MATHEMTICS

The branch of science which deals with numbers, equations, functions and geometrical shapes.The word comes from the
Greek word (máthema), meaning "science, knowledge, or learning", and is sometimes shortened to maths or math
Algebra
The part of the mathematics in which letters and other symbols are used to represent numbers in equations and formulae
Example algebraic equation ax2+bx+c=0
Algebraic formula (a+b)2 =a2+2ab+b2
Mathematical Expression
mathematical expression is a finite combination of symbols that is well-formed according to rules that depend on the context. Mathematical
symbols can designate numbers (constants), variables, operations, functions, brackets, punctuation, and grouping to help determine order of
operations, and other aspects of logical syntax.
Expression = (Number, Math Operator, Number)
Example
=7+9
= 23 × 4
= 37 – 6
= 25 + 9 – 4 ÷ 2
In all the given expressions, a math operator is used between the two numbers.
Mathematical Operation
The mathematical “operation” refers to calculating a value using operands and a math operator. The symbol of the math operator has predefined
rules to be applied to the given operands or numbers.
Operands – The numbers used for an operation are called operands. Based on the type of operation, different terms are assigned to the
operands.
Operator – The symbol indicating a math operation is an operator, for example:
 + for addition
 − for subtraction
 × for multiplication
 ÷ for division
 = for equal to, indicates the equivalence, that is the left hand side value is equal to the right hand side value.

The mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are carried out in following order (BDMAS)
1. Bracket
2. Division
3. Multiplication
4. Addition
5. Subtraction
Order of division of four or three numbers
a/b/c/d = a/b*d/c
a/b/c = a/b/c/1 = a/b*1/c = a/b

e.g 2+2*2=8(incorrect)
2+2*2=6(correct)

e.g 2+3*2/2+(5-7)
= 2+3*2/2+(-2)
= 2+3*2/2-2
= 2+3*1-2
= 2+3-2
= 5-2
=3
 Basic Mathematical Formulas

1. (a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
2. (a – b) 2 = a 2 – 2ab + b 2
3. (a + b) (a – b) = a 2 – b 2
4. (x + a) (x + b) = x 2 + (a + b) x + ab
5. (x + a) (x – b) = x 2 + (a – b) x – ab
6. (x – a) (x + b) = x 2 + (b – a) x – ab
7. (x – a) (x – b) = x 2 – (a + b) x + ab
8. (a + b) 3 = a 3 + b 3 + 3ab (a + b)
9. (a – b) 3 = a 3 – b 3 – 3ab (a – b)
10. (a + b) 4 = a 4 + 4a 3 b + 6a 2 b 2 + 4ab 3 + b 4
11. (a – b) 4 = a 4 – 4a 3 b + 6a 2 b 2 – 4ab 3 + b 4
12. (x + y + z) 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xy +2yz + 2xz
13. (x + y – z) 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2xy – 2yz – 2xz
14. (x – y + z) 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 – 2xy – 2yz + 2xz
15. (x – y – z) 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 – 2xy + 2yz – 2xz
16. x 3 + y 3 + z 3 – 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 – xy – yz -xz)
17. x 2 + y 2 = 1212 [(x + y) 2 + (x – y) 2 ]
18. (x + a) (x + b) (x + c) = x 3 + (a + b + c)x 2 + (ab + bc + ca)x + abc
19. x 3 + y 3 = (x + y) (x 2 – xy + y 2 )
20. x 3 – y 3 = (x – y) (x 2 + xy + y 2 )
21. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 – xy – yz – zx = 1212 [(x – y) 2 + (y – z) 2 + (z – x) 2 ]
Algebra Formula: Laws Of Exponent
Exponents are the powers or the degrees in any mathematical expression. Here are some laws of exponents important in
learning algebra formulas (given below):
  am.an=am+n
 (am)n = amn
 (ab)n = an bn
 (a/b)n = an/bn
 am/an = am-n
 am/an = 1/an-m
 a0 = 1
 a-m= 1/am or am = 1/a-m
 √ a = (a)1/2
 3 √ a = (a)1/3
 4√a = (a) ¼
 n√a = (a)1/n

square roots and cube roots