List of figures

Fig (I.1): Conversion of kinetic energy from the wind…………………………………….4

Fig (I.2): Type of Wind Turbine…………………………………………….…………….6

Fig (I.3): The tower………………………………………………………….…………….7

Fig (I.4): The nacelle of the wind turbine…………………………………….……………7

Fig (I.5): Wind turbine blades…………………………………………….……………….9

Fig. I.6: Draft tube around a wind turbine………………………………………………..10

Fig. I.7: Power coefficient………………………………………………………………..11

Fig. I.8: Power coefficient for different types of wind turbines………………………….12

Fig. I.9: Force balance on a blade section………………………………………………..13

Fig. I.10: Airflow on a "stall" blade profile………………………………………………14

Fig. I.11: Variation of the pitch angle of a blade…………………………………………14

Fig. I.12: Influence of the pitch angle on the power coefficient…………………………15

Fig. I.13: Characteristics of the power generated as a function of mechanical speed and
wind speed………………………………………………………………………………..15

Fig. I.14: Simplified mechanical model of the turbine………………………………...…16

Fig. I. 15: Different wind profiles……………………………………………………..…17

Fig. I.16: Aerodynamic coefficient as a function of the turbine speed ratio (λ) for a 1.5 MW
wind turbine ……………………………………………………………………………..18

Fig. I.17 : Block diagram of the turbine model.…………………………………………20

Fig.II.1: Structure of the stator and rotor contacts of the MADA……………………….22

Fig.II.2: Block diagram of a simple MADA…………………………………………….23

Fig.II.3: Block diagram of two cascaded MADAs………………………………………23

Fig.II.4: Block diagram of two asynchronous machines linked mechanically and

electrically by the rotor………………………………………………………………….24
 List of figures

Fig.II.5: Diagram of a system using a MADA as a motor powered by two converters…25

Fig.II.6: Diagram of a system using a MADA as a motor powered by a single converter...25

Fig.II.7: Diagram of the MADA power supply for a generator application…………….26

Fig. II.8 : Asynchronous double-coil machine stator……………………………………27

Fig.II.9: Variation of the speed by adjustment of the resistance of the……………….....27

Fig.II.10 : Kramer structure……………………………………………………………..28

Fig.II.11: Scherbius structure with PWM converters…………………………………...28

Fig.II.12: Structure of scherbius with cycloconverter…………………………………..29

Fig.II.13 : Structure with matrix converter……………………………………………...29

Fig.II.14: Operation in hypo synchronous motor mode………………………………....30

Fig.II.15: Operation in hypersynchronous motor mode…………………………….…...30

Fig.II.16: Operation in hypo synchronous generator mode………………………..……31

Fig.II.17: Operation in hypersynchronous generator mode……………………………..31

Fig.18 : Schematic representation of a DFIG model……………....................................31

Fig.II. 19 : Representation of the PMSM in the Park reference frame…………………34

Fig II.20: The block diagram for simulating the MADA supplied with voltage……….38

Fig II.21 : The system's responses with Vr= 0 V, fr = 50 Hz, Cr=0 N.m……………....38

Fig II.26 : Diagram of the static converter……………………………………………...42

Fig II.27 : "Diagram of three-phase diode rectifier"…………………………………....42

Fig II.28 : Representation of a filter…………………………………………………….43

Fig.II.29: Two-level three-phase NPC inverter structure…………………………….…44

Fig II.30: Principle of PWM control……………………………………………..……...45

Fig III.1: Translation: Principle of vector control…………………………………….…49

 List of figures

Fig III.2: Block diagram of the DFIG (Doubly-Fed Induction Generator)……………..53

Fig. III . 3: The block diagram of the indirect control is as follows……………….…....54

Fig.ΙΙΙ . 4: The block diagram of the indirect control with power loops is as follows…..55

Fig.III.5: Active and reactive power of the stator……………………………………….56

Fig.III.6: The rotor current along the d-axis and q-axis…………………………………56

Fig.III.7: Active and reactive power of the rotor………………………………………..56

Fig.III.8: The stator flux along the d and q axes…………………………………………57

Fig.III.9: Rotor voltages and currents…………………………………………………….57

Fig.III.10: Electromagnetic torque…………………………………………………….....57

Fig.III.11: Block diagram of the MPPT strategy without wind speed measurement….....60

Fig.III.12: Wind speed V (m/s) and power coefficient Cp…………………………….…61

Fig.III.13: Active and reactive power of the stator……………………………………....61

Fig.III.14: Active and reactive power of the rotor…………………………………….…62

Fig.III.15: Rotor voltages and currents…………………………………………………..62

Fig.III.16: Generator rotation speed and slip…………………………………………....62

Fig.III.17: Stator active power (Robustness test with variation in rotor resistance)……64

Fig.III.18: Stator reactive power (Robustness test with variation in rotor resistance)….64

Fig.III.19: Stator active power (Robustness test with simultaneous variation of Ls, Lr, and
M)………………………………………………..………………………………………65

Fig.III.20: Stator reactive power (Robustness test with simultaneous variation of Ls, Lr,
and M)………………………………………………………………………….………..65