Mean of the Probability Distribution

μ=∑ xP ( X )

Variance of the Probability Distribution

σ =∑ ( X−μ) ∙ P(X )
2 2

or

σ =∑ X ∙ P ( X )−μ
2 2 2

Standard Deviation of the Probability Distribution

σ =√ ∑ ( X−μ)2 ∙ P(X )

Standard Score (z)

If z is unknown:

(z-score for population data)

X−μ
z=
σ
X− X
(z-score for sample data)
z=
s
If x is unknown:
X =μ+ zσpopulation data)
(for

X =X(for
+ z ssample data)

Population Mean

μ=
∑x
N
Population Variance

σ 2
=
∑ (x−μ)2
N
Population Standard Deviation

σ=
√ ∑ (x−μ)2
N

Sample Mean

x=
∑x
n

Sample Variance

s2=
∑
or (x−x)2 2
s =n¿ ¿
n−1

Sample Standard Deviation

√
or
∑ ( x−x)2 s= √ n¿ ¿ ¿
s=
n−1

The Slovin’s Formula

N
n= 2
1+ Ne

Determining the Possible Number of Samples Determining the Possible Number of Samples
(without replacement) (with replacement)

NCn N
n

Mean of the Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

or
μ=
∑x μ x =∑ x (Px )
x
n
Variance of the Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

σ X =∑ (X −μ X ) ∙ P ( X )
2 2

or
2 2
2 σ N −n σ
σ X= ∙ (without replacement) σ 2X = (with replacement)
n N−1 n

Standard Deviation of the Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

σ x= √ ∑ (X−μ X )2 ∙ P ( X )
or

σ x=
σ
∙
√N−n
√ n N −1
(without replacement) σ x=
σ
√n
(with replacement)