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Patterns of Evolution
Microevolution
- happens when the frequencies of alleles in a group
undergo changes. Microevolution is caused by natural
selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow.

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 Natural Selection
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韵 韵

- is a process wherein different environmental

pressures lead to different ways of survival and
reproduction, which can influence the frequency
of alleles in a group.
 There are different patterns of natural selection:

Directional Selection shifts allele frequencies caused by the change in

the condition of the environment. This can be seen in the study made by
Peter and Rosemary Grant, which focused on Darwin's finches, the birds
observed by Charles Darwin from his journey in the Galapagos Islands.
They examined the different species of finches, the foods that finches
eat, and their beak sizes. The changes in the finches are based on the
influence of the environment as well as the genetic factors.

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 There are different patterns of natural
selection:
Stabilizing Selection happens when a middle form of the
押 trait is chosen and the extreme forms are eliminated. The 押
韵 birth weight of humans is a common example. Some 韵
infants born with low birth weight end up with health
problems, whereas those born with high birth weight
usually experience problems during birth. Because babies
with high birth weight are larger than usual, passing out of
their mother's birth canal becomes difficult.
There are different patterns of natural
selection:
Infants having an average birth weight have higher chances
of survival than infants that are too small or too big. These
cases, however, do not always happen nowadays because
there are now ways that can be done to help infants survive
during birth, such as having premature babies stay in the
incubator and delivering the birth using the Caesarian
section.
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 There are different patterns of natural selection:

Disruptive Selection occurs if the extreme forms of

押 traits are favored more than others. An example of 押
韵 disruptive selection is the case of the peppered moths, 韵
which can be found in Britain and Ireland. Peppered
moths are known for their color, which helps them hide
from the predators. Through this ability, they are able to
survive more than the other colored moths.
 押韵

- is a change in the gene pool of a group. It happens

usually by chance or by an accidental change in the
frequency of the genes. A gene pool is the total
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collection of genes in a population. It is the combination
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of the genetic makeup of all the members of the group.
It also includes all the genes that will be passed on and
used for the next generation.
— Genetic Drift
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- usually affects small populations. The size of the population

can be the cause of migration. mutation, and selection. There are
押 two situations that can reduce the size of a population. The 押
韵 bottleneck effect will result in a drastic reduction of the 韵
population size, which can be caused by earthquakes, flash
floods, and fires.

— Genetic Drift
 This may cause the death of large numbers of
random organisms, resulting in a small surviving
押 押
韵 population. It will also reduce genetic diversity. The 韵
founder effect happens after a small group of
organisms form a new group, where their allele
frequencies differ from the original group or original
population.
— Genetic Drift
 10TH GRADE

Patterns Of Evolution
Biology
- is present when there is a change in the DNA
of an organism, resulting in the formation of a
new allele. This change in DNA happens
randomly. This event may lead to variations
among organisms in the next generation,
which is important in evolution. Mutation is
the cause of genetic variation
— Mutation
 Another agent of microevolution is gene
flow. It is the movement of alleles in a
group of organisms. It occurs when fertile
organisms move in or out of a specific
group.
G
E
N One example of gene flow is when wind
and animals become pollinators and they
E transfer pollen from one plant to another.

F In this case, a group of plants from a far

L place gets pollen from a different group.
O Gene flow usually happens among animals
and immobile organisms.
W

The effect of gene flow usually opposes the

effects of natural selection, genetic drift,
and mutation.
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
In 1908, Godfrey Hardy and Wilhelm
Weinberg independently proposed a
principle that states that the frequency of
alleles in a gene pool will remain constant
unless one or more factors or other agents
will cause the frequency to change.
 This principle is called the Hardy-
Weinberg equilibrium or genetic
equilibrium. To attain equilibrium,
there are different conditions that
must be met:

The organisms must be

There should be no
isolated. There should be
mutation that will happen
no movement into or out
in the gene pool.
of the population.
Mating from the population must be
random.

There should be no mutation that will

happen in the gene pool.
The conditions set in the Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium are not always met because
populations tend to evolve. However, it is
an important part of microevolution
because genetic equilibrium is used to
compare the actual genetic structure of a
population over time.
 Macroevolution
- refers to the large-scale changes that lead to an
evolution of organisms from simple to complex.
The use of fossil records helps in tracing the
effects brought about by macroevolution. It is
through this evidence that the geologic time scale
was introduced.
 Macroevolution
The geologic time scale shows how
macroevolution happens for a long
period of time. It also shows the
transitions that occur in the life-forms
and the changes that divide eras into
periods.
 Mass Extinction
is a result of various factors; these factors
all lead to the disappearance of a vast
number of organisms. Some identified
factors that result in mass extinction are
the eruption of large volcanoes, the
changing positions of the continents, and
the changing of sea levels.
 Due to these events, there are organisms that
no longer have living members at present. These
extinct organisms were identified only because
of the fossil records that indicate their presence
in the past.
Among the different causes of extinction, scientists
have posited that a huge asteroid hit the ground of
Earth, resulting in widespread destruction during
the Cretaceous period. After the Cretaceous period,
65 million years ago, a huge number of species such
as marine animals and some families of terrestrial
plants and animals disappeared.
 So how did other organisms survive the mass extinction? There
is no exact answer, but one possible thing that happened is
adaptation. Organisms were able to survive and spread to
different places because they were able to adapt to the changes.
Through adaptation, organisms evolve, and their existing body
structures are used for new functions. This doesn't mean that
the body changes into something new. Instead, the modification
of some of their body parts helped them respond to the changes
in their environment.
Patterns of Evolution
Page: 254-255
 01
Adaptive Radiation
- refers to the evolution of organisms into
several new ones that are living differently
from the original population or group. This is
also known as multiple branching of a family
tree.
 This happens when a population inhabits a
spacious new environment with no other
organisms living in it. Evolution will come
when organisms need to adapt to the
different habitats in their new environment.
Adaptive radiation can result in divergent
evolution.
 Divergent Radiation

- happens when two isolated populations evolve

separately. An isolated population is a
population that could no longer interbreed with
the original population because it has become
geographically separated.
 Divergent Radiation
Once this happens, the two populations will
each turn into separate species, which is part
of the process of speciation. Isolation of a
part of population is the beginning of
speciation. When species evolve from a
single ancestor due to isolation, speciation
has occurred.
 DivergentRadiation
Speciation is a process where a new species will be created.
Examples of divergent evolution are shown by polar bears
(Ursus maritimus) and brown bears (Ursus arctos), as well as
humans and apes.
 Divergent Radiation
One cause of speciation is
geographic isolation. This
happens when a population is
separated by a geographic
barrier. Examples of geographic
barriers are mountains and
mountain ranges, rivers, and
large bodies of water.
These geographic barriers enable
the population to develop
differently depending on the
place they inhabit. But this
doesn't happen all the time.
When genetic changes do occur,
however, they will be passed on
to the next generation.
 Convergent Evolution
- happens when unrelated organisms seem to
look like each other. In this type of evolution,
different organisms that live in a similar
environment tend to develop into organisms
with similar characteristics. The resulting
similarity among organisms is called analogy.
- happens when two different interacting organisms
evolve jointly due to the changes in each other. In
this process, one organism starts evolving while the
other adapts to the changes in the other organism.

— Coevolution
 This results in interdependence, where each
organism can't live without the other. Flowers and
insects show coevolution. Insects are the usual
pollinators for flowers. There are types of flowers
that can be pollinated only by a specific type of
pollinator. Coevolution will take place once the
flower evolves due to the changes in its
environment. This will cause the insect to evolve as
well.