sub x = 0 to see where it crosses x value y = (0)^2 - 8(0) + 6 = 6

f(x-4) - 10 = (x-4)^2 - 10 <-- 10 units down

f(x-4) = (x-4)^2 <-- 4 units right parallel to x axis
let f(x) = x^2
y = x^2 - 8x + 6 => y = (x-4)^2 -16 + 6 => y = (x-4)^2 -10
Example 1

Completing the Square - Sketching Graphs

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Roots and the discriminant of a quadratic equation

ax^2 + bx + c = 0 ====> x = -b#b^2 - 4ac

2ab^2 - 4ac = discriminant

Example 1
x^2 - x - 6 =0 ===> a=1, b=-1, c=-6
-b#b^2 - 4ac ==> -(-1)#(-1)^2 - 4(1)(-6)
2(1)
2

==> 1#25 ==> 1+5 and 1-5 ==> 3 and -2

2
2

2a

==> 2 solutions => 2 different roots

-b#b^2 - 4ac => -2#(2)^2-4(2)(1) => -2#-4 => CAN'T SQUARE -VE => no roots/solution
2a
2(2)
4
2x^2 + 2x + 1 = 0 ==> a=2, b=2, c=1
Example 3

Roots and the discriminant of a quadratic equation

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Roots and the discriminant of a quadratic equation

Example 2
x^2 - 10x + 25 = 0 ==> a=1, b=-10, c=25
-b#b^2 - 4ac ==> -(-10)#(-10)^2-4(1)(25) ==> 10#0 ==> 10+0 and 10-0 ==> 5 and 5
2a
2(1)
2
2
2
1 solution = 1 root = equal roots ==> touches the curve

Roots and the discriminant of a quadratic equation

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Polynomials
3x^2 + 5x +2 ==> quadratic polynomial - degree 2
5x^3 - 2x^2 + 1 ==> cubic polynomial - degree 3 (don't need every term e.g. x^1 missing here)
7x^4 - 3x^3 + 4x^2 - 2x ==> quartic polynomial - degree 4
Example 1
If p = 2x^3 - 5x +1 , q = x^4 - x , write in descending powers of x: i) p-q ii) pq
i) p-q = 2x^3 - 5x + 1 - (x^4 - x) = 2x^3 - 5x + 1 - x^4 + x = - x^4 + 2x^3 - 4x + 1
ii) pq = (2x^3 - 5x +1)(x^4 - x) = 2x^7 - 2x^4 - 5x^5 + 5x^2 + x^4 - x = 2x^7 - 5x^5 - x^4 + 5x^2 - x

Graphs
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Translations
y = f(x-a) translates y = f(x) a units to the right
y = f(x+a) translates y = f(x) a units to the left

y = (x+2)^2 = f(x+2) = 2 units left y = (x-1)^2 = f(x-1) = 1 unit right

y = f(-x) reflects y = f(x) in the y axis

y = -f(x) reflects y= f(x) in the x axis

Reflections
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Translations
y = f(x) - a translates y = f(x) a units down
y = f(x) + a translates y = f(x) a units up

y = f(x) = x^2 y = f(x) -3 = 3 down y = f(x) +1 = 1 up

some invarient points*

y = f(ax) stretches y = f(x) by a scale factor 1/a parallel to the x axis
y = af(x) stretches y = f(x) by scale factor a parallel to the y axis

Stretches
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Transformations of Graphs Rules

TRANSLATIONS
y = f(x-a) translates y = f(x) a units to the right
y = f(x+a) translates y = f(x) a units to the left
y = f(x) - a translates y = f(x) a units down
y = f(x) + a translates y = f(x) a units up
REFLECTIONS
y = -f(x) reflects y = f(x) in the x axis
y = f(-x) reflects y = f(x) in the y axis
STRETCHES
y = af(x) stretches y = f(x) by a scale factor of a parallel to the y axis
y = f(ax) stretches y = f(x) by a scale factor of 1/a parallel to the x axis

1<x<3
x > 1 ////////////////// x < 3
1 < x ///////////////// 4x < 12
5 < 5x /////////////// 5x < x + 12
4 < 5x - 1 ////////// 5x - 1 < x + 11
4 < 5x - 1 < x + 11

Inequalities - Double type

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Inequalities

if dividing by a negative number, reverse the inequality so it is true..

e.g. 2 < 6 ===> (divide by -2) ===> -1 > -3
if multiplying by a negative number, reverse the inequality for it to be true...
e.g 2 < 6 ===> (multiply by -2) ===> -4 > -12

Series... 12 + 6 + 4 + 3 = 25 ==> sigma notation just means add

rth term in a sequence = 12/r 1st term => r = 1 => 12/1 = 12 2nd term => r = 2 => 12/2 = 6 3rd
term => r = 3 => 12/3 = 4 4th term => r = 4 => 12/4 = 3
Example 1

Series Sigma Notation

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Sequences and Series

Recurrance Relationships
Example 1
6, 13, 27, 55
U1 = 6, U2 = 13, U3 = 27, U4 = 55 ==> Un+1 = 2Un + 1
Exam question
Write down the first five terms in the sequence Un+1 = 3Un^2 - 9 where U1 is 2.
when n = 1 => U2 = 2(U1)^2 - 9 = 3(2)^2 - 9 = 3 when n = 2 => U3 = 2(U2)^2 - 9 = 3(3)^2 - 9
= 18 when n = 3 => U4 = 2(U3)^2 - 9 = 3(18)^2 - 9 = 963 when n = 4 => U5 = 2(U4)^2 - 9 =
3(963)^2 - 9 = 2782098
sequence: 2, 3, 18, 963, 2782098

===>
Example 1

= 3 [1+4+9+16] = 90
3(1)^2 + 3(2)^2 + 3(3)^2 + 3(4)^2 = 3 [ (1)^2 + (2)^2 + (3)^2 + (4)^2]

Series Sigma Notation 2

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Arithmetic Sequences and Series - Progression

Example 1
6, 8, 10, 12 ==> common difference (d) = +2, first term (a) = 6 11, 8, 5, 3 ==> d = -3, a = 11
In general...
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th,

9th a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d.... a+8d

nth term = a+(n-1)d

Example 2: For the sequence 5, 9, 13, 17... what is the 21st term?
a = 5, d = +4 n = 21
a+(n-1)d = 5+(21-1)x4 = 5+(20x4) = 5+80 = 85

GRADIENT = CHANGE IN Y

CHANGE IN X

* Gradient of a Line Segment Gradient of line AB = 2 ======> Gradient of line CD = -5

GRADIENT

Coordinate Geometry
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Arithmetic Sequences and Series - Progression

SUM
Sn = n/2[2a+(n-1)d] = n/2[a+l] where a = first term, d = common difference, l = last term
Example 1: 5, 9, 13, 17 => a = 5, d = 4, n = 21
Sn = n/2[2a+(n-1)d] = 21/2[2(5)+(21-1)x4] = 21/2[10+(20x4)] = 21/2[90] = 21x45 = 945
Sn = n/2[a+l] = 21/2[5+85] = 21/2[90] = 21x45 = 945

gradient of the green line = 2 gradient of the red line = 2

* if two lines are parallel, their gradients are equal *
PARALLEL LINES GRADIENT

Coordinate Geometry
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Coordinate Geometry
PERPENDICULAR LINES
* the gradient of a perpendicular line is the negative reciprocal of the first line *

grad of blue line = 2 grad of green line = -1/2

Example

1:

2x

Coordinate Geometry - y = mx + c
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Coordinate Geometry - Distance between 2 points

Example 1
AB^2 = AC^2 +

BC^2 AB^2 = 8^2 + 6^2 AB^ = 64 + 36 = 100 AB = #100 = 10

Midpoint of AB = (-2+3, 4+-2) = (1/2, 1)

Example 1

Coordinate Geometry - Midpoint of a line segment

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Coordinate Geometry - Equation of Parallel Line

Example 1: Find the equation of a line parallel to the line 3y - 2x - 6 = 0 and passing through the

point (-1,-2)

Example 1: Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the points A (3,5)
and B (-2,-1)

Coordinate Geometry - Equation of perp. bi sector

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Coordinate Geometry - Intersections

Intersection of 2 straight lines:
SOLVE SIMULTANEOUSLY => get the point of intersection
Intersection of a line and U shaped curve (parabola):
MAKE THEM EQUAL EACHOTHER => get equation => solve = 2 values of x and 2 of y
Intersection of a tangent to curve (parabola):
MAKE THEM EQUAL EACHOTHER => b2-4ac = 0 => solve => 1 root
Intersection of a line and hyperbola (1/x curves):
MAKE THEM EQUAL EACHOTHER => solve equation

Differentiation and Integration

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Nature of Intersection of a line and curve - roots

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Differentiation - Equations of Tangents and Normal