Challenging Exercise 2A 2 Identities and Factorization

Full Solutions
Conventional Questions
( ) () ()
2
1 1 2 1
−x = −2 ( x )+x 2
x x x
=( x+2 A )(2 x−5) 1
(b) ¿ −2+x 2
2 2
1. L.H.S. =2 x +4 Ax−5 x−10 A x
2
¿2x +(4 A−5)x−10 A
=2 x 2+B( x−4 )+C
R.H.S. ¿ 2 x 2 +Bx−4 B+C
2 2
∴ 2 x +(4 A−5 )x−10 A≡2 x +Bx−4 B+C
By comparing the like terms, we have
4 A−5=B ……(1)
−10 A=−4 B+C ……(2)
Put A=1 into (1), we have (c)
4(1)−5=B
B=−1
Put A=1 and B=−1 into (2), we have
−10(1)=−4(−1)+C
C=−14
Put A=2 into (1), we have
4(2)−5=B
B=3
Put A=2 and B=3 into (2), we have
−10(2)=−4 (3)+C ( a2 + b2 )2 −4 a2 b2 =( a2 + b2 )2−( 2 ab)2
C=−8
∴ Two sets of possible values for A, B and C are:
¿ [( a2 + b2 )+2 ab ][( a 2 +b2 )− 2ab ]
4.
A = 1, B = –1, C = –14 and A = 2, B = 3, C = –8. ¿ ( a2 + 2 ab+b2 )( a 2−2 ab+ b2 )
(or any other reasonable answers)
¿ ( a+b )2 ( a−b )2

2. (a)
x 2−4 xy+4 y 2=x 2 −2( x)(2 y)+(2 y )2
5. (a)
When b = 1, a = 8  3(1) = 5. ¿( x−2 y)2
When b = 2, a = 8  3(2) = 2.
∴ The possible values of a are 2 and 5.

(b) R.H.S. (b)

∴
By comparing the like terms, we have 6. (a) Area of the shaded region

From (a), we have a = 2, b = 2 and a = 5, b = 1.

Put a = 2 and b = 2 into (2), we have

Put a = 5 and b = 1 into (2), we have

(b) New area of the shaded region

∴ The possible values of c are 4 and 5.

( ) () ()
2
1 1 2 1
+x = +2 (x )+x 2
x x x
3. (a) ¿ 1 +2+ x2
2
x

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Challenging Exercise 2A 2 Identities and Factorization
∵ The area of the shaded region remains
unchanged. ∴ Least possible value of a + b + c

∴
9. (a) ( x+ y)2=x2 +2xy+ y 2
∵ x is an integer greater than 1. (b) Put x=a+b and y=c+d into (a), we have
∴ The smallest possible value of x is 2. 2
∴ The smallest possible value of y is 2 + 2 = 4. (a+b+c+d )
∴ Smallest possible area of the shaded region ¿ (a+b )2 +2( a+b )(c+d )+(c+d )2
¿ a2 +2 ab+b2 +2( ac+bc+ad+bd )+c 2 +2 cd +d 2
¿ a2 +2 ab+b2 +2 ac +2 bc+2ad +2 bd +c 2 +2 cd +d 2
2 2 2 2
¿ a +b +c +d +2 ab+2 ac +2 ad +2 bc+2 bd +2 cd
= Ax( x +1)( x−2)+(3 x+A )( Bx−1) ( x+1)2=x 2 +2( x)(1)+12
= Ax( x 2 +x −2 x−2 )+(3 Bx 2 + ABx−3 x −A ) 10. (a)
¿ x 2 +2 x+1
7. L.H.S. ¿ Ax ( x 2−x −2)+3 Bx 2 + ABx−3 x− A
3 2 2
¿ Ax − Ax −2 Ax +3 Bx + ABx−3 x− A ( x−1)2 =x 2−2(x )(1)+12
¿ Ax 3 +(3 B− A ) x2 +( AB−2 A−3) x−A (b)
2
¿ x 2 −2x+1
=x ( x+2 B )+x(Cx+3 )+ D( x+1 )
3 2 2
R.H.S. ¿ x +2 Bx +Cx +3 x+Dx+D
3 2
¿ x +(2 B+C )x +(3+D )x+D
Ax 3 +(3 B− A ) x 2 +( AB−2 A−3) x−A
∴ ¿ x 3 +(2 B+C )x 2+(3+D )x+D
(c)
By comparing the like terms, we have
A=1
D=− A
=−1
AB−2 A−3=3+D
(1)B−2(1)−3=3+(−1) 11. Let 2a + 1 and 2b + 1 be two odd numbers, where a and b are
B−2−3=3−1 non-negative integers, and a > b.
B=7
3B− A=2B+C
3(7)−(1)=2(7)+C
21−1=14+C
C=6 ∴ The difference between the squares of any two odd
numbers is always a multiple of 4.
=x 2 +3(a−cx)
2 x 2−xy−xz=x( x)−x( y)−x( z )
8. L.H.S. ¿ x +3 a−3cx 12. (a)
2
¿ x −3 cx+3a ¿ x(x− y−z)
=x( x−4b)+3b
R.H.S. 2
=x −4 bx+3b
x 2 + y 2 +z 2−2 xy+2 yz−2xz
2 2 2
2 2 ¿( x −xy−xz)+( y −xy+ yz )+( z −xz+ yz)
∴ x −3 cx+3a≡x −4bx +3b
By comparing the like terms, we have (b)
¿ x(x− y−z)+ y( y−x+z )+z( z−x+ y ) (from (a ))
¿ x(x− y−z)− y( x− y−z)−z(x− y−z)
¿( x− y−z)( x− y−z )
¿( x− y−z)2

∵ b and c are positive integers.

∴ The value of b must be divisible by 3.
∴ The least possible values of a, b and c are 3, 3 and 4 13.
respectively.

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Challenging Exercise 2A 2 Identities and Factorization

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Challenging Exercise 2A 2 Identities and Factorization

x 4 − y 4 =( x 2 )2 −( y 2 )2 Multiple Choice Questions

14. (a) ¿( x 2 + y 2 )( x 2− y 2 )
1. Answer: B
¿( x 2 + y 2 )( x + y )( x− y ) When x = 7,

x 8− y 8 =( x 4 )2 −( y 4 )2
(b) ¿( x 4 + y 4 )( x 4 − y 4 )
¿( x 4 + y 4 )( x 2 + y 2 )( x + y )( x− y ) (from ( a)) Alternative Solution

2 2
15. (a) (a+b)(a−b)=a −b L.H.S.

(b) Put a=p 2 and b=3 p−1 into (a), we have

2 2 R.H.S.
( p +3 p−1)( p −3 p+1 )
¿( p 2 )2 −(3 p−1)2 By comparing the like terms, we have

¿ p 4 −[(3 p)2 −2(3 p)(1)+12 ]

¿ p 4 −(9 p2 −6 p+1)
¿ p 4 −9 p2 +6 p−1

459×341=(460−1 )(340+1)
2 2
=[20 +3(20 )−1 ][ 20 −3(20)+1 ]
(c)
¿ 204 −9(20)2 +6(20 )−1 ( from (b ))
¿ 160 000−3600+120−1 2. Answer: A
¿ 156 519

16. Area of trapezium ABCD

3. Answer: A

4. Answer: B

∵ 13 is a prime number.
∴ (5x + 3y)(3y  x) = 1 × 13 or (1) × (13)
∵ x and y are negative integers.
∴ (5x + 3y)(3y  x) = (1) × (13)
(a−1)(a−4 )(a−9 )=(a−1)(a2 −4 a−9a+36 )
and 5x + 3y < 3y  x
¿ (a−1)(a2 −13 a+36 )
17. (a) ∴
¿ a3 −a2 −13 a2 +13 a+36 a−36
3 2
¿ a −14 a +49 a−36
2
(b) Put a=b into (a), we have
b −14 b4 +49b 2−36
6
2 2 2
¿(b −1)(b −4)(b −9)
2 2 2 2 2 2
¿(b −1 )(b −2 )(b −3 )
¿(b+1)(b−1)(b+2)(b−2)(b+3)(b−3)

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