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3
Review on Graphs
Descriptive and
Statistics Charts
Lesson 2.4
Lesson 2.2
Review on
Descriptive
Inferential
Statistics in Excel
Statistics
STATISTICS
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
STATISTICS
What is the importance of statistics in people’s life?
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
STATISTICS
• focuses on collecting,
organizing, summarizing, • help interprets and draws
and presenting the data. conclusions from the data
population
parameter
sampling
techniques
exploratory
data analysis
sample
statistics
inference
probability
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
Review
Performance in a Test
How will you describe the test
scores of students in a particular
class?
Introduction
MEAN
𝑥ҧ represents average of the
data set
Measures of
𝑥
Central Tendency
𝑥ො
Variation
The number that occurs most
MODE frequently in a data set.
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
MEAN
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
POPULATION MEAN VS SAMPLE MEAN
POPULATION SAMPLE
Introduction collection of all elements a part or subset of the
under consideration in a population from which the
Measures of
Central Tendency statistical study information is collected
Measures of
Location
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
WEIGHTED MEAN
Measures of
Location
obtained by summing the data
values which are already
Measures of multiplied by their corresponding
Variation
weights and by dividing the sum
by the sum of the weights
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
WEIGHTED MEAN
Measures of
Location σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑤1 𝑥1 + 𝑤2 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑤𝑛 𝑥𝑛
𝑛 =
Measures of
Variation
σ𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 𝑤1 + 𝑤2 + ⋯ + 𝑤𝑛
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
WEIGHTED MEAN
Introduction
Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
Location
Measures of
Variation
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
MEDIAN
a robust statistic
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
MEDIAN
if 𝑛 is odd: if 𝑛 is even:
Measures of
Location
Measures of
middle point mean of two middle numbers
Variation
𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥 𝑛+1
2 2 2
2
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
Properties of the Median
Introduction
Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
Location
Measures of
Variation
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
MODE
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
Properties of the Mode
Introduction
Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
Location
Measures of
Variation
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
Five persons were asked on the usual number of hours they
spent watching television in a week. Their responses are:
Introduction
Measures of
Central Tendency
5, 7, 3, 38, and 7 hours.
Measures of
Location a. Find the mean, median and mode.
Measures of
b. If another person were to be asked the same question
Variation and he/she responded 200 hours, how would this affect the
mean, median and mode?
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
Introduction
Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
Location
Measures of
Variation
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
When do we typically use them?
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
MEASURES OF LOCATION
Introduction
Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
𝑄𝑘 𝐷𝑘 𝑃𝑘
Location
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
MEASURES OF LOCATION
Measures of
Location
Measures of
Variation
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
MEASURES OF LOCATION
Measures of
Variation
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
MEASURES OF LOCATION
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
MEASURES OF LOCATION
Let 𝑥(1) , 𝑥(2) , … , 𝑥(𝑛) be the observed and ordered (lowest to highest)
data points and 𝑘 be the fractile/quantile location.
Introduction
Measures of
Variation
DECILE PERCENTILE
𝐷𝑘 = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑛+1 , 𝑘 = 1,2,3, … , 9 𝑃𝑘 = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑛+1 , 𝑘 = 1,2,3, … , 99
10 100
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
MEASURES OF LOCATION
MEDIAN QUARTILE
Introduction 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑄𝑘 = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑛+1 , 𝑘 = 1,2,3
2 4
Measures of
Central Tendency
DECILE PERCENTILE
Measures of
Location 𝐷𝑘 = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑛+1 , 𝑘 = 1,2,3, … , 9 𝑃𝑘 = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑛+1 , 𝑘 = 1,2,3, … , 99
10 100
Measures of
Variation
Note: 𝑥 = 𝑄2 = 𝐷5 = 𝑃50 , 𝑄1 = 𝑃25 , 𝑄3 = 𝑃75
𝐷1 = 𝑃10 , 𝐷2 = 𝑃20 , 𝐷3 = 𝑃30 , 𝐷4 = 𝑃40 ,
𝐷6 = 𝑃60 , 𝐷7 = 𝑃70 , 𝐷8 = 𝑃80 , 𝐷9 = 𝑃90
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
MEASURES OF LOCATION
Using the raw data below, compute for 𝑄3 , 𝐷5 , and 𝑃25 and 𝑥.
Introduction 33 47 52 62 73 83
36 48 54 63 75 84 Arrange the data in order
Measures of
Central Tendency
from lowest to highest.
38 49 56 63 78 86
Measures of 41 50 58 66 79 88 𝑄𝑘 = 𝑥 𝑘 𝑛+1
Location 4
42 51 58 67 80 88
𝑄3 = 𝑥 3 47+1
Measures of 43 51 59 68 81 89 4
Variation
44 52 60 69 81 90 𝑄𝑘 = 𝑥 0.75×48 =𝑥 36 = 𝟕𝟗
45 52 60 72 82
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
MEASURES OF LOCATION
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
MEASURES OF LOCATION
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
MEASURES OF LOCATION
𝑥(𝑛) − 𝑥(1) 𝑄3 − 𝑄1
Introduction
INTERQUARTILE
RANGE
Measures of RANGE
Central Tendency
𝜎 𝑠
22 𝜎𝑠
𝜎𝑠
Measures of
Location
Measures of
𝜇 𝑥ҧ
Variation
STANDARD COEFFICIENT OF
VARIANCE VARIATION
DEVIATION
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
The rates of returns for two stocks, namely, Stock A
and Stock B from 2005 to 2014
Introduction
Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
Location
Measures of
Variation
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
Introduction
Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
Location
Measures of
Variation
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
MEASURES OF VARIATION OR DISPERSION
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
RANGE
Range = 𝑥 𝑛 −𝑥 1
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
INTERQUARTILE RANGE (IQR)
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
VARIANCE
Introduction
POPULATION VARIANCE SAMPLE VARIANCE
Measures of
Central Tendency 𝑁 𝑛
1 1
𝜎2 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇 2 𝑠2 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ 2
Measures of 𝑁 𝑛−1
Location 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
2 + ⋯+ 2
𝑥1 −𝜇 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑁 − 𝜇 2 𝑥1 − 𝑥ҧ 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥ҧ
Measures of = =
Variation 𝑁 𝑛−1
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
STANDARD DEVIATION
POPULATION SAMPLE
Introduction
STANDARD DEVIATION STANDARD DEVIATION
Measures of
Central Tendency 𝑁 𝑛
1 1 2
𝜎= 𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇 2 𝑠= 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ
Measures of 𝑁 𝑛−1
Location 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
Measures of 2 2 2 2
Variation 𝑥1 − 𝜇 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑁 − 𝜇 𝑥1 − 𝑥ҧ + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥ҧ
= =
𝑁 𝑛−1
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
Computation of STANDARD DEVIATION
Introduction
Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
Location
Measures of
Variation
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
Introduction
Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
Location
Measures of
Variation
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION (CV)
Measures of 𝜎
Variation 𝐶𝑉 = × 100% or
𝜇
𝑠
𝐶𝑉 = × 100%
𝑥ҧ
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION (CV)
Introduction
Measures of
Central Tendency
Measures of
Location
Measures of
Variation
Mathematics in the Modern World: Data Management: Review on Descriptive Statistics MTH 101: Unit II
PROBLEM Example