Magnetism And Matter

- Concepts you cant miss, all in one place.

1

Analogy between a bar magnet and a solenoid

A bar magnet may be thought of as a large number of circulating currents in analogy with a
solenoid. On cutting a bar magnet in half we get two smaller solenoids with weaker magnetic
properties.The field lines remain continuous, emerging from one face of the solenoid and
entering into the other face. (i.e. similar magnetic fields). The magnetic moment of a bar magnet
is also equal to the magnetic moment of an equivalent solenoid.
2

Torque on a bar magnet placed in an uniform magnetic field

Couple:
We can define couple as a pair of two equal and opposite forces having different lines of action.
They give rise to turning effect known as torque along the axis which is perpendicular to the
plane of forces.
Torque=Magnetic force×Perpendicular distance
 τ=mB×2lsinθ
τ=m(2l)Bsinθ
τ=M×B
where M = Magnetic moment
B = Magnetic field
A bar magnet of magnetic moment 1.5 J/T is aligned with the direction of a uniform magnetic
field of 0.22 T. Find work done in turning the magnet so as to align its magnetic moment
opposite to the field and the torque acting on it in this position.
M=1.5 J/T
B=0.22 T
Magnetic moment in an externally produced magnetic field has potential energy as:
U=−M.B
U1=−101.5×2.2=−0.33T
U2=101.5×2.2=0.33T
workdone=ΔU
U2−U1
=2U
=0.66J
τ=M×B
=MBsinθ
=0(∵θ=π)
3

Gauss Law
In physics, Gauss's law for magnetism is one of the four maxwell equations that
underlie classical electrodynamics. It states that the magnetic field B has divergence equal to
zero, in other words, that it is a solenoidal vector field. It is equivalent to the statement
that magnetic monopoles do not exist. Rather than "magnetic charges", the basic entity for
magnetism is the magnetic dipole.
4

Earth's magnetic field and dipole moment

Earth's magnetic field, also known as the geomagnetic field, is the magnetic field that extends
from the Earth's interior out into space, where it meets the solar wind, a stream of charged
particles emanating from the Sun.
The earths magnetic field at the equator is approximately 0.4 G. Estimate the earths dipole
moment.
Solution: The equatorial magnetic field is,
BE=4πr3μ0m
We are given that BE∼0.4G=4×10−5T. For r, we take the radius of the earth 6.4×106 m. Hence,
m=μ0/4π4×10−5×(6.4×106)3=1.05×1023Am2
This is close to the value 8×1022Am2 quoted in geomagnetic texts.
5

Geographic and magnetic meridian

Consider a point on the earths surface. At such a point, the direction of the longitude circle
determines the geographic north-south direction, the line of longitude towards the north pole
being the direction of true north. The vertical plane containing the longitude circle and the axis
of rotation of the earth is called the geographic meridian. In a similar way, one can
define magnetic meridian of a place as the vertical plane which passes through the imaginary
line joining the magnetic north and the south poles.This plane would intersect the surface of the
earth in a longitude like circle.
6

Angle of dip or inclination

If a magnetic needle is perfectly balanced about a horizontal axis so that it can swing in a plane
of the magnetic meridian, the needle would make an angle with the horizontal. This is known as
the angle of dip (also known as inclination).Thus, dip is the angle that the total magnetic
field BE of the earth makes with the surface of the earth.
Example : The angles of dip at the poles and the equator respectively are :
At poles BH=0
angle of dip at pole ϕ= 900

At magnetic equator BV=0

therefore, angle of dip which is given by
tanϕ=BV/BH=0
ϕ=0
7

Paramagnetic, diamagnetic and ferromagnetic materials

Paramagnetic materials have a small, positive susceptibility to magnetic fields. These materials
are slightly attracted by a magnetic field and the material does not retain the magnetic properties
when the external field is removed.
Diamagnetic materials create an induced magnetic field in a direction opposite to an externally
applied magnetic field and are repelled by the applied magnetic field. It has a negative and small
value of magnetic susceptibility.
Ferromagnetic materials have large magnetic susceptibility and are characterized by non-linear
relation between magnetic field (B) and magnetic intensity (H).They show the property of
hysteresis.
8

Curie temperature

The temperature of transition from ferromagnetic to paramagnetism is called the Curie

temperature Tc.
9

Hysterisis
In ferromagnetic materials, for a given value of H, B is not unique but depends on previous
history of the sample. This phenomenon is called hysterisis.

Retentivity and coercivity

The value of B at H = 0 is called retentivity or remanence. The value of H at c is called
coercivity.
Magnetism And Matter – Important Diagrams

- A simple way to visualize theories through diagrams

1

Torque on Bar magnet in magnetic field

2. Earth's Magnetism
3.Ale of Inclination and Declination

4.ic field in Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic and Ferromagnetic

substances
5.Behavior of diamagnetic and paramagnetic liquid in
magnetic field

6.Megnetisation curve of paramagnetic, diamagnetic and

ferromagnetic substances
Classification of ferromagnetic substances based on their
Hysteresis Curves