2019 Paper 1:

1. Snow collects up in a north facing hollow where snowfall in winter

exceeds evaporation in summer. The glacier gets too heavy and
eventually moves downhill due to gravity. As it moves, the glacier
uses processes such as plucking, where the loose rocks are picked
up by the glacier and carried with it, and abrasion, which is when
the rocks at the bottom of the glacier act like sandpaper and
deepen and smooth the valley floor. Freeze that weathering is also
present, where water gets into cracks and freezes overnight,
expanding and breaking off particles. The glacier then looses power
and melts leaving behind a corrie. An example is corrie Cas.
2. Sand spits are formed by the process of longshore drift. The swash
is where waves are driven by prevailing wind up the beach and then
returning backwash is dragged back at right angles due to gravity.
The spit forms where there is a sheltered area which enables
deposition. Material slowly builds up until it is above the water. A
sand spit is then formed and looks like a hook at the end of a beach.
3. In the Atlantic ocean cooler currents are moved towards the
equator and warmer currents are moved towards the poles and this
is due to there being a need for balance in the world in terms of
heat.
4. There is a lag time of around 7 hours. There is a slow rising
discharge from around at 10:00 until 14:00. There is a steep rising
limb from 21:00 leading to a peak discharge of around 85 cumecs at
02:00. There is a steep recession limb from 03:00 until 06:00 which
finishes at 10 cumecs. The discharge rises slowly at first due to little
rainfall which may have been intercepted by vegetation. In addition
the rising limb then becomes steeper as the soil reaches full
capacity. There may also be a steep rising limb as there may be lots
of impermeable surfaces causing rapid surface runoff meaning the
water reaches the river quicker than it would reach it if I went
through vegetation. There is a steep recession limb as the rain stops
at 02:00. This is more likely to be an urban area than a rural one.
5. Waterfalls form in the upper course of a river where there are layers
of hard and soft rock. Hydraulic action, which is the sheer force of
the water compressing air into the cracks in rocks and breaks off
particles, and abrasion, which is where the force of the water
 throws sediment at the rock and breaks off particles are used to
erode the land. Over time a plunge pool is formed. The plunge pool
forms then the soft rock is worn away and the hard rock is left
undercut which eventually collapses due to gravity. The process is
then continued and it retreats upstream leaving a waterfall.
6. Podzol soils can be found in wetter environments. Coniferous
needles create acidic mor humus. Low temperatures lead to slow
decomposition. There is limited soil biota resulting in clear defined
horizons. There is lots of precipitation resulting in leeching which is
when the minerals are dragged down. It then leads to the formation
if the iron pan in the B horizon. Elluviation leaves the ash grey A
horizon. The C horizon is weathered rock which is parent material.
7. Japans population is expected to decline in 2049 and leave a large
elderly population. Due to the elderly population services like
hospitals and care homes will need to be upgraded in able to host
the sheer amount of people who are no longer able to care for
themselves in their own home. In addition healthcare services will
need to be able to deal with increased demand for things like hip
replacements and medication for things like the heart. The
government will have to put larger amounts of money into pensions
so people are able to retire. In addition the retirement age may
have to rise as there isn’t enough economically active people to
contribute to the nation. Tax for economically active people may
need to be increased to cater for the increased demand for new or
upgraded services. There is fewer births which may result in less
need for education and maternity related services and job
opportunities.
8. One method to collect population data is the census which is a form
filled in every 10 years by a nation to analyse the future needs of a
country. Another method is sampling which is like an mini census
that collect data from a small percentage of people every year like
in china when the quiz 1 percent annually. Another method is by
using civil registration which tracks all births, deaths and marriages
and provides an update in between censuses. Governments also
collect data on migration to she who comes and leaves the country
and also track NHS records.
9. In the Sahel Rural land degradation can lead to crop failure and the
death of livestock which in return will cause in an increase in
 starvation and malnutrition. There may be a mass migration into
already overcrowded urban areas putting even more pressure on
shanty towns. Due to this increase in rural land degradation
countries are relying heavily on international aid or high interest
loans. The soil is left exposed and is blown away by the wind
causing increased desertification.
10. In the Cairngorms, The traffic congestion on rural roads due to
tourists leads to a high level of air and noise pollution. Tourists park
on grass verges which leads to soil erosion, congestion and visual
pollution. Litter is left in masses at bins as they overflow which is
unsightly and can also cause harm to farm animals if eaten. Tourists
walk away from footpaths causing erosion and also walking over
stonewalls can damage them. Some people let their dogs off the
lead which can scare farm animals like sheep which could lead to a
miscarriage which reduces the farmers income. Tourists leave gates
open causing farm animals to escape. Tourists buy second homes
which pushes up house prices for locals and leads to rural
depopulation which reduces demand for local services causing them
to close.
11. In Glasgow, housing associations have been given government
grants to create new affordable housing. New energy efficient
homes have been built like in the Athletes Village in Dalmarnock
which lower energy bills as they are more efficient. Tenements have
been sandblasted and had upgraded windows put in so they are
more appealing and nicer to live in. High rise flats have been
demolished due to damp antisocial conditions. New tenement style
housing has been created to improve community spirit. An new
leisure centre has been built to improve life expectancy in the area.
12. In Rio de Janeiro, one management strategy to reduce traffic
is the Santa Teresa tram line which has been improved to go further
and has increased capacity meaning people can take the tram to
work rather than driving. There has been a free return journey per
day from the favelas to the city on the cable car network put in
place so people don’t need to take a car reducing congestion. The
railways have been improved adding new tracks and stations. A new
VLT tram system has been built to improve public transport and this
allows more people to travel without a car around the city centre.
The Bike Rio Scheme introduced in 2011 has tried to bring
sustainable transport to Rio meaning less pollution and it has been
extended as it has successfully increased bike usage and decreased
car usage.