TYPES AND PROPERTIES

OF SOLIDS

Prepared by:
JOJI C. VICTORIANO, MChem
Master Teacher II
Roxas Stand-Alone Senior High School
Learning Competency

Describe the difference in structure of

crystalline and amorphous solids
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-104)
Types and Properties of
Solids
Solids have very strong forces of
attraction and therefore, their particles
are not free to move from one another.
Particles of solids are packed closely
together and are arranged in an
organized pattern.
Solids have definite shape and volume
and have high densities.
Crystalline Solids
❖Solids whose particles are arranged in
regular geometric patterns are called
crystalline solids.
❖The definite patterns that repeat
themselves in solid crystals are called
unit cells.
Examples: salt, sugar, snow and many
precious stones used in jewelry
Different unit cells (representative unit) of the seven
principal crystal patterns in crystalline solids
Crystalline and Amorphous
Solids
❖Solids that have fixed shape and volume, but
their particles are not arranged in a regular
geometric pattern are called amorphous
solids and referred to as “supercooled
liquids” because these solids appear to have
been cooled at very low temperatures and
their viscosities are very high, preventing the
flow of the liquid.
Examples: glass, rubber, and some plastics
Crystalline and Amorphous
Solids
Criteria Crystalline Solid Amorphous Solid
Shape Definite and No definite geometrical
geometrical form form
Melting Point Well-defined melting Melt over a wide range
point of temperature
Compressibility Rigid and cannot be Some are soft like
compressed graphite
Cleavage Perfect cleavage when Irregular cleavage
broken into pieces on when broken into
plane surfaces pieces on plane
surfaces
Types of Crystals
1. Ionic Solids
➢ The particles of ionic solids are positive and
negative ions .
➢ The crystal arrangement in ionic solids
maximizes attractions and simultaneously
minimizes repulsion making the compound
possess a high degree of stability.
➢ These solids are hard , they are brittle, have
high melting points, and have poor electrical
and thermal conductivity.
2. Covalent solids
➢ This type of solids are made up of atoms and
are joined by covalent bonds.
➢ Some solids form covalent bonds resulting in
the formation of molecules.
➢ In some solids, however, molecules are not
formed. Rather, a covalent network is formed
extending throughout the solid crystal.
➢ They are very hard, have very high melting
points, and often have poor themal and
electrical conductivity.
3. Molecular solids
➢ The particles in molecular solids can either be
atoms or molecules held together by
intermolecular forces like dispersion forces,
dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonds.
➢ Solids with dispersion forces that are also large
are solids at room temperature. This is also true
for solids that are highly polar.
➢ This type of solids are soft, have low to
moderately high melting points, and have poor
electrical and thermal conductivity.
➢ They are poo conductors of heat and electricity
because there are no free moving electrons and
no charged particles.
4. Metallic solids
➢ These are joined by metallic bonds.
➢ Metallic bonds are characterized by the presence
of mobile electrons around the positive metal ion.
➢ The force that binds the atoms together is the
force of attraction between the mobile valence
electrons and the fixed positive metal ion.
➢ The strength of the force depends on the metal
and depending on the nature of the metal, they
can be soft to hard, and melting points range
from low to high.
➢ These solids are good electrical conductors
(because of the mobile electrons), good thermal
conductors, and are malleable and ductile.
Different Types of Solids and Examples
Type of Solid Example Structure

Ionic NaCl, KBr, CuCl2

Covalent Graphite, Diamond

Molecular CO2, NH3, CH4, H2O

Metallic Metals
Thank you !!!