MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP

• Difference between leadership and management;

• Leadership and management skills – a comparison
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this chapter, students should be able
to:

• Discuss the difference between leadership and

management; and
•Explain the importance of having a good vision,
purpose and mission statement.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT
 Leaders have been characterized as inspiring or
charismatic, but one-rarely hears of inspiring or
charismatic managers. In minds of many,
management is associated with words such as
efficiency, planning, procedures, control, and
consistency. Leadership is associated with words
such as vision, creativity, dynamism, change, and
risk-taking.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEADERSHIP AND
MANAGEMENT
Are there real differences between managers
and leaders? Between leadership and
management?
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEADERSHIP AND
 MANAGEMENT According to A. D’Souza, here are some
distinctions:
Manager Leader

1. Managers are concerned with the present 1. Leaders look to the future 2. Managers make sure details are taken care of

2. Leaders set broad purposes and directions 3. Managers exercise control to make sure that things work well 3. Leaders

create commitment that things may work better

4. Managers solve today’s problem by addressing difficulties 4. Leaders create a better future by seizing opportunities
caused by changing events stimulated by changing events

5. Managers focus on the process 5. Leaders focus on the product

6. Managers focus on the problem behavior and try to Leaders inspire people to do their best
improve it through counselling, coaching and nurturing

7. Managers make sure people put in an honest day’s

work for their pay
6. Leaders focus on what is right and praise it 7.

8. Managers organize and plan to meet this year’s objectives 8. Leaders create a vision of the years down the road
9. Leaders go beyond the need for standard procedures and
9. Managers create efficient policies and standard operating create a more efficient system
procedures
10. Managers focus on efficiency 10. Leaders focus on effectiveness

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT

Warren Bennis distinctions between leaders and managers
are:
Manager Leader
1. Managers administer 1. Leaders motivate
2. Managers maintain 2. Leaders develop
3. Managers control 3. Leaders inspire
4. Managers have a short-term view 4. Leaders, a long-term view

5. Managers ask how and when 5. Leaders ask what and why
6. Managers imitate 6. Leaders originate

7. Managers accept the status quo 7. Leaders challenge it

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT
 John Kotter’s “A Force for Change” does a
reputable job of showing the importance of an
organization needing the respective strengths of
management (doing things right) and leadership
(doing the right things). Kotter’s makes a solid case
for the team approach between leaders and
managers, if an organization is to prosper.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT
Kotter’s distinctions between management and leadership
are:
 Management
1. Planning and Budgeting
2. Organizing and Staffing
3. Controlling and
Problem Solving
4. Procedures a Degree of
Predictability and Order and
has the potential of
consistently producing key
results expected by various
parties
Leadership
1. Establishing Direction
2. Aligning People
3. Monitoring and inspiring
4. Produce Change, often to a
dramatic degree, and has the
potential of producing
extremely useful change
LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT SKILLS – A COMPARISON
Both leadership and management skills are needed
to build a successful organization. It is also
important to realize that the way situations are
viewed depends on whether it’s from the leadership
or the management perspective. The best advice is
to look situations from both perspectives so that all
aspects are understood.
LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT SKILLS – A COMPARISON
Multiple viewpoints and perspectives on the leadership and
management skills:
 Leaders
1. Leaders gain power through
their actions and personal
relations.
2. Leaders are found throughout
an organization.
3. Leaders have followers who desire
to be on the team.
4. Leaders depend on people
for success.
5. Leaders provide vision in terms of
the “real benefit to you…”.
LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT SKILLS – A COMPARISON (cont.…)
Managers
1. Managers have positional power
on which to rely.
2. Managers are found in the
organization’s higher echelons.
3. Managers have subordinates
who have been assigned to them.
4. Managers depend on the system
for success.
5. Managers use the “this is your
job….” approach.
 Leaders
6. Leaders have self-conceived goals
to better the organization.
7. Leaders strive to change the
organization to best meet needs as
they perceive them.
8. Leaders often view rules and
procedures as bureaucratic red
tape.
9. Leaders work for results.
10. Leaders work through their people.
Managers
6. Managers attempt to meet the
goals provided by the organization.
7. Managers work to maintain
the organization’s status quo.
8. Managers view rules and
procedures as necessary controls to
provide order.
9. Managers follow directives.
10. Managers work with charts
and computer print-out.
LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT SKILLS – A COMPARISON Genevieve
Capowski’s, “Autonomy of a Leader”, Management Review (March
1994) made a comparison between a leader and a manager such
as:
Leader Manager
1. Visionary vs. Rational
2. Passionate vs. Consulting
3. Creative vs. Persistent
4. Flexible vs. Problem-solving
5. Inspiring vs. Tough-minded
LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT SKILLS – A COMPARISON (cont.)
 Leader Manager
6. Innovative vs. Analytical
7. Courageous vs. Structural
8. Imaginative vs. Deliberative
9. Experimental vs. Authoritative
10. Independent vs. Stabilizing
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE LEADERSHIP
According to Anthony D’Souza, people achieve what want,
because they do the following:
1.Have clear and specific goals;
2.Develop plans and schedules for achieving goals;
3.Assume personal responsibility for implementing and
following these plans and schedules; and
4.Persevere in the face of setbacks.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE LEADERSHIP
The same is true with highly effective people, who are
proactive and future-oriented. They have freed themselves
from reactive and post-oriented modes of living. They do not
wait for things to happen to them--- they take charge. They do
not spend time responding to unanticipated events not of their
own making--- they find ways to anticipate future events and
influence them in advance. They have learned to plan ahead
and are more alert and responsive to challenges, opportunities
and changes that affect them and their organization.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE LEADERSHIP
Proactive Leadership means:
❖Taking charge in a conscious, deliberate, active
manner; ❖Looking ahead and anticipating the desired
future; ❖Planning for what will be accomplished;
❖Strategizing to prevent potential problems so as to
spend less time on fire-fighting and more time on fire
prevention.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE
LEADERSHIP Reactive Leadership means:
❖Living in an after-the-fact-mode;
❖Spending most of the time reacting to events after they
have occurred;
❖Waiting passively for things to happen and resolving
problems to arise;
❖Fire-fighting that keeps leaders so occupied that
sometimes they don’t have time to think about what
caused the fires.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE
 LEADERSHIP Remember:

Proactive leadership is far more effective. The

difference between the two (2) behavior styles
revolves primarily around the leader’s vision
and commitment and the mobilization and
empowerment of people.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE LEADERSHIP
Reactive Leadership Proactive Leadership

1. Avoids blame or responsibility Takes responsibility for actions.

2. Sees reasons why things cannot be done Has a “can do” attitude
3. Feels in no control of environment Feels in control of environment
 4. Focuses on problems, obstacles or what to avoid
5. Is limited by what worked in the past
6. Is blinded by the problems and obstacles in
a situation
7. Is problem-oriented-concentrates
finding weaknesses and problems to fix
8. Finds it difficult to choose and decide
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE LEADERSHIP
Reactive Leadership
9. Is afraid of taking risks and facing challenges
10.Is resistant to change
11. Cannot let go of the past
12. Suffers excessive inner stress
Focuses on solution or results wanted
Thinks in terms of new possibilities
Seeks options and focuses on opportunities in
a situation
Is opportunity-oriented-concentrates on
finding strengths and resources
Makes choices easily
Proactive Leadership
Is driven to excel by challenges and risks
Is open to change
Is present and future-oriented
Enjoys an inner calmness
13. Is devastated by failure Learns and grows from mistakes
14. Runs out of energy quickly Energized by vitality

15. Has a negative self-image and esteem Has a positive self-image and low self-high
self esteem
FUNCTIONS OF PROACTIVE LEADERSHIP
1.The proactive leader provides a vision for the organization.
2.The proactive leader communicates the organizational vision
in such a way that it inspires others to follow and motivates
them to action.
3.The proactive leader assumes responsibility and exercises
initiative in obtaining the desired results.
4.The proactive leader is highly goal-oriented.
5.The proactive leader sets an example for others, personifies
the ideal for the group and expresses the core values of the
organization.
VISION-DRIVEN LEADERSHIP
Warren Gamaliel Bennis (March 8, 1925 –
July 31, 2014) was an American (March 8, 1925
– July 31, 2014) was an American scholar,
organizational consultant and author, widely
regarded as a pioneer of the contemporary field
of Leadership studies (March 8, 1925 – July 31,
2014) was an American scholar, organizational
consultant and author, widely regarded as a
pioneer of the contemporary field of Leadership
studies. Bennis was University Professor and
Distinguished
Burt Nanus is a well-known expert on
leadership Professor of Business
Administration and Founding
and the author of many books on the subject,
Chairman of The Leadership Institute at
including Visionary Leadership. Now professor the
University of Southern California.
emeritus of management at the University of
Southern California, he was also research director
of the Leadership Institute.
VISION-DRIVEN LEADERSHIP
VISION-DRIVEN LEADERSHIP
VISION-DRIVEN LEADERSHIP
VISION-DRIVEN LEADERSHIP
VISION-DRIVEN LEADERSHIP
VISION-DRIVEN LEADERSHIP
END OF THE PRESENTATION……