A Comparative Study of the Efficacy of San Francisco (Codiaeum variegatum)

Leaves and Blue Ternate (Clitoria ternatea) Extract as an

Alternative Ink for Permanent Markers

_____________________________________________________________________________

A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of

Caraga Regional Science High School

San Juan, Surigao City

___________________________________________________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the subject Research

Icen S. Padayhag

Kit Augustine O. Tantoy

Kriztelle D. Sitoy

Researchers

Jemima Plaza

Research Adviser

June 2021
 Approval Sheet

This research study hereto entitled: A Comparative Study of the Efficacy of San

Francisco (Codiaeum variegatum) Leaves and Blue Ternate (Clitoria ternatea) Extract as an

Alternative Ink for Permanent Markers prepared and submitted by Icen S. Padayhag, Kit

Augustine O. Tantoy, and Kriztelle D. Sitoy in partial fulfillment as a requirement in Research

IX has been examined and is recommended for acceptance and approval for ORAL

EXAMINATION.

Ms. Jemima Plaza

Adviser
 Abstract

The researchers of this study desired to know about any plant sources that can be used to

create an alternative ink for permanent markers. In this study, the researchers used the extracts

of San Francisco leaves and Blue Ternatea as an alternative ink for permanent markers. The

researchers’ objective for this study was to find out which of the extracts is more effective as an

alternative ink. In this study, the San Francisco leaves were cut into smaller pieces and were

boiled with a certain number of tablespoons (30, 60, 90 mL) of water that corresponded to their

setups. The same procedure is used in extracting the Blue Ternate flowers. The finished extract

was poured onto the plastic cups. The researchers dipped the tip of an empty marker in each

set-up and wrote down the word “San Francisco” for the San Francisco alternative ink and “Blue

Ternate” for the Blue Ternate alternative ink on the paper. This continued three times. The

researchers handed out the papers with all setups written to the respondents. Results show that

the two alternative inks have the potential of being used as marker inks, with the Blue Ternate

extract considered as significant. From the survey given out to 3 respondents, setup 1.2 with the

Blue Ternate extract had the highest average score of 8.58, which was then followed by setup 1.1

with the San Francisco extract with an average score of 7.44. Setups 1.4, 1.3, 1.5, and 1.6 ranked

third, fourth, fifth, and sixth, respectively.

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 Acknowledgment

The researchers would like to express their gratitude to those people who helped them to

finish their studies in comparing San Francisco leaves and Blue Ternate as an alternative ink for

permanent markers.

To our Almighty Father for the wisdom and knowledge He bestowed and showered upon

the researchers and made their mind calm over the stress. To our research adviser, Ma’am

Jemima Plaza, whose door is always open to help and guide us to make this research paper

successful and allowed us to make this possible.

To Caraga Regional Science High School students and teachers who participated in our

survey and gave some feedback to improve our study.

To our parents and siblings, who gave us support to where we are now. Since day one, they

have been patient with us, so we could achieve the best.

To the Tantoy family, who heartfully provided us a place for our goals, willingly aided us

in our experimentation, and helped us in the many problems that we encountered throughout.

To our friends, who encouraged us to work hard so we can reach our dreams.

We couldn’t have done it without you. Genuinely from our hearts, many thanks.

The Researchers

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Table of Contents

Approval Sheet i

Abstract ii

List of Tables and Figures v

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1

Background of the Study 1

Statement of the Problem 3

Hypotheses 4

Significance of the Study 4

Scope and Limitations 5

Review of Related Literature 6

Definition of Terms 9

Chapter 2 METHODOLOGY 11

Research Design 11

Population and Sample 11

Methodology Flowchart 12

General Procedure 13

Statistical Techniques 14

Chapter 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 16

Interpreting Tables and Graphs 16

Findings and Analysis of Data 18

Chapter 4 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 20

Summary 20

Conclusions 21

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 Recommendations 21

Bibliography 22

APPENDICES 25

DOCUMENTATION 27

List of Tables and Figures 16

Table 1: Results of Respondent 1 for All Setups 16

Table 2: Results of Respondent 2 for All Setup 16

Table 3: Scores of Respondent 3 for All Setups 17

Table 4: Total Score of Ratings in Average from the Three Respondents 17

Graph 1: Total Number of Survey Votes in average from the Three Trials 18

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 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

San Francisco leaves are common plants used for various purposes, most commonly for

medicinal and ornamental uses due to its attractiveness. However, it also has many uses, such as

wound healing, used as an anti-influenza and anticonvulsant, and many more. On medicinal

grounds, studies stated that the effectiveness of the San Francisco plant is very significant. The

plant could be proven helpful to fight against the Zika virus (Perkins, 2016) and in another study,

the plant was concluded to be effective on the clotting time as tested on white mice (Concon, et

al. 2015). The San Francisco plant displays a huge help to the community, yet many properties of

the plant may not yet be discovered.

On the other hand, Blue Ternatea (Clitoria ternatea), is known for various names such

as Butterfly Pea, Asian PigeonWings, Blue Pea, Kordofan Pea, Blue Bell Vine, and Darwin

pea. It is a blue (or in rare instances, white) flower from Southeast Asia. It is also usually used as

food coloring for Thai and Malay dishes as well as components in traditional Ayurvedic

medicine. Recently, the Blue Ternate has been mixed with alcohol to create “color-changing” and

“illuminated” drinks. The Blue Ternatea is rich in antioxidants and effective for some medicinal

purposes. Blue Ternatea has been ascribed many health benefits in both Chinese and Ayurvedic

medicine, many of which have been supported with contemporary clinical research.

Permanent markers, a tool bestowed upon the general public. Its duty and purpose are

truly significant among the community as people nowadays practically use instruments of

creativity for their daily activities and artworks. Permanent markers are purposely made to draw

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and produce different types of art, namely calligraphy, poster creation, labeling, etc. on objects

with numerous possibilities and promote creativity. But as permanent markers may seem to come

with infinite uses, it sadly has limitations. The supply of ink is very limited and proves to be a

problem for many artists. The color varieties in anthocyanin make it suitable for producing ink

for brushes, stamp painting, or screen printing.

Usually, inks are made out of petroleum distillate solvent, linseed oil, some form of

organic pigments, and soybean oil. These kinds of material are hazardous, especially to the

health of the users and the environment as well.

In today’s generation, it cannot be denied that almost all products are commercialized,

and most people sought products that are more natural and cheaper. However, the researchers

found two extracts that could potentially solve that problem and bring forth better permanent ink

for everyone to use. Concretely, they intend to clarify the better ink that may be used by the

community.

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Statement of the Problem

The researchers aim to determine which extract is more effective as a polished ink for

permanent markers. Specifically, this study seeks the answers to the following questions;

1. How effective is the San Francisco extract and the Blue Ternate extract ink for

permanent markers in terms of the volume and amount of mixture?

1.1 5 grams (6 leaves) of San Francisco with 30mL (2 tbsp.) of water

1.2 5 grams (16 flowers) of Blue Ternate with 30mL (2 tbsp.) of water

1.3 5 grams (6 leaves) of San Francisco with 60mL (4 tbsp.) of water

1.4 5 grams (16 flowers) of Blue Ternate with 60mL (4 tbsp.) of water

1.5 5 grams (6 leaves) of San Francisco with 90mL (6 tbsp.) of water

1.6 5 grams (16 flowers) of Blue Ternate with 90mL (6 tbsp.) of water

2. What are the reactions of the San Francisco and Blue Ternate inks after the

experimentation, regarding its:

2.1 Color

2.2 Texture

2.3 Odor

2.4 Absorption

2.5 Comfortability in writing

3. Will the preferences be mutual or diversified among the students and the adults?

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Hypotheses

Null (H0): There is no significant difference in San Francisco (Codiaeum variegatum)

leaves and Blue Ternate (Clitoria ternatea) extracts if used as an effective alternative ink for

permanent markers.

Alternative (H1): There is a significant difference in San Francisco (Codiaeum

variegatum) leaves and Blue Ternate (Clitoria ternatea) extracts if used as an effective

alternative ink for permanent markers.

Significance of the Study

This study signifies a more vivid idea and concept on the subject of ink for permanent

markers. The research data provides details, facts, and information on various aspects of the

topic such as the advantages, disadvantages, productivity, etc. of the San Francisco leaves and

Blue Ternate extract to deliver the people a better perspective and selection of its product and

markers. Moreover, the written outcomes will prove great benefits to the following:

STUDENTS. The provided results may shift a greater thought and preference of the

students on choosing permanent markers. The data given will have the largest impact on the

students since they use permanent markers almost every day.

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 TEACHERS. Similarly, most teachers use permanent ink to evolve their lessons and

activities into more interactive styles, the majority used on lower grade levels. It will be of great

help to not only them but also to the learners.

FUTURE RESEARCHERS. The content presented may be used as reference data in

conducting new research or in testing the validity of other related findings. This study will also

serve as their cross-reference that will give them a better background or overview in ink for

permanent markers or markers of a similar kind.

Scope and Limitations

The researchers define the scope and limitations of the study in terms of the following

parameters and ranges:

Focus. The study’s focus specifically ranges on the ink of permanent markers, San

Francisco leaves, and Blue Ternates. This study only focuses on the efficacy of the San Francisco

and Blue Ternate extracts when used as an alternative ink for permanent markers and to find out

which of the two set-ups is better. Similar or related items may be included in the study.

Setting. The experimentation and whole of this study were conducted at one of the

researchers' residences located near Caraga Regional Science High School, Brgy. San Juan,

Surigao City.

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 Materials. The materials used in this study are limited only to the accessible and

available materials in Surigao City.

Respondents. The respondents of this study extend from the students in Caraga Regional

Science High School to the locals/citizens of Surigao City.

Review of Related Literature

Ink can be a complex medium, composed of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants,

and other materials. The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink’s colorants and other

additives affect the flow of thickness of the ink and its appearance when it dries. The colorant is

a pigment or dye that gives ink its specific color. The main difference between dyes and

pigments is that dyes are water soluble while pigments are generally insoluble in water, unless

the pigment is ground into very fine powder. Because of this property, pigments are usually the

preferred colorant for markers, given their resistance to dissolution by humidity or other

environmental agents. Dye-based inks are usually much stronger than pigment-based inks and

can produce much extra color of density because dyes are dissolved in the liquid phase. Colors

produced from synthetic dyes are more consistent from batch to batch than colors produced by

natural colorants. However, natural dyes are an eco-friendly way to impart almost any color to

textile products with the recent interest in environmental concerns; natural dyes might be a good

way to produce unique products with a green slant. (Pasquesi, 2018)

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 In the study “Research Study on Ink and Teabags”, to strengthen the color of the ink,

vinegar can be applied to the mixture. Moreover, the usage of cornstarch effectively achieves the

desired consistency of the ink. If both are used, the ink will be desirable for many due to its

acquired strength and consistency. (Arellano and Santos, 2015)

In the study “Plants Extract as an Alternative Ink for Markers”, balancing the amount of

water and plant source is a key factor in producing a natural odor and color in ink, a good

quality, and the prevention of mass spreading on the material used on, such as paper or

illustration boards. They also provided data based on the handling of plants as alternative ink by

presenting tables that show that the boiling of the extract produces a natural odor but makes the

ink pale if the water is not balanced enough. (Caballero, et al. 2016)

In the study “The Effectiveness of Mayana (Coleus blumei benth) and San Francisco

(Codiaeum variegatum) Leaves Extract as an Alternative Ink For Markers”, it also stated that

you should balance the amount of water and plant source in order to produce a more natural odor

and color, and to maintain controllability in your ink by limiting the spread of ink on any fabric

or paper and all in all achieve high-quality ink. Additionally, they also declared that the San

Francisco extract, if used as ink, is effective in terms of color and texture, yet lacking in its

ability to absorb and takes too long to dry. The results gathered concluded that it had a silky

texture and magenta color, but also advised the improvisation of both. (Agape et al. 2016)

In the study “Production of Natural Ink from Clitoria ternatea L. Flower”, adding hot

water and ethyl alcohol to the extraction of Blue Ternate flowers would produce better results,

creating a deep blue viscous extract. Putting too much ethyl alcohol on the solution, however,

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will produce molds at room temperature. A ratio of 1:0.5 and 1:1 is the most suitable for the

extract to be the best. Results showed that 20 out of 20 consumers were almost satisfied with the

intensity and stain of the color of the ink formula. Furthermore, the 20 consumers were very

satisfied with the comfortability of using a stamp pad and writing on the whiteboard marker.

Comparison of the fading of ink in the commercial ink and the blue ternate extract showed

results that both were similar. (Nakchat and Pukkalanun, 2016)

On a separate study of extracts yet still attached to ink quality, the study “The Feasibility

of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) Peelings’ Extract as a Potential Ink for Permanent

Markers” showed that increasing the amount of concentration or weight of an extract,

mangosteen peelings specifically, while maintaining a constant amount of vinegar and water

does not always show a more visible color and darker ink, and thus balance in the extracts is an

important factor in producing ink. Based on the tables, a setup of 200 grams of extract peelings

gathered more satisfactory results compared to those of 300 grams, measuring a margin of

decrease between the two of over 23% in color and 48% in darkness. However, the setup with

400 grams had a major increase in quality with a margin of increase between the 300-gram setup

of 88% in color and 208% in darkness. (Go, et al. 2019)

The feasibility of this study is further considered according to Condy (2017), who stated

that before the discovery of synthetic ink, people primarily used plant dyes to make natural ink.

The dye and ink colors vary and depend on the plants, so for instance you choose a blue-colored

plant, then the outcome of the ink will be blue. Condy further stated that other ingredients, such

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as vinegar and “Arabic” gum, should be added to most inks for the compound to last and

stabilize.

The largest group of phenolic pigments, anthocyanins, are primarily associated with the

antioxidant and colorant properties of the flower or fruit they are in. These same compounds are

directly responsible for the blue, purple, pink, red, and orange colors found in plants. In butterfly

pea flowers, the main anthocyanin responsible for the deep blue to purple color is delphinidin.

Siti Azima, et al. (2017), found that with a significantly higher color density and chroma value,

the Butterfly Pea Plant has a more intense, vivid, and saturated color than other natural colorants

they tested.

Furthermore, Campbell, et al. (2019) also stated that one unique characteristic of the

Butterfly Pea Flowers is the ability of the extract to change color; four different colored forms of

the anthocyanin exist, and they can be changed back and forth purely based on the pH. In the

flowers, the deep blue to purple color is caused by a near-equal mixture of the flavylium (red)

and quinoidal (blue) forms.

Definition of Terms

Anthocyanins: are a type of flavonoid, a class of compounds with antioxidant effects. Found

naturally in some foods, anthocyanins are the pigments that give red, purple, and blue plants their

rich coloring.

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Anticonvulsant: Applied to a drug used for the treatment of epileptic seizures, hence, the

synonym "antiepileptic.”Also being used in the treatment of neuropathic pain and as mood

stabilizers.

Clotting: is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot.

Diffusion: is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low

concentration. It happens in liquids and gases because their particles move randomly from place

to place.

Distillate: Something formed from distilling [purify (a liquid) by vaporizing it, then condensing

it by cooling the vapor, and collecting the resulting liquid].

Dye-based inks: are made from water soluble dyes, originated either from plant extracts, or for

the most important part, from synthetic chemistry. They offer more saturated and vivid printed

colors, as they have a low diffusion factor.

Lightfastness: is a property of a colourant such as dye or pigment that describes how resistant to

fading it is when exposed to light.

Pigment: is a material that changes the color of reflected and transmitted light.

Pigment-based inks: are made from pigment originating from organic synthesis. These inks

show much greater lightfastness and are less prone to fade with humidity and gases.

Phenolic: are widely used in household products and as intermediates for industrial synthesis.

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 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design

This research is designed to determine which plant extract, San Francisco Leaves or Blue

Ternate, is more effective when used as an alternative ink.

The results of the San Francisco leaves extract ink during the experimentation will be

compared to the results of the Blue Ternate extract ink. In this study, the researchers aim to find

the physical components of the ink after the experimentation including its color and texture.

This study is designed to aid people by providing them with cheaper and better ink for

permanent markers rather than buying expensive ink. This study can help people who cannot

acquire ink by helping them create their own alternative ink. This study mainly focuses to help

people find out which of the two extracts is more effective as an alternative ink.

Furthermore, by targeting such goals, this study is also designed to use methods that will

assess the opinions of people to achieve the aforementioned objectives, specifically by surveys or

questionnaires.

B. Population and Sample

As stated, the respondents interviewed will extend from the students and teachers in

Caraga Regional Science High School to the locals/citizens of Surigao City. Each trial will be

covered by 5 students and 5 citizens/common people, amounting to a total of 10 people in each

experiment for the researchers to understand the preferences in a general point of view of the

most common users of permanent markers. Furthermore, by acquiring different types of people

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in the community, the researchers may be able to understand which alternative ink used for

permanent markers work best among the two set-ups.

C. Methodology Flowchart

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 D. General Procedure

a. Gathering and Preparation of Raw Materials

The San Francisco leaves were reaped at one of the researcher’s houses as that researcher

has an adequate amount of leaves to be used in the experiment. The Blue Ternate flowers were

collected from a researcher’s neighbor. The paper was bought in the market. Miscellaneous

items, for instance, water, cups, knives, containers, and many more were prepared in one of the

researcher’s houses. All in all, the materials were cautiously set up and prepared before the

experiment to achieve accurate results.

b. Extraction

After the researchers had gathered all the materials, they first cleaned the San

Francisco leaves and Blue Ternate flowers. For the extraction of the San Francisco leaves, the

researchers cut 6 of the San Francisco Leaves in each setup into smaller pieces. Then, the small

San Francisco leaves were placed in a saucepan. The researchers then added the corresponding

number of tablespoons of water from each setup and boiled the leaves for three minutes. The

same process is used in extracting the Blue Ternate with 16 flowers.

c. Measurement

The researchers gathered 6 setups; 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, and 1.6. They carefully

measured the total volume of the extracted liquid first to precisely balance the amount per set

up by using a measuring cup and dividing equally among the two setups.

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 For Setup 1.1 and 1.2, 2 mL of the San Francisco extract and 14 mL of the Blue

Ternate extract was poured onto the plastic cup. For Setup 1.3 and 1.4, 15 mL of the San

Francisco extract and 25 mL of the Blue Ternate extract was poured onto the plastic cup. For

Setup 1.5 and 1.6, 30 mL of both the San Francisco and Blue Ternate extract was poured onto

the plastic cup. After the researchers measured all setups, they labeled the set-ups with their

respective setup name.

d. Application of Setups

Once all setups were ready, the researchers dipped the tip of an empty permanent

marker in each set-up and wrote down the word “San Francisco” for the San Francisco

alternative ink and “Blue Ternate” for the Blue Ternate alternative ink on the paper.

e. Collection of Data

Before interviewing the students and citizens, the researchers first took note of the

properties of all the setups, specifically their color, texture, odor, absorption, and

comfortability in writing. Once finished, the researchers handed out the papers with the word

“San Francisco” for the San Francisco alternative ink and “Blue Ternate” for the Blue

Ternate alternative ink to the respondents. The methods of collecting data used was a survey

of a numerical scale from 1- 10 gathered from the people and comparing the results achieved.

E. Statistical Techniques

All data collected in the surveys were statistically analyzed and reviewed with the data

requirements of the study. The responses were jotted down in tables, graphed, and measured in

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averages to interpret results. Mainly, to identify the best extract for permanent ink, central

measures of tendencies, specifically the mean, were considered and calculated.

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 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

INTERPRETING TABLES AND GRAPHS

Respondent 1 (scores based on a numerical scale of 1 - 10):

Color Texture Odor Absorption Comfortability

in Writing

Setup 1.1 7 8 9 8 6

Setup 1.2 8 8 9 9 7

Setup 1.3 6 8 9 5 5

Setup 1.4 7 8 9 6 7

Setup 1.5 3 8 9 8 6

Setup 1.6 4 8 9 8 4
Table 1: Results of Respondent 1 for All Setups

Respondent 2 (scores based on a numerical scale of 1 - 10):

Color Texture Odor Absorption Comfortability

in Writing

Setup 1.1 8 7 9 8 7

Setup 1.2 9 8 9 10 9

Setup 1.3 6 7 10 7 6

Setup 1.4 7 9 8 8 5

Setup 1.5 3 9 9 9 4

Setup 1.6 4 8 10 9 4
Table 2: Results of Respondent 2 for All Setup

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 Respondent 3 (scores based on a numerical scale of 1 - 10):

Color Texture Odor Absorption Comfortability

in Writing

Setup 1.1 6 7 9 7 6

Setup 1.2 9 8 9 9 8

Setup 1.3 6 7 9 6 5

Setup 1.4 5 8 9 7 4

Setup 1.5 3 7 9 8 3

Setup 1.6 2 ]7 9 8 3
Table 3: Scores of Respondent 3 for All Setups

The average score of each rating from the three respondents:

Color Texture Odor Absorption Comfortability AVERAGE

in Writing TOTAL

Setup 1.1 7 7.3 9 7.6 6.3 7.44

Setup 1.2 8.6 8 9 9.3 8 8.58

Setup 1.3 6 7.3 9.3 6 5.3 6.78

Setup 1.4 6.3 8.3 8.6 7 5.3 7.1

Setup 1.5 3 8 9 8.3 4.3 6.52

Setup 1.6 3.3 7.6 9.3 8.3 3.6 6.42

Table 4: Total Score of Ratings in Average from the Three Respondents

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FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

The researchers found out that using too much water with only a small number of

flowers/leaves would dilute the extract and through writing would only carry out a wet substance

with little to no color. Setups 1.1 and 1.2 were the optimal setups that would produce

concentrated ink. Moreover, the researchers speculate that the best ratio of tablespoons (mL) to

flowers/leaves would be best as follows:

1 tbsp (15mL) : 12 Blue Ternate flowers

1 tbsp (15mL) : 8 San Francisco leaves

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 As for the scores gathered from the surveys, the respondents had somewhat similar

scoring to each property from each setup. All in all, Setup 1.2 with the Blue Ternate flowers had

the highest score among the 6 setups, amounting to an average score of 8.58 from all properties,

with Setup 1.1 with the San Francisco leaves following with an average score of 7.44. The third

highest score was Setup 1.4 with an average score of 7.1. The next highest was Setup 1.3 with an

average score of 6.78. Ranking fifth, Setup 1.5 had an average score of 6.52 and the lowest setup

was Setup 1.6, with an average score of 6.42.

The results support the alternative hypothesis, and the calculated values answer the

questions in the statement of the problem thoroughly:

The Blue Ternate ink extract is significantly more effective than the San Francisco leaves

overall. Previous setups and measurements did not work, however. Setups 1.1 and 1.2 were the

most optimal setups. Setups 1.3 and 1.4 were preferable and befitting as permanent inks, yet

were slightly lacking in concentration of color. Setups 1.5 and 1.6 seriously lacked color when

writing, and isn’t viable as a permanent ink. As for their properties, Setups 1.1 and 1.2 are

effective regarding color, texture, and comfortability in writing, but Setup 1.2 which had the Blue

Ternate extract is more notable in those properties according to the respondents. The respondents

gave a really high score for all setups in their odor, as the ink had little to no odor; and as for the

absorption properties, all setups also had a decent to high score. The gathered results expressed a

somewhat mutual expression in preferences when rating each property from all setups, with all

respondents agreeing the setup 1.2 was the best permanent ink out of the 6 setups.

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 CHAPTER 4: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The researchers of this study wanted to know about any plant sources that can be used to

create an alternative ink for permanent markers. Also, their main intention and goal were to

identify and clarify which of the extracts is more effective as an alternative ink, and which may

be used by the general public. In doing so, the researchers could also potentially find cheaper and

more natural ink than those of commercialized products. In this study, the San Francisco leaves

were cut into smaller pieces and were boiled with a certain number of tablespoons (30, 60, 90

mL) of water that corresponded to their setups. The same procedure was used in extracting the

Blue Ternate. The finished extract was poured in each plastic cup. The researchers dipped the tip

of an empty marker in each set-up and wrote down the word “San Francisco” for the San

Francisco alternative ink and “Blue Ternate” for the Blue Ternate alternative ink on the paper.

This continued three times. The researchers handed out the papers with the word “San

Francisco” for the San Francisco ink and “Blue Ternate” for the Blue Ternate ink to the

respondents. From the survey given out to the students of Caraga Regional Science High School

and the citizens of Surigao City, setup 1.2 with the Blue Ternate flowers had a higher average

score of 8.58 from all properties. The second setup that followed was setup 1.1 with the San

Francisco leaves, which had an average score of 7.44. Setups 1.4, 1.3, 1.5, and 1.6 ranked third,

fourth, fifth, and sixth, respectively.

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Conclusions

The researchers conclude that San Francisco Leaves and Blue Ternate extracts can be

used in making alternative inks for permanent markers, although producing a better ink with both

extracts has lacking features and can still be improved. They concluded that the Blue Ternate

extract is more effective as an alternative ink, compared to the San Francisco leaves extract, as

shown evident by the results of the survey.

Recommendations

To achieve better quality, the researchers recommend future researchers and the general

public to find a more convenient way of writing, whereas the researchers had a “marker

malfunction” in which the core was broken and the marker was forced to act like a quill instead.

Furthermore, we also suggest the idea to increase the number of leaves/flowers and as much as

possible lessen the amount of water for the extract to be more concentrated and visible. Adding

more experimental substances to the concoction such as resin, glycerin, cornstarch, vinegar, and

if available mordant (dye fixatives) and gum Arabic will also most likely give out better and

more consistent results in producing ink, although combinations should be properly observed as

chemicals might react differently with one another.

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https://prezi.com/ahss_nl7ddie/research-study-on-ink-and-teabags/. Accessed December

29, 2019

Powar, et al. “Herbal Ink: Safe, Easy, and EcoFriendly Alternative.” Impactfactor, 1 June 2014,

http://impactfactor.org/PDF/IJPPR/6/IJPPR,Vol6,Issue2,Article1.pdf. Accessed January

19, 2020

23
More. “Basella Alba Extract as Substitute Ink for Markers.” Prezi, 5 Feb. 2017,

https://prezi.com/ocsekap45nfb/basella-alba-alugbati-extract-as-substitute-ink-for-marker

/. Accessed January 19, 2020

Agape, et al. “The effectiveness of Mayana and San Francisco leaves extract as an Alternative

Ink for markers.” Coursehero, 17 March 2018, p. 26

https://www.coursehero.com/file/31968881/SUPER-FINAL-FINAL-FINALdocx/.

Accessed January 20, 2020

Campbell, et al. “Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea) Flower Extract (BPFE) and Its Use as a

pH-Dependent Natural Colorant.” AskIFAS, 5 May 2019,

https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ep573. Accessed January 23, 2020

Go, et al. “The Feasibility of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) Peelings’ Extract as a Potential

Ink for Permanent Markers.” 14 Feb. 2020, pp. 12-17

Pasquesi. “What Is Contained in a Permanent Marker?” Sciencing, 13 March 2018,

https://sciencing.com/contained-permanent-marker-5070622.html. Accessed June 6, 2021

Adorama 42 West. “What’s the Difference Between Dye-Based and Pigment Ink?” 42 West, 26

Apr. 2018,

24
 https://www.adorama.com/alc/faq-whats-the-difference-between-dye-based-and-pigment-

ink/. Accessed June 6, 2021

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flowerhttp://www.uruicst2016.uru.ac.th. Accessed June 6, 2021

APPENDICES

Survey

The researchers constructed a survey of rating with the numerical scale being labelled as

follows:

1 - 2: Very unsatisfied

3 - 4: Unsatisfied

5 - 6: Neutral

7 - 8: Satisfied

9 - 10: Very satisfied

The properties that were rated for each setup in the survey consisted of the following:

Color, Texture, Odor, Absorption, and Comfortability in writing

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The properties refer to the San Francisco leaves extract and Blue Ternate extract as an alternative

ink. The respondents’ total score for each setup was calculated.

Calculations

For the mean of each property, the total score for that setup in a specific property was

divided by the total respondents, or three.

Mean formula for each property: Total score of that property/Total respondents

For the mean of the setups’ scores, the mean score for that setup from every property was

added and then divided by the total number of properties, or five.

Mean formula for the setups’ scores: Total score of the setup’s properties added/Total

number of properties

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 DOCUMENTATION

GATHERING OF MATERIALS

Figure 1. Collecting of San Francisco Leaves Figure 2. Collecting of San Francisco Leaves

PREPARATION OF MATERIALS

Figure 3. Washing of San Francisco Leaves Figure 4. Cutting of San Francisco Leaves

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Figure 5. Cut down San Francisco Leaves and Water

Figure 6. Blue Ternate Flowers and Water

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EXTRACTION

Figure 7. Blue Ternate flowers in a container Figure 8. San Francisco leaves

in a container

Figure 9. Boiling of Blue Ternate Flowers Figure 10. Boiling of San Francisco Leaves

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EXTRACTS

Figure 11. Setup 1.2 Blue Ternate extract (Left) Figure 12. Setups 1.1 to 1.6

and Setup 1.1 San Francisco Leaves extract (Right)

Figure 13. Blue Ternate Extract Figure 14. San Francisco Extract

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Figure 15. Setups 1.1 to 1.6 Figure 16. Setups 1.1 and 1.2, written down

Figure 17. Writing down of Setups Figure 18. Setups written down

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COLLECTION OF DATA

Figure 12. Collecting Data from Surveys Figure 13. Collecting Data from Surveys

32