Enhanced Science - 8

An Overview
In this module, you will be able to:
Ø Identify and compare the different
temperature scale;
Ø Differentiate between heat and
temperature at the molecular level;
Ø Compare the changes in the
temperature of water to determine the
relationship between the amount of
heat transfered and the resulting
temperature change;
Ø Determine the specific heat and heat
capacity of a substance.

Heat and Temperature

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What is Heat?
Heat is a transfer of
(thermal) energy between
objects or places due to
temperature difference.
In what direction does heat move?
Heat moves from a
substance of higher
temperature to a substance
of lower temperature.

Heat and Temperature

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Heat Transfer
If heat is added to an object, the particles of the
object gain kinetic energy and they move faster.
Since temperature is directly related to kinetic
energy, any gain in kinetic energy would cause the
temperature to increase. Conversely, if heat is
transferred or removed from an object, it loses
kinetic energy, its particles move slower and the
body’s temperature decreases.

Heat and Temperature

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Heat Transfer
heat can be transferred
through conduction,
convection or radiation,
and that heat transfers
either through moving
particles or
electromagnetic waves.

Heat and Temperature

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Major Effects of Heat Transfer
1. Temperature Change (hotness and coldness)
2. Thermal Expansion
3. Phase Change (solid, liquid, gas)
The amount of heat transferred is proportional to the
change in temperature. The greater the amount of heat
transferred to an object, the greater the increase in its
temperature.
“The higher the temperature, the greater the speed of the
moving particles, and, the greater the kinetic energy of the
particles.”
Heat and Temperature
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Thermal Expansion

As the thermal energy

of a substance increases,
its particles spread out
and the substance
expands.
The expanding of
matter when it is heated
is known as Thermal
Expansion.

Heat and Temperature

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Thermal Expansion

When a substance is cooled, thermal energy is

released.
This means that the motion of the particles slows down
and the particles move closer together. So as a substance is
cooled, it contracts, or decreases in size.
One application of thermal expansion is a thermometer.

Heat and Temperature

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What is Temperature?
TEMPERATURE is a measure of the average
kinetic energy of the individual particles in an
object.
Consider this:
Try to imagine a mug of hot cocoa and a
glass of cold chocolate milk on the table.
The hot cocoa has a higher temperature
than the cold chocolate. Its particles are
moving faster, so they have greater
average kinetic energy. If the chocolate
milk is heated, its particles will move
faster, so their kinetic energy will increase.
This means that the temperature of milk
will rise.

Heat and Temperature

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Thermal Energy
The total energy of all the particles in a substance is
called thermal energy, or sometimes internal energy.
Even if two samples of matter are at the same
temperature, they do not necessarily have the same
total energy.
The more particles a substance has at a given
temperature, the more thermal energy has. For
example, 2 liters of hot cocoa at 750C has more
thermal energy than 0.15 liter at 750C.

Heat and Temperature

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Temperature and Thermal Energy

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic

energy of individual particles. Thermal energy is the
total energy of all the particles.
Thermal energy does not depend on just
temperature and the number of particles in a
substance. It also depends on how the particles are
arranged.

Heat and Temperature

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Three common scales for measuring temperature:
Fahrenheit Scale = most common
scale in the United States. On this
scale, the number 32 is assigned
to the temperature at which
water freezes. The number 212 is
assigned to the temperature at
which water boils. The interval
between these two temperatures
is divided into 180 equal intervals
called degrees Fahrenheit (0F)
Heat and Temperature
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Three common scales for measuring temperature:
Celsius Scale = The temperature
scale used in most of the world. On
this scale, the number 0 is assigned
to the temperature at which water
freezes. The number 100 is
assigned to the temperature at
which water boils. The interval
between freezing and boiling is
divided into 100 equal parts, called
degrees Celsius (0C).

Heat and Temperature

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Three common scales for measuring temperature:

Kelvin Scale = The temperature scale

commonly used in Physical science.
Units on the Kelvin scale are the same
size as those on the Celsius scale, and
are called kelvins (K). Any temperature
on the Kelvin scale can be changed to
Celsius degrees by adding 273 to it. So
the freezing point of water on the
Kelvin scale is 273 K and the boiling
point is 373 K.

Heat and Temperature

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Three common scales for measuring temperature:
Why is the number 273 so special?
Experiments have led scientists to conclude that -2730C
is the lowest temperature possible. At this temperature,
called absolute zero, no more energy can be removed from
matter. The Kelvin scale is defined so that zero on the
Kelvin scale is absolute zero.

Heat and Temperature

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Heat versus Temperature

Heat and Temperature

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Phase Change

The physical change from

one state of matter to
another is called a change
of state. A change of state
occurs between the solid
and liquid states, and
between the liquid and
gas states.

Heat and Temperature

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Phase Change
Matter will change from
one state to another if thermal
energy is absorbed or released.
As the thermal energy increases,
a substance changes from a solid
to a liquid and then to a gas.
A substance changes from a gas
to a liquid and then to a solid as
thermal energy is removed from
it.

Heat and Temperature

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Phase Change
Freezing, melting,
condensation, and
vaporization are
conditions under which
thermal energy is
changing but temperature
remains the same. Under
these conditions matter is
changing from one state
to another.

Heat and Temperature

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Phase Change
During a change of state, the
addition or loss of thermal
energy changes the
arrangement of the particles.
But the average kinetic
energy of those particles does
not change. Since
temperature is average
kinetic energy, the
temperature does not change
as a substance changes state.

Module-5 Heat and Temperature

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Review
We learned:
Ø the three different temperature scale;
Ø Differentiated heat and temperature at
their molecular level;
Ø Compared the changes in the
temperature of water to determine the
relationship between the amount of
heat transfered and the resulting
temperature change;
Ø Determine the specific heat and heat
capacity of a substance.

Heat and Temperature

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Heat Capacity

The amount of heat transferred

depends not only on the
temperature of the material. It
also depends on the mass or
amount of material. Objects with
greater mass have more thermal
energy and can transfer more
heat.
We learned that materials expand
when heated or contract when cooled.

Heat and Temperature

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Specific Heat Capacity
The ability of the material to absorb or release
heat results in temperature change. In science, the
amount of heat needed by a material to increase its
temperature by a degree is called Heat Capacity (C).
To be more specific, the term specific heat capacity (c)
is used, and this refers to the amount of heat required to
increase the temperature of one unit mass of a given
material by one Celsius degree. For example, water has
a specific heat capacity of 1 cal/g0C. So it takes 1 calorie
of heat to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by
10C.

Heat and Temperature

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Heat Capacity
How can the sand be so hot and the
water so cold? After all, they were both
heated by the sun.
The answer is that:
Water requires more heat to raise its
temperature than sand does.
When an object is heated its
temperature rises. But the temperature
does not rise at the same rate for all
objects.

Heat and Temperature

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Specific Heat

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature

depends on the chemical makeup of the material.
Different materials need more or less heat to change their
temperature by the same amount.
Scientists have defined a quantity to measure the
relationship between heat and temperature change. The
amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1
kg of a substance by 1 Kelvin is called its Specific Heat. The
unit of measure for specific heat is Joules per kilogram-
kelvin (J/(kg*K).

Heat and Temperature

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Specific Heat
Different materials have different specific heat capacities. Many materials
have low specific heat capacities. This makes them easy to heat up and cool
down. Water, on the other hand, has a high specific heat capacity and so it
takes a long time to heat and a long time to cool. This makes the water a
good coolant for car radiators. Because of its high specific heat capacity. It
can absorb a large amount of heat without causing its temperature to rise
too high.

Heat and Temperature

Specific Heat of Common Substances
Substances Specific heat (J/(kg*K)

Aluminum 903
Brass 376
Copper 385
Glass 664
Ice 2,060
Iron 450
Sand 670
Silver 235
Water 4,180
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Specific Heat
Notice that the specific heat of water is quite high. 1 kg of
water requires 4,180 joules of energy to raise its
temperature 1 kelvin. Materials with a high specific heat
can absorb a great deal of thermal energy without a great
change in temperature.
The energy gained or lost by an object is related to the mass,
change in temperature, and specific heat of material. We can
calculate thermal energy changes with the following
formula:
Change in energy = mass X specific heat X change in temperature
.
Heat and Temperature
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Sample Problem
How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 5
kg of water 10 kelvins?
Answer:
Heat absorbed = (5kg)(4,180 J/(kg*K))(10 K)
= 209,000 J
You need to transfer 209,000 J to the water to increase its
temperature by 10 Kelvin's.
A change of 1K is the same as a change of 10C

Heat and Temperature

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Sample Problem
What is the heat in Joules required to raise the temperature of 25
grams of water from 0 °C to 100 °C?
Useful information: specific heat of water = 4.18 J/g·°C
Use the formula: q = mcΔT
where: q = heat energy m = mass c = specific
heat ΔT = change in temperature
q = (25 g)x(4.18 J/g·°C)[(100 °C - 0 °C)]
q = (25 g)x(4.18 J/g·°C)x(100 °C)
q = 10,450 J
Answer:
10450 J of heat energy are required to raise the temperature of
25 grams of water from 0 °C to 100 °C.

Heat and Temperature

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Thank you for Listening!

“May the Lord bless you and take care of you;

May the Lord be kind and gracious to you;
May the Lord look on you with favor and give you
peace”

Subject Teacher: Mary Beth Maquiling Ruperez