Communication Processes, Lecture compilation:

Principles and Ethics Ms. Rechiel Abarquez – Garcia, MAELS

Faculty, CEAS
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you are
expected to:
• increase knowledge in
communication, its processes and
principles hence become more
skillful communicators;
• heighten awareness on
communication ethics resulting
conscientious and respectful
interactions; and
• apply the gained knowledge
through class exercises
True or False?

❑ Man can not communicate.

❑ Communication is very powerful.
❑ Everything created by the great
Creator is incessantly engaged in
various forms of communication.
❑ We are always engaged in almost
all sorts of communication.
❑ Communication is something
continuous and may not have a
definite end.
“If you can communicate,
you can get by. But if you
can communicate
skillfully, you can work
miracles.”
JIM ROHN
What is communication?
The word ‘communication’ is
derived from Latin word
‘communis’, which means
common.
It is a process of exchange of
facts, ideas, opinions and a means
that individuals or organizations
share the meaning and
understanding with one another.
What is communication?
• Is a human act of sending (verbal or
nonverbal; online of offline) and
receiving of messages where
interpretations are normally
constructed in the process.

• Is a process whereby people create

and transmit meaning through the
exchange of verbal and nonverbal
messages in particular context
(Oetzel, 2009:11).

• A natural activity of people.

What is then purposive
communication?

Purposive communication
• is an intentional communication
that happens within the bounds
of specific contexts.
• is a communication applied in a
specific setting, environment,
scene, social relations and
culture.
 “Communication
works for those who
works at it.”
JOHN POWELL
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
The Communication Process

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Elements of Communication
SENDER / SPEAKER
❑ The source of the information
(WHO)
❑ Who had the chance to speak?
❑ Must be able to use the language
that the receiver understands.
◦ Correct grammar
◦ Phonetics
◦ Choice of words or jargons for an
appropriate audience
◦ Sentence construction
◦ Discourse competence
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Elements of Communication
SENDER / SPEAKER
❑ Delivery
◦ Good voice projection “The message will only be as
◦ Use of appropriate eye contact
◦ Proper articulation of words and
good and valid as its source”.
emphasis on important words.

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Elements of Communication
MESSAGE
❑ The information or ideas
conveyed by the speaker in
words or actions. (WHAT)
❑ What did you talk about?
❑ Messages contain the 7 Cs
of effective communication.
The 7 Cs in Communication:
❑ What is your purpose in
communicating with this person? If
you’re not sure, then your audience
won’t be sure either.
❑ Minimize the number of ideas in
each sentence. Make sure that it’s
easy for your reader to understand
your meaning.
CLEAR
❑ People shouldn’t have to “read
between the lines” and make
assumptions on their own to
understand what you’re trying to say.
❑ Information and actions required,
must be clear so the reader has the
information they need to take action.

https://edexec.co.uk/the-seven-cs-of-communication/
The 7 Cs in Communication:
❑ Stick to the point and keep it brief.
❑ Say what needs to be said in as few words
as possible. Avoid flowery words.
❑ Are there any unnecessary sentences?
❑ Have you repeated the point several times,
in different ways? CONCISE
REMEMBER:

“Our goal is to communicate and not to

impress.”

https://edexec.co.uk/the-seven-cs-of-communication/
The 7 Cs in Communication:
❑ Be specific.
❑ Providing example when necessary,
makes a message more comprehensible.
❑ When your message is concrete, then
your audience has a clear picture of what
you’re telling them. CONCRETE
❑ There are details (but not too many!) and
vivid facts, and there’s laser-like focus.
Your message is solid.

https://edexec.co.uk/the-seven-cs-of-communication/
The 7 Cs in Communication:
❑ When your communication is correct, it
fits your audience. And correct
communication is also error-free
communication.
❑ Do the technical terms you use fit your
audience’s level of education or
knowledge?
❑ Have you checked your writing for
CORRECT
grammatical errors? Remember, spell
checkers won’t catch everything.
❑ Are all names and titles spelled
correctly?

https://edexec.co.uk/the-seven-cs-of-communication/
The 7 Cs in Communication:
❑ It’s logical!
❑ All points are connected and relevant to
the main topic.

COHERENT
❑ The tone and flow of the text is
consistent.

https://edexec.co.uk/the-seven-cs-of-communication/
The 7 Cs in Communication:
❑ To avoid ambiguity, messages should not
leave out important details that a receiver
expects to know.
❑ What, Who, When, Where, Why and
How

COMPLETE
❑ The audience has everything they need
to be informed and, if applicable, take
action.
❑ Does your message include a “call to
action,” so that your audience clearly
knows what you want them to do?
❑ Have you included all relevant
information – contact names, dates,
times, locations, and so on?

https://edexec.co.uk/the-seven-cs-of-communication/
The 7 Cs in Communication:
❑ Friendly, open, and honest.
❑ There are no hidden insults or passive-
aggressive tones.
❑ You keep your reader’s viewpoint in
mind, and you’re empathetic to their
needs.
❑ Using polite words and tone to show
respect to the receiver of the message. COURTEOUS
❑ Applying tact and diplomacy.
❑ Developing the “WE” attitude using
positive words instead of negative.
❑ Being considerate of the feelings of the
receiver.
❑ Selecting gender-free terms.
❑ Responding promptly to important
messages.

https://edexec.co.uk/the-seven-cs-of-communication/
 Key Points:
There are a few variations of the 7 Cs of All of us communicate every day.
Communication:
The better we communicate, the more
• Credible – Does your message improve or credibility we’ll have with our clients, our
highlight your credibility? This is especially
boss, and our colleagues.
important when communicating with an
audience that doesn’t know much about
you. Use the 7 Cs of Communication as a
checklist for all of your communication.
• Creative – Does your message
communicate creatively? Creative By doing this, you’ll stay clear, concise,
communication helps keep your audience
concrete, correct, coherent, complete,
engaged.
and courteous.

https://edexec.co.uk/the-seven-cs-of-communication/
Elements of Communication
ENCODING
❑ The process of converting
the message into words,
actions and other forms that
the speaker understands.
❑ How did you communicate to
your fellow groupmates?
❑ Did you use a technique to
let others understand?
Elements of Communication
CHANNEL
❑ The medium or the means in which
encoded message is conveyed.
◦ Telephone
◦ Radio
◦ Television
◦ Printed texts (books, newspapers,
magazines, journals, posters, etc.)
◦ Communication technologies (smart
phones, tablets, computers)
Elements of Communication
DECODING
❑ The process of interpreting the
encoded message of the speaker by
the receiver.
❑ How did your groupmates interpret
the message.
Elements of Communication
RECEIVER
❑ The recipient of the message or
someone who decodes the
message.
❑ Must have good listening and
comprehension skills
❑ Eliminate all possible distractions
or noises. Types of noise (physical,
environmental, psychological,
emotional)
❑ Sharpness of cognition through
continuous studies and acquisition
of information and knowledge.
Elements of Communication
FEEDBACK
❑ Reactions, responses or information provided by the receiver.
Elements of Communication
BARRIER
❑ The factors that affect the
flow of communication.
It can be:
- Organizational
- Psychological
- Physical
- Mechanical
- Perceptional
Organizational Barriers
These barriers arise when duties
and line of authority are not clearly
defined.
Various types of organizational
barriers are:
✓ Policy
✓ Rules and regulations
✓ Facilities
✓ Complex organization
✓ Status and position
Psychological Barriers
Things that occur in the minds or inner self
of a person. It comes from within the
listeners.
✓ Poor pronunciation
✓ Confused thinking.
✓ Communication overload
✓ Attitude
✓ Fear and anxiety
✓ Suspicious, jealousy, anger
✓ Resentment, antagonism and
prejudices.
✓ Lack of interest and lack of listening.
Physical Barriers
Things that can actually be heard,
smelled using one or more of the
senses which keep messages from
being heard.
✓ Blaring siren from the ambulance
✓ Ringing of cellphone
✓ Crying of baby
✓ Physical health
✓ Poor hearing
Mechanical Barriers
✓ Non availability of proper
machines
✓ Presence of defective machines
✓ Interruption
✓ Power failure
✓ Weak/poor signal/internet
connection
Perceptional Barriers
✓ Lack of common experience.
✓ Linguistic- different languages and
vocabulary.
✓ Lack of knowledge of any
language.
✓ From receiver’s side: interrupting
the speaker; asking too many
questions for the sake of probing
✓ From sender’s side: unclear
messages; incomplete sentences,
no clarification.
Elements of Communication

❑ Contexts affects the

process of sending and
receiving of messages;
semantics or meanings,
choice of channels,
words and methods of
delivery.
Communication Contexts

Settings or environment – family,

school, workplace, religious
communities
Communication Contexts

Social relationships – friends,

husband and wife, parent child,
colleagues/boss-subordinate in
the office.
Communication Contexts

Scenes which include place,

time and occasion – business
meeting, job interview, social
gathering – parties, weddings, etc.)
Communication Contexts

Culture – history, tradition,

beliefs, norms, values.
“An absence of effective
communication will
ultimately lead to
conflict.”
JOHN HOOVER
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Verbal Communication
Is an exchange of information
using words including both the
spoken and the written word.
The most important aspects of
verbal communication are the
following:
✓ Language
✓ Pacing
✓ Intonation
✓ Clarity and Brevity
✓ Timing and relevance
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 Non - Verbal Communication
Information is exchanged through non-
verbal communication in various ways.
It is sometimes referred as body
language.
Duribleby and Brutan (1992) suggest
that body language has several
elements:
✓ Gesture
✓ Facial expression
✓ Posture
✓ Body space and proximity
✓ Personal appearance
✓ Eye contact
✓ Sounds
✓ Silence
Symbolic Communication
It involves the verbal and nonverbal symbolism to convey meaning.

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Metacommunication

It is ‘communication about
communication’ so that the
deeper ‘message within a
message’ can be uncovered
and understood.
It occurs when people give
non-verbal or verbal cues
about how their messages
should be understood.

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Written Communication

Another important form of

communication is written
communication.

It is the best method when the

communicator and the recipient are
beyond oral communication media.
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FORMS OF COMMUNICATION
Intrapersonal Communication
is language use or thought internal
to the communicator. Intrapersonal
communication is the active
internal involvement of the
individual in symbolic processing
of messages.
Intrapersonal communication is the
thought process or communication
with one person or oneself.
The individual becomes his or her
own sender and receiver, providing
feedback to him or herself in an
ongoing internal process.

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Interpersonal Communication
is communication among a
relatively small number of people.
Much of our communication takes
place at this level.

Types of interpersonal
communication:
Dyadic- This communication
between two people. It may be
face to face, or such as ordinary
conversation, dialogs, or
interviews. Telephone
conversation is also dyadic.
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Interpersonal Communication
Types of interpersonal
communication:
Triadic-This communication is
participated by three people.
Small Group- More than three
people communicate. This is
the enlarge type of
communication usually done
to solve problems.
Ex: committee, panel,
symposium.

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Interpersonal Communication
Principles of Interpersonal Communication
1. It is inescapable.
2. It is irreversible.
3. It is complicated.
4. It is contextual.
- psychological context (needs, desires,
values, personality)
- relational (reactions towards the other
person)
- situational (where you are
communicating i.e classroom, bar)
- environmental (noise level, temperature,
season, time of day)
- cultural (learned behaviors, attitudes, beliefs)
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Public Communication
This involves
communication between
one and several other
people.
This is the large group
type of communication.
Ex: public speaking

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Mass Communication
is communicating with a large
number of people using the
mass media like television,
radio and newspaper.

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ETHICS AND PRINCIPLES OF
COMMUNICATION
Principles of Communication
1. Communication is an
interaction situation wherein
the participants are affected by
each others behavior.
2. One does communicate even
when we are ignoring the
message of another or
maintaining complete silence.
3. The message received is not
necessarily the message sent.
4. Communication occurs
simultaneously at more than
one level.
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Ethical Communication
Jone Johnson Lewis (2015) developed the list
below using principles learned in Straight
Talk™ and Nonviolent Communication™ as
well as “best practices” for small group work in
general.
Ten Basics of Ethical Communication
1. Seek to “elicit the best” in communications
and interactions with other group members.
2. Listen when others speak.
3. Speak non-judgmentally.
4. Speak from your own experience and
perspective, expressing your own thoughts,
needs, and feelings.
5. Seek to understand others (rather than to be
SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT
“right” or “more ethical than thou”).

https://www.rysec.org/10-basics-of-ethical-communication/
Ethical Communication
Ten Basics of Ethical Communication
6. Avoid speaking for others, for example by
characterizing what others have said without
checking your understanding, or by
universalizing your opinions, beliefs, values,
and conclusions, assuming everyone shares
them.
7. Manage your own personal boundaries:
share only what you are comfortable
sharing.
8. Respect the personal boundaries of others.
9. Avoid interrupting and side conversations.
10. Make sure that everyone has time to speak,
that all members have relatively equal
“airtime”
SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT if they want it.

https://www.rysec.org/10-basics-of-ethical-communication/
“To effectively communicate, we
must REALIZE that we are all
DIFFERENT in the way we
perceive the world and use this
UNDERSTANDING as a guide
to our COMMUNICATION with
others”.

TONY ROBBINS
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