06-Aug-2023

CL461
Colloid & Interfacial
Engineering
Jayesh Bellare
Silicate Lab (Room No 102)
Phone Ext:7207
Email: jb@iitb.ac.in
URL: http://www.che.iitb.ac.in/faculty/jb
Office hours: Tuesdays 12.00 noon to 1pm
Or by appointment
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Textbook:

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Suggested Reading
1. P C. Heimenz & R. Rajgopalan “ Principles of colloid & Surface
Chemistry” 1997, 3rd Edition, Marcel Dekker
2. A. W. Adamson “ Physical Chemistry of surfaces” 1990, 5th edition,
Marcel Dekker
3. I. N. Israelachvili “Intermolecular and surface forces” 1991, 2nd edition,
Academic Press
4. C. A. Miller and P. Neogi “Interfacial phenomena: equilibrium &
dynamic effects “ 1985, Marcel Dekker
5. N. K. Adam “The Physics and chemistry of surfaces” 1968, Dover
6. R. J. Hunter “Foundations of coloid science” 1989, oxford science
publication
7. D A. Edwards, H Brenner & D.T wasan “Interfacial transport process and
rheology” 1991, Butterworth Heineman

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CL461: Colloidal and Interfacial Engineering

• 1. What are colloidal materials?
• 2. Interfacial tension
• 3. Wetting and contact angle
• 4. Capillary hydrostatics
• 5. Association Colloids
• 6. Brownian diffusion
• 7. Long range van der Waals forces
• 8. Double layer forces and short range forces
• 9. Stability of lyphobic colloids
• 10. Applications of Interfacial science: examples from
Detergents, Personal Products, Pharma, Food, Textile, Paint,
and Petroleum Industries.
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CL461: Practical uses

Everyday phenomena we will try to understand in this course:
• 1. What is the shape of a drop of liquid? e.g., a rain drop
• 2.

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Liquid breaking into droplets

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What is the shape of a drop of liquid?

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Source : Google Images
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CL461: Practical uses

Everyday phenomena we will try to understand in this course:
• 1. What is the shape of a drop of liquid?
• 2. Why do some liquids rise in a capillary, while others fall?

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Why do some liquids rise in a

capillary, while others fall?

CL461-2023-JB Source : Google Images

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CL461: Practical uses

Everyday phenomena we will try to understand in this course:
• 1. What is the shape of a drop of liquid?
• 2. Why do some liquids rise in a capillary, while others fall?
• 3. How do some heavy insects float on water?
• 4.

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How do some heavy insects float on

water?

CL461-2023-JB Source : Google Images

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How does this happen?

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CL461: Practical uses

Everyday phenomena we will try to understand in this course:
• 1. What is the shape of a drop of liquid?
• 2. Why do some liquids rise in a capillary, while others fall?
• 3. How do some heavy insects float on water?
• 4. Why does water sometimes spread on glass, whereas at
other times it beads up into drops?
• 5.

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Why does water sometimes spread on

glass, whereas at other times it beads
up into drops?

CL461-2023-JB Source : Google 14

Images

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CL461: Practical uses

Everyday phenomena we will try to understand in this course:
• 1. What is the shape of a drop of liquid?
• 2. Why do some liquids rise in a capillary, while others fall?
• 3. How do some heavy insects float on water?
• 4. Why does water sometimes spread on glass, whereas at
other times it beads up into drops?
• 5. What makes adhesives stick?
• 6.

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What makes adhesives stick?

CL461-2023-JB Source : Google Images

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CL461: Practical uses

Everyday phenomena we will try to understand in this course:
• 1. What is the shape of a drop of liquid?
• 2. Why do some liquids rise in a capillary, while others fall?
• 3. How do some heavy insects float on water?
• 4. Why does water sometimes spread on glass, whereas at
other times it beads up into drops?
• 5. What makes adhesives stick?
• 6. Why does milk mostly stay stable but sometimes curdle?
• 7.

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Why does milk sometimes curdle?

CL461-2023-JB Source : Google Images

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CL461: Practical uses

Everyday phenomena we will try to understand in this course:
• 1. What is the shape of a drop of liquid?
• 2. Why do some liquids rise in a capillary, while others fall?
• 3. How do some heavy insects float on water?
• 4. Why does water sometimes spread on glass, whereas at
other times it beads up into drops?
• 5. What makes adhesives stick?
• 6. Why does milk mostly stay stable but sometimes curdle?
• 7. Why can water stay liquid < 0°C?
• 8.

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Why can water stay liquid < 0°C?

CL461-2023-JB Source : Google Images

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CL461: Practical uses

Everyday phenomena we will try to understand in this course:
• 1. What is the shape of a drop of liquid?
• 2. Why do some liquids rise in a capillary, while others fall?
• 3. How do some heavy insects float on water?
• 4. Why does water sometimes spread on glass, whereas at
other times it beads up into drops?
• 5. What makes adhesives stick?
• 6. Why does milk mostly stay stable but sometimes curdle?
• 7. Why can water stay liquid < 0°C?
• 8. In a mixture of large and small crystals, why do large ones
grow and small ones disappear?

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In a mixture of large and small

crystals, why do large ones grow and
small ones disappear?

CL461-2023-JB Source : Google Images

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CL461: Practical uses

Everyday phenomena we will try to understand in this course:
• 1. What is the shape of a drop of liquid?
• 2. Why do some liquids rise in a capillary, while others fall?
• 3. How do some heavy insects float on water?
• 4. Why does water sometimes spread on glass, whereas at
other times it beads up into drops?
• 5. What makes adhesives stick?
• 6. Why does milk mostly stay stable but sometimes curdle?
• 7. Why can water stay liquid < 0°C?
• 8. In a mixture of large and small crystals, why do large ones
grow and small ones disappear?

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Superhydrophobic surfaces

Water vs mercury on glass

Lotus Effect: non-wetting Lotus Effect: surface contribution

https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/superhydrophobic-materials-from-
Adapted from: https://www.properla.co.uk/lotus-effect/ CL461-2023-JB
nature/3010321.article 24/30

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Can you imagine a filter that blocks liquid

yet transmits gas or vapour?

Adapted from: https://www.gore-tex.com/

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Gore Tex : blocks liquid water or rain;

transmits water vapour!

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CL461: Practical uses

Everyday phenomena we will try to understand in this course:
• 1. What is the shape of a drop of liquid?
• 2. Why do some liquids rise in a capillary, while others fall?
• 3. How do some heavy insects float on water?
• 4. Why does water sometimes spread on glass, whereas at
other times it beads up into drops?
• 5. What makes adhesives stick?
• 6. Why does milk mostly stay stable but sometimes curdle?
• 7. Why can water stay liquid < 0°C?
• 8. In a mixture of large and small crystals, why do large ones
grow and small ones disappear?
• 9. Superhydrophobic surfaces
• 10. Selective transport
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Colloids

Colloids: particles (or collection of particles) that has some

linear dimension between 1 µm and 1 nm
Particles can be by themselves, or more usually dispersed in
another phase
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Colloids
c

Colloidal dispersions can be stable or unstable

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Colloids vs Solutions vs Suspensions

Colloidal dispersions can be stable or unstable

Suspensions or Emulsions are not colloids: their “particles”
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• COLLOID
Any particle (or collection of particles) that has some
linear dimension between 1 µm and 1 nm
[ 10-6m] [10-9m or 10 Å ]
• Based on DIMENSION (size) alone
• NOT on
– Chemical composition (organic / inorganic)
– Source (biological / mineralogical)
– Physical state (one / two phases)
• INCLUDES:
– Single large molecules
– Collection of smaller molecules
– Sub-divided systems : “Top-down” vs “Bottom-up”
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Disperse Systems
• How do they arise?
• How are they made?
1. Top-down

2. Bottom-up

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Some related terms and their relation to colloids:

• 1. Nanoparticle : definition: 1-100nm and usually

NOT single molecules

• 2. Ultrafine particles (UFP) : synonym for

nanoparticle but can include molecules.
Note: Colloids : size : 1µ - 1nm
Note: 1µ = 1 micron = 1µm = 1micrometer

Includes Macromolecules with MW > several 100s of

Dalton
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More related terms:

3. Quantum dots: nano particles with quantum effects

Arise ~ 1-5 nm
They have interesting physico-chemical macroscopic
properties e.g. , Colour (optical) , Magnetic,
electrical properties

All nanoparticles have biological effects: for

example, reduced / absent immune response

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Dispersed systems

Dispersed Phase
Continuous Phase

Dispersed : Gas, Liquid, Solid

Continuous: Gas, Liquid, Solid

Gas: Continuous

Solid: Continuous

Bi - continuous
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Dispersed systems in nature

From:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Chem1_%28Lower%29/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids/7.10%3A_Colloids_and_their_Uses

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