A Slotted Octagonal Patch Antenna for Multi-Band
and High Gain Applications
2023 IEEE Wireless Antenna and Microwave Symposium (WAMS) | 979-8-3503-1243-0/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/WAMS57261.2023.10242801
A. Vijaya Lakshmi M. Kalpana
PG Scholar Research Scholar
Dept. of ECE Dept. of ECE
JNTUA College of Engg JNTUK college of Engg
Pulivendula, AP, India Kakinada, AP, India
avijayalakshmi1490@gmail.com muvvala.Kalpana@gmail.com
Abstract— In this paper, a slotted octagonal patch antenna is
presented for high-gain and multiband applications. The
proposed antenna dimensions are 32×34×1.6m𝒎𝟑 . An octagonal
patch antenna incorporating two square slots offering a peak
gain of 9.48dBi at 18GHz. Incorporating an octagonal slot at the
center of square slots resulting a multiband with a bandwidth of
190MHz (8.69GHz to 8.88GHz), 350MHz (11.52GHz to
11.87GHz), 360MHz (14.01GHz to 14.37GHz) and 1 .99GHz
(16.01-18GHz) with a peak gain of 9.89dBi at 18GHz. The
simulations are done using ANSYS HFSS software.
Index Terms—Octagonal patch, Slots, the Peak gain
I. INTRODUCTION
In wireless communication systems, antennas play a major
role. An antenna is a metallic structure that receives and/or
transmits radio electromagnetic waves. The current research in
antennas is antennas for wireless networks is based on their
high gain, and frequency reconfiguration [1]. With the rapid
development of wireless communication technologies need for
antennas operating in multiple frequency bands is increasing. A
multiband antenna has been designed with shape. To get
multiple frequency bands many spiral-shaped slits are
integrated into a rectangular patch [2]. A tri-band antenna is
reported for WLAN/WiMAX/LTE applications. The obtained
triple bands are 2.4GHz to 2.7GHz, 3.4GHz to 3.7GHz, and
5.2GHz to 8.8GHz [3]. A single-feed patch antenna is reported
with multiband and multi-bands achieved by inserting the
inverted multiple U-shapes. A peak gain of 3.06dBi is obtained
[4].
A slot antenna is designed with four bands for
GPS/WiMAX/WLAN systems. A peak gain of 4.486dBi is
obtained. To generate the four frequency bands a rectangular
slit, one feed patch (T-shape), one stub (T-shape), and two E-
shaped stubs are etched on the antenna patch [5]. A low-cost
multi-band antenna for Wi-Fi and WiGig frequency
applications with a stable gain of 5-6dBi is reported [6]. A
rhombic slotted pentagonal patch antenna with a gain of more
than 3.8dBi is reported for global positioning systems
applications [7]. A slot line antenna using a multi-mode radiator
with a wideband and high gain is reported with an average peak
gain of 6.2dBi [8]. For the applications of X-band, a wideband
half-mode substrate integrated waveguide cavity-backed slot
antenna is reported with a gain of 7.4dBi, and FBR is more than
10dB with a bandwidth of 20.14% [9]. For the applications of
wireless communications, a slot antenna with the single-feed
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R. Ramana Reddy P. Satish Rama Chowdary
Professor Professor
Dept. of ECE Dept. of ECE
JNTUA College of Engg Raghu Institute of Technology
Pulivendu1a, AP, India Visakhapatnam, AP
profrrreddy@yahoo.co.in satishchowdary@ieee.org
dual band is reported with peak gains of 7.7dBi and 7.2dBi and
bandwidths of 7.3% and 12.7% at the central frequencies of
2.40GHz and 5.25GHz. By lacerating a U-slit in the patch, the
bandwidth of the aerial is enhanced [10].
A pattern reconfigurable slotted array is presented for the
applications of WLAN base stations with a peak gain of 6.5dBi [11].
A patch antenna with a dual U-slot triple layer is designed for
wireless communications and reported with resonant frequencies at
1.6GHz, 1.9GHz, and 3.8GHz [12]. A slotted patch antenna is
designed using a superstrate configuration. To enhance gain, a 5×5
order metasurface is used and a measured gain of 7.57dBi at
10.44GHz is reported [13]. For the applications of wireless
communications, a coplanar waveguide-fed pentaband slit dipole
antenna for wireless communication systems is reported with a peak
gain of 6.46dBi [14]. For the applications of the ultrawideband, a
monopole antenna is designed with an octagonal shape and with
band-notch characteristics [15]. A Split ring resonator is used for the
dual band-notched function, this function is obtained at the
frequency bands of Wi-MAX (3.5GHz) and upper WLAN (5.8GHz).
In this work, a slotted octagonal patch antenna is designed. The
peak gain is obtained by incorporating slots in the octagonal patch
antenna. This work offers a multiband with a peak gain of 9.89dBi
at 18GHz. The recommended antenna can be used in X-band and
Ku-band applications.
II. ANTENNA DESIGN
Initially to create an octagonal patch antenna, calculated [15] the
radius of the circle as 10mm by using equation 1. An octagonal
patch antenna is incorporated with two square slots in the center of
the patch. To further improve gain an octagonal slot is etched inside
the square slots as shown in Fig.1. The proposed antenna is designed
on an FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant (εr) 4.4, and a loss
tangent of 0.02, with an overall size of 32x34x1.6m𝑚3 fed by a 50Ω
impedance microstrip feeding line.
The proposed slotted octagonal patch antenna operates at the four
bands with a bandwidth of 190MHz (8.69-8.88GHz), 350MHz
(11.52-11.87GHz), 360MHz (14.01-14.37GHz), and 1.99GHz
(16.01-18GHz) and achieved a peak gain of 9.89dBi at 18GHz. The
dimensions of the proposed slotted octagonal patch antenna are
shown in Table.1.
𝑅 = 
…………. (1)
{ [  . }
 
Where, h = height of the substrate
𝑅 = Radius of the octagonal patch
 . ×
F=
√

Fig.2 Octagonal patch antenna

The parametric analysis is done to finalize the substrate length (L),
width (W), height (h), and feed width (FW).
For substrate length (L) and width (W) iterations are 34x30m𝑚 ,
32x34m𝑚 and 34x34m𝑚 . From obtained results, the 32x34m𝑚
patch antenna achieved a triple band with a bandwidth of 510 MHz
(17.15GHz-18GHz), 960MHz (14.93GHz-15.89GHz), and 720MHz
(17.28GHz-18GHz), with a peak gain of 3.25dBi at 8.2GHz.
Therefore, 32x34m𝑚 is chosen as the ideal parameter. The return loss
plot for different variations of lengths (L) and widths (W) of the OPA
substrate is shown in Fig.3.

Fig.1 The Proposed Slotted Octagonal Patch antenna

Table.1 Dimension of the proposed Slotted Octagonal patch

antenna.

Dimensions Value Dimensions Value

(mm)
L 32
FL 6.75
Rp 14.1
a 2.94
b 2
c 14.12
d 14.12
e 10.12
f 10.12
g 8.12
h 8.12
III. PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED ANTENNA
(mm)
W 34
FW 3
i 1
j 2
k 4.12
l 4.12 Fig.3 Return loss for different lengths (L) and widths (W) of the
OPA substrate
m 1.5
For substrate height iterations, the height of 1.5mm, 1.6mm, and
n 2 1.7mm is considered. From obtained results height (h) = 1.6mm offers
o 0.5 a triple band with a bandwidth of 550MHz (7.80-8.35GHz), 1.07GHz
p 7.65 (14.83-15.90GHz), and 850MHz (17.15-18GHz) and achieved a peak
gain of 6.48dBi at 18GHz. The return loss plot for different heights of
the substrate is shown in Fig.4.

A. Octagonal Patch Antenna (OPA)

The proposed antenna design starts with the octagonal patch

fed by 50Ω impedance microstrip line feed with a side length
of 7.65mm as shown in Fig.2.

Fig.4 Return loss for the substrate height iterations of the OPA

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 For the feed width variations, feed widths of 2mm, 2.5mm, and
3mm are considered. From the obtained results FW=3mm offers a
triple band with a bandwidth of 550MHz (7.80GHz to 8.35GHz),
1.07GHz (14.83GHz to 15.90GHz), and 850MHz (17.15GHz to
18GHz) with a peak gain of 6.48dBi at 18GHz. The return loss plot
for different feed widths of the octagonal patch antenna is
presented below in Fig.5.

Fig.7 Return loss for different widths of single square slot

C. Dual Square Slotted OPA

Fig.5 Return loss for the different feed Lengths (𝐹 ) and width
(𝐹 ) of OPA
B. Single Square Slotted OPA
To improve antenna performance a square slot is incorporated in
an octagonal patch antenna with a dimension of 14.2x2m𝑚 .
Parametric analysis has been done to finalize the square slot width
(b) as 0.5mm, 1mm, 1.5mm, and 2mm. The different widths of a
single square-slotted octagonal patch antenna are presented in
Fig.6. From the obtained results, a width of a square slot 2mm
delivers the dual-band with a bandwidth of 480MHz (11.66GHz to
12.14GHz) and 1.9GHz (16GHz to 18GHz) with a peak gain of
8.76dBi at 16.6GHz. Therefore, the width of the square slot 2mm
is chosen as the ideal parameter.
To improve gain, a square slot is etched inside the first square slot.
The parametric analysis has been done to finalize the width of the
second square slit and the gap between the first square slit and second
square slit as gap = 0.5mm, and 1mm whereas width = 1mm, 1.5mm,
and 2mm. From the obtained results the gap between the first square
slot and second square slot is 1mm and the width of the second slit is
2mm obtained multiband with a bandwidth of 130MHz (8.70GHz to
8.83GHz), 370MHz (11.41GHz to 11.78GHz), 330MHz (14.02GHz
to 14.35GHz) and 1.91GHz (16.09GHz to 18GHz) and achieved a
peak gain of 9.48dBi at 18GHz. Therefore, the gap between two square
slots is 1mm, and the width of the square slit is 2mm are selected as
ideal parameters. The dual square-slotted octagonal patch antenna is
shown in Fig.8

Fig.8 Dual square slotted OPA

Fig.6 Single square slotted OPA.

The return loss plot for the different widths of the single square-
slotted octagonal patch antenna is presented below in Fig.7.

Fig.9 Return loss for the variations of the dual square slots.

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 Fig.9 shows the return loss plot for the variations of the gap
between square slot 1 and square slot 2 and width of the square
slot 2.

D. Etching an octagonal slot inside the Dual Square slotted OPA

Further to enhance gain an octagonal slot is etched inside the

dual square slots. The side length of the octagonal slot is 1.53mm
as shown in Fig.10.The return loss plot is presented in Fig.11. By
etching an octagonal slot inside the dual square slots, the gain is
enhanced. From the results, the slotted octagonal patch antenna
obtained multiband with a bandwidth of 190MHz (8.69GHz to
8.88GHz), 350MHz (11.52GHz to 11.87GHz), 360MHz
(14.01GHz to 14.37GHz), and 1.99GHz (16.01GHz to 18GHz) Fig.12 Comparison of the return loss for the proposed antennas.
and achieved a peak gain of 9.89dBi at 18GHz. From the comparison, it is evident the final proposed antenna is
operating in the four frequency bands with a peak gain of 9.89dBi
at 18GHz. Table. 2 shows a comparison with works reported in the
open literature.
Table.2 Comparison with works reported in the open literature
Reference Frequency (GHz) Peak gain (dBi)
Number

[3] 2.4GHz-2.7GHz 3.06

3.4GHz-3.7GHz
5.2GHz-8.8GHz
[5] 1.575GHz-1.665GHz 4.486
2.4GHz-2.545GHz
3.27GHz-3.97GHz
5.17GHz-5.93GHz
Proposed 8.69GHz to 8.88GHz 9.89 at 18GHz
Fig.10 Octagonal slot etched inside the dual square slots. antenna 11.52GHz to 11.87GHz
14.01GHz to 14.37GHz
16.01GHz to 18GHz

GAIN:
The Gain plot of the proposed antenna is presented in Fig. 13.
And gain is discussed in the above four steps. In the first step, a
maximum peak gain of 6.48 dBi at 18 GHz is achieved. In the
second step, a maximum peak gain of 8.76 dBi at 16.6 GHz is
obtained. In the third step, a maximum peak gain of 9.48 dBi at 18
GHz is obtained. Finally, a maximum peak gain of 9.89 dBi at 18
GHz is achieved. The peak gains obtained at the different
frequencies of the proposed antenna are presented in Table. 3.

Fig .11 Return loss for octagonal slot

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In this section, the simulated results of the proposed antennas
are discussed. Return loss, gain, bandwidth, and radiation
pattern of the proposed antennas are presented.

RETURN LOSS:
A comparison of the return loss obtained for all four steps of
the proposed antennas in this paper is shown in Fig.12.

Fig.13 3D gain plot of the proposed antenna at 18GHz.

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 Table. 3 Peak gains obtained at different frequencies of the
proposed antenna
S. Frequency Peak Gain (dBi)
No (GHz)
1 8.76 4.83
2 11.7 4.37
3 14.22 5.40
4 18 9.89
RADIATION PATTERN AND CROSS-POL, CO-POL
PLOTS:
The radiation pattern and cross-pol, and co-pol plots of the
proposed slotted octagonal antenna are shown in Figure 14 (a)
and (b).
Fig. 14 (a) E and H-plane radiation pattern at 18 GHz
(b) Co-pol and Cross-pol plot of the proposed antenna at
18GHz
V. CONCLUSION
The proposed slotted octagonal patch antenna is suitable for
X-band & Satellite Communication (Ku-band) applications.
To enhance gain, slots are cut in the octagonal patch. The
proposed antenna is a high-gain quad-band antenna. The
proposed antenna operates over the frequency range of 8.69-
8.88GHz, 11.52-11.87GHz, 14.01-14.37GHz, and 16.01-
18GHz with a bandwidth of 0.19GHz, 0.35GHz, 0.36GHz,
and 1.99GHz respectively. A peak gain of 4.83dBi at
8.76GHz, 4.37dBi at 11.7GHz, 5.40 dBi at 14.22GHz, and
9.89dBi at 18GHz are obtained. Incorporation of
asymmetrical slots resulting in beam tilting. From the results,
it is evident that the proposed antenna is suitable for high gain
and multiband applications.
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