝑛
1 1
𝜎2 = ෍ 𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇 2 𝑠2 = ෍ 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ 2
Measures of 𝑁 𝑛−1
Location 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
2 + ⋯+ 2
𝑥1 −𝜇 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑁 − 𝜇 2 𝑥1 − 𝑥ҧ 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥ҧ
Measures of = =
Variation 𝑁 𝑛−1
STANDARD DEVIATION
POPULATION SAMPLE
Introduction
STANDARD DEVIATION STANDARD DEVIATION
Measures of
Central Tendency 𝑁 𝑛
1 1 2
𝜎= ෍ 𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇 2 𝑠= ෍ 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ
Measures of 𝑁 𝑛−1
Location 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
Measures of 2 2 2 2
Variation 𝑥1 − 𝜇 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑁 − 𝜇 𝑥1 − 𝑥ҧ + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥ҧ
= =
𝑁 𝑛−1
Computation of STANDARD DEVIATION
Introduction
Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
Location
Measures of
Variation
Introduction
Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
Location
Measures of
Variation
COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION (CV)
A unitless measure that can be

used to compare the dispersion of
Introduction two or more data sets with
different units of measurement.
Measures of
Central Tendency
This expresses standard deviation
Measures of
Location as a percentage of the mean or
Measures of 𝜎
Variation 𝐶𝑉 = × 100% or
𝜇
𝑠
𝐶𝑉 = × 100%
𝑥ҧ
COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION (CV)
Introduction
Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
Location
Measures of
Variation
PROBLEM Example
The numbers of incorrect answers on a true-false competency test

for a random sample of 15 students were recorded as follows:
Introduction 2, 1, 3, 0, 1, 3, 6, 0, 3, 3, 5, 2, 1, 4, and 2.
Compute the following statistics:
Measures of
Central Tendency
a. Range R=6–0=6
Measures of
Location b. IQR IQR = X12 – X4 = 3 – 1 = 2
Measures of
c. Variance S2 = 2.9714
Variation
d. Standard Deviation S = 1.7238
e. Coefficient of Variation. CV = 71.82%

Thank
you!

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Lesson 2.1 Lesson 2.

to be able to effectively conduct research

Statistics is basically a science that involves data collection, data

• help us compress data and • allow us to make conclusions

John Alexis B. Gemino MTH101 Mathematics in the Modern World

a statistical technique that

Measures of Central Tendency

MEDIAN represents midpoint of the

represents “center of gravity” of

obtained by summing the data

POPULATION MEAN SAMPLE MEAN

in the computation of mean,

Given observed data points 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛 , with

Calculate Reiner Braun’s General Weighted Average (GWA) given the

2.00 + 12.50 + 4.50 19.00

represents “midpoint” of the

Given observed and ordered (lowest to highest)

The number that occurs most

MEAN MEDIAN MODE

QUARTILE DECILE PERCENTILE

Fractiles (or quantiles) extend

Fractiles (or quantiles) extend

Fractiles (or quantiles) extend

Measures of MEDIAN QUARTILE

What if the value inside the parenthesis is NOT a whole number?

Measures of 36 48 54 63 75 84 Compute for 𝑄3 , 𝐷5 , and 𝑃25 and 𝑥.

In the example, 𝑄3 = 𝑥 36.75 .

So, 𝑄3 = 𝑥 36.75 = 𝟕𝟗. 𝟕𝟓.

This method of linear interpolation is consistent with the formula

Introduction Dispersion refers to the spread

Measures of Do the observations tend to vary

The difference between the

The difference between the 3rd

Higher IQR → Larger Dispersion

They both measure how closely

Standard deviation has the

They are the most commonly

A unitless measure that can be

The numbers of incorrect answers on a true-false competency test

d. Standard Deviation S = 1.7238

e. Coefficient of Variation. CV = 71.82%

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