.

pQRVLV9RO_1R_SS
MXOLRGLFLHPEUH__,661_5LRQHJUR&RORPELD

Doctrina moral en los

primeros cristianos
0RUDO'RFWULQHLQWKH(DUO\&KULVWLDQV

OMAR JULIÁN ÁLVAREZ TABARES

0DJtVWHUHQ7HRORJtDSRUOD8QLYHUVLGDG3RQWLÀFLD%ROLYDULDQD'RFHQWHHLQ
YHVWLJDGRUHQ7HRORJtD\+XPDQLGDGHV/tGHUGHO*UXSRGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQ+X
PDQLWDVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG&DWyOLFDGH2ULHQWH5LRQHJUR$QWLRTXLD&RORPELD
&RQWDFWRRDOYDUH]#XFRHGXFR

Recibido: GHDEULOGH_Aprobado:GHPD\RGH

Resumen
(QODSULPHUDSDUWHGHHVWHHVWXGLRVHH[SOLFDUiQEUHYHPHQWHORVSXQ
WRV PiV GHVWDFDGRV GH FDGD XQD GH ODV VLHWH FDUDFWHUL]DFLRQHV GH ORV
HVWXGLRVGHO-HV~VKLVWyULFRHQODV~OWLPDVGpFDGDVFRPRHOIXQGDPHQWR
LQLFLDO SDUD DUJXPHQWDU HO SRUTXp GH XQ HVWXGLR GH OD VRFLRORJtD GHO
FULVWLDQLVPR SULPLWLYR HQ OD E~VTXHGD GH XQD PD\RU FRPSUHQVLyQ GH
ODpWLFDGH-HV~VSODQWHDGDHQHO1XHYR7HVWDPHQWR3RVWHULRUPHQWHVH
SUHVHQWDODFRQFHSFLyQGH-HV~VFRPRSURIHWDGHOFDPELRVRFLDOGRQGH
VHLQVWDXUDXQQXHYRSDUDGLJPDTXHURPSHFRQORVHVTXHPDVMXGtRV\
SODQWHD XQ QXHYR KRUL]RQWH GH VHQWLGR HQ OD FRPSUHQVLyQ GH OD pWLFD
FULVWLDQDDODOX]GHOFULVWLDQLVPRSULPLWLYR0HWRGROyJLFDPHQWHVHVLJXH
XQHQIRTXHFXDOLWDWLYRGHDQiOLVLVGRFXPHQWDOFRQHOHPHQWRVGHODKHU
PHQpXWLFDFRQWHPSRUiQHDSDUDOOHJDUDFRQFOXLUTXHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHO
HVWXGLRFRQGXFHQDXQDUHFRQÀJXUDFLyQGHODpWLFDFULVWLDQDDSDUWLUGH
ORVHVWXGLRVGHO-HV~VKLVWyULFRHQXQVDQRHTXLOLEULRHQODOHFWXUDGHORV
HYDQJHOLRV

Palabras clave: &ULVWLDQLVPR SULPLWLYR -HV~V KLVWyULFR eWLFD FULVWLDQD

-XGDtVPRUHOLJLyQ

9RO‡1R‡MXOLRGLFLHPEUH‡ ‡‡49
Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas Omar Julián Álvarez Tabares

Abstract
,Q WKH ÀUVW SDUW RI WKLV VWXG\ ZLOO EULHÁ\ H[SODLQ WKH KLJKOLJKWV RI WKH
VHYHQFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQVRIKLVWRULFDO-HVXVVWXGLHVLQUHFHQWGHFDGHVLQ
VHDUFKRIDEHWWHUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHHWKLFVRI-HVXVUDLVHGLQWKH17
6HFRQG ZH SUHVHQW WKH FRQFHSWLRQ RI -HVXV DV D SURSKHW RI VRFLDO
FKDQJH ZKLFK HVWDEOLVKHV D QHZ SDUDGLJP WKDW EUHDNV ZLWK WKH -HZV
DQGSUHVHQWVDQHZKRUL]RQRIPHDQLQJLQWKHXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI&KULVWLDQ
HWKLFVLQWKHOLJKWRIHDUO\&KULVWLDQLW\

Keywords: (DUO\ &KULVWLDQLW\ WKH KLVWRULFDO -HVXV &KULVWLDQ (WKLFV

-XGDLVP5HOLJLRQ

50 ‡‡ ‡9RO‡1R‡MXOLRGLFLHPEUH
Doctrina moral en los primeros cristianos Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas

“Nuestra existencia de cristianos sólo tendrá, en la actualidad, dos aspectos:

orar y hacer justicia entre los seres humanos. Todo el pensamiento cristiano,
todas las palabras y toda la organización en el campo del cristianismo, han
de renacer partiendo de esta oración y de esta actuación cristiana”

Bonhoeffer, Resistencia y Sumisión, p. 182-183.

Introducción
$SDUWLUGHODSUHVHQWHSUHPLVDGH&URVVDQ FLWDGRSRU*RQ]iOH]S 
´HOFULVWLDQLVPRVRORSUHWHQGHVHUXQDWUDLFLyQLQHYLWDEOH\DEVROXWDPHQWHQH
FHVDULDGHODÀJXUDGH-HV~VSXHVGHQRVHUDVtTXL]iWRGRVVXVVHJXLGRUHV
KXELHUDQPXHUWRHQODVFROLQDVGHODEDMD*DOLOHDµGHVSXpVGHODUHVXUUHFFLyQ
VHSODQWHDODLGHDHQFXHVWLyQ/DDUTXLWHFWXUDHFOHVLDOQHFHVLWDSHQHWUDUHQOD
VRFLRORJtDFULVWLDQDGHOSULPHUVLJOR6LQGHWHUPLQDUHOWLHPSRFRPRPXFKRV
ORKDQSUHWHQGLGRQRVÀMDPRVHQODWHQVLyQFRQVWDQWHTXHVLJXLyHOFULVWLDQLV
PRQDFLHQWHFRQVXVPi[LPRVFRPSHWLGRUHVHOPXQGRURPDQR\HOMXGDtVPR

6HHVWXGLDHO-HV~VKLVWyULFR HQDGHODQWH-+ FRQODFRQFLHQFLDGHTXHHO

-HV~VDXWpQWLFRR5HDOHVFDSDDXQDH[SORUDFLyQFRPSOHWDGHODPHWRGRORJtD
KLVWyULFRFUtWLFDGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQGHO173RVWHULRUPHQWHVHDFODUDUiHOSDQ
RUDPDFRQUHVSHFWRDODWHRUtDVRFLDOGHODWHRORJtDGHOFULVWLDQLVPRSULPLWLYR
GRQGHORVYDORUHVGHODPRUDOSUyMLPR\ODUHQXQFLDDOHVWDWXVVHFRQYLHUWHQ
HQSLODUHVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHODSHUIHFFLyQHQHODPRUSURSXHVWDSRU-HV~V\
H[DOWDGDSRUODVFRPXQLGDGHVSRVWHULRUHVDVXPXHUWH

$OSHQVDUHQODpWLFDGHO17VHSUHVHQWDXQDSUREOHPiWLFDFRQUHVSHFWRDO
GHVDUUROORGHO-+ODKLVWRULDGHODVWUHVFXHVWLRQHVDFHUFDGHODUHÁH[LyQ &D
GDYLGS \VXVGLIHUHQWHVFRUULHQWHV 3DJUDVDPS GRQGH
DFWXDOPHQWHVHKDQFDUDFWHUL]DGRSRUSUHVHQWDUXQDLPDJHQGH-HV~VKDFLHQ
GRpQIDVLVHQXQDGHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGH-HV~VGHDFXHUGRFRQODIXHQWH\
GHDFXHUGRFRQODFRVPRYLVLyQTXHWLHQHQGH3DOHVWLQDHQHOVLJOR,/DVSXEOL
FDFLRQHVVREUHHO-+GHOD~OWLPDGpFDGDPXHVWUDQSXQWRVGHYLVWDGLYHUVRV\
FRQWUDULRVQRVRORVREUHFyPRORVH[SHUWRVGHO17FODVLÀFDQKLVWyULFDPHQWH
D-HV~VVLQRWDPELpQVREUHFyPRVHDSUR[LPDQD-HV~VDWUDYpVGHPpWRGRV
GHDQiOLVLVKLVWyULFRVDQWURSROyJLFRVRVRFLDOHVJHQHUDQGRXQDSROpPLFDHQ
WRUQR DO OXJDU GH OD WHRORJtD HQ PHGLR GH GLFKDV SUHVHQWDFLRQHV \ URVWURV
TXHWHUPLQDQSRURSDFDURGHVGLEXMDUODLPDJHQGH&ULVWRHQHOiPELWRGHOD
UHYHODFLyQ8QDEUHYHUHVHxDGHODVLPiJHQHVPiVUHSUHVHQWDWLYDV-XGtRPDU

9RO‡1R‡MXOLRGLFLHPEUH‡ ‡‡51
Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas Omar Julián Álvarez Tabares

JLQDO SURIHWD HVFDWROyJLFR UHIRUPDGRU VRFLDO VDELR R VDELGXUtD GH 'LRV

FDULVPiWLFRHVSLULWXDOÀOyVRIRFtQLFRLWLQHUDQWHFDPSHVLQRMXGtR*HVWD~OWLPD

 3DUD -RKQ 3 0HLHU   OD IDPLOLD GH -HV~V HVWDUtD LPEXLGD GH XQD SLHGDG MXGtD VHQFLOOD
SUREDEOHPHQWH H[WHQGLGD HQWUH ORV FDPSHVLQRV GH OD EDMD *DOLOHD 8QD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD TXH
KDFHD-HV~VGHVWDFDEOHHQVXFLXGDGQDWDOHVTXHª-HV~VQXQFDVHFDVyORFXDOORKDFHXQ
VHUDWtSLFR\SRUH[WHQVLyQPDUJLQDOHQODVRFLHGDGMXGtDFRQYHQFLRQDO«6DQWLDJR*XLMDUUR
DS ORYHFRPRHOHVWXGLRGHXQKLVWRULDGRUULJXURVRTXHGHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDQR
FRQIHVLRQDOTXLHUHDQDOL]DUFRQGHWDOOHODVWUDGLFLRQHVVREUH-HV~V\SURQXQFLDUVHDFHUFDGHVX
KLVWRULFLGDG7LHQHFRPRIXHQWHORVHYDQJHOLRVFDQyQLFRV\XQDYHUVLyQPX\UHFRQVWUXLGDGHO
Testimonium Flavianum. (VXQDRSFLyQPLQLPDOLVWDTXHSLHUGHDOJXQRVPDWLFHVLQWHUHVDQWHV
GHORVDSyFULIRV
 (VWDSRVLFLyQHVWiUHSUHVHQWDGDSRU(36DQGHUV \ \0&DVH\(OPiVUHSUHVHQWDWLYR
HV6DQGHUVXQHVSHFLDOLVWDHQHOMXGDtVPRDQWLJXR\HQODOLWHUDWXUDWDOP~GLFDTXLHQFRPLHQ]D
VXLQYHVWLJDFLyQVREUHHO-+XVDQGRODVVHQWHQFLDVWUDGLFLRQDOHVGHORV(YDQJHOLRVQRFRPR
WH[WRVGHSUXHEDVLQRSDUDDLVODUORVHYHQWRVFRQFUHWRVGHODYLGDGH-HV~V(OJUDQDSRUWHGH
6DQGHUVHVVLWXDUD-HV~VHQHOFRQWH[WRGHORVPRYLPLHQWRVMXGtRVGHVXWLHPSR1ROHLQWHUHVD
HOFRQWH[WRVRFLDOVLQODVLWXDFLyQSROtWLFDGH3DOHVWLQDVLQRODVFRUULHQWHVGHSHQVDPLHQWR
 (VWD SRVLFLyQ HVWi UHSUHVHQWDGD SRU 5 +RUVHO\   * 7KHLVVHQ D \ E  \ %-
0DOLQD \ /RVDXWRUHV3UHVHQWDQD-HV~VFRPRXQPLOLWDQWHGHOFDPELRVRFLDO(O
PRYLPLHQWRGH-HV~VWXYRFRPRREMHWLYRSURPRYHUXQDUHQRYDFLyQUDGLFDOGHODVUHODFLRQHV
VRFLDOHV7KHLVVHQHVSDUWLFXODUFRQUHVSHFWRDORVRWURVGRV\DTXHFRQFHGHJUDQLPSRUWDQFLD
DOJUXSRGHORVGLVFtSXORVPiVFHUFDQRVD-HV~V\SDUWHGHODVWUDGLFLRQHVWUDQVPLWLGDVSRU
HVWH JUXSR GH GLVFtSXORV TXH OOHYDEDQ XQ HVWLOR GH YLGD FDUDFWHUL]DGR SRU OD UHQXQFLD D OD
IDPLOLDDODVSRVHVLRQHVHLQFOXVRDODDXWRGHIHQVD(VWDYLVLyQWLHQHHOJUDQYDORUGHDPELHQWDU
ODYLGDGH-HV~V\VXSUHGLFDFLyQHQODVLWXDFLyQSROtWLFD\VRFLDOGH*DOLOHD\HVWiEDVDGDHQXQ
PHMRUFRQRFLPLHQWRGHORVPRYLPLHQWRVLQWUDMXGtRVGHUHIRUPDVRFLDOGHDTXHOWLHPSR
 ()LRUHQ]D\%:LWKHULQJWRQSUHVHQWDQD-HV~VFRPRSURIHWDGHVDELGXUtDRPHMRUSRUWDYR]GH
OD6RItDGLYLQD3DUDFRPSUHQGHUDO-+%:LWKHULQJWRQSURSRQHªXQDDSUR[LPDFLyQVDSLHQFLDO«
D-HV~V\DVXPLQLVWHULR(OPRGRFRPR-HV~VOODPDD'LRV3DGUHHOFXDOQRHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFRGHO
$7VHH[SOLFDSRUTXHGRQGHHQFRQWUDPRVXQOHQJXDMHSDUHFLGRHVHQODOLWHUDWXUDVDSLHQFLDO
YpDVH6LU\3U\6E  3DJUDVDPS
 (OUHSUHVHQWDQWHGHHVWHJUXSRHV0%RUJ  TXHRIUHFHXQDLPDJHQGHO-+HQFXDWUR
UDVJRV FRPR SHUVRQD GHO HVStULWX PDHVWUR GH VDELGXUtD SURIHWD VRFLDO \ IXQGDGRU GH XQ
PRYLPLHQWR/RPiVGHVWDFDGRGHO-+HVTXHIXHXQDªSHUVRQDGHO(VStULWX«XQªPHGLDGRU
GHOR6DJUDGR«\ªXQDGHDTXHOODVSHUVRQDVTXHKDFHQGHO(VStULWXXQDUHDOLGDGH[SHULHQFLDO
HQODKLVWRULDKXPDQD« 3DJUDVDPS 
 6HJ~Q%0DFNODªDQDORJtDFtQLFDVLW~DDO-+OHMRVGHODPELHQWHVHFWDULRHVSHFtÀFDPHQWHMXGtR
\ORDSUR[LPDDOHWKRVKHOHQtVWLFRTXHGRPLQDEDHQ*DOLOHD«$XQTXHMXGtRSRUQDFLPLHQWR\
HGXFDFLyQ-HV~VQRHVWDEDLPSOLFDGRHQODVFXHVWLRQHVGHOPXQGRVRFLDOMXGtRSODQWHD0DFN
1RWHQtDXQDPLVLyQHQUHODFLyQFRQHOMXGDtVPRQLORFULWLFDEDQLSUHWHQGtDUHQRYDUOR1R
OODPDEDDODVJHQWHVDODFRPXQLGDGVXPHQVDMHHUDSDUDLQGLYLGXRV6HGLVWDQFLDGHPXFKRV
RWURVHVSHFLDOLVWDVFRQWHPSRUiQHRVGHO17VHSDUDD-HV~VGHVXPXQGRMXGtR 3DJUDVDP
S
*
 (VWDLPDJHQFRQFLEHD-HV~VFRPRXQMXGtRFtQLFRTXHHQYtDDVXVGLVFtSXORVDSUHGLFDUOD
EXHQDQXHYDGHFLXGDGHQFLXGDGVLQFRPLGDQL]XUUyQ\PHQGLJDQGRHQODVFDVDVHQTXHVH
DORMDEDQ 0W0F/F (VWHFDPSHVLQRFtQLFRHO-+WHQtDXQD~QLFDYLVLyQVRFLDOTXH
VHHQFDUQDEDHQVXVGRVDFWLYLGDGHVPiVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVªORPiJLFR\ODFRPLGD«&URVVDQ
 SUHÀHUHHOWpUPLQRªPiJLFR«FXDQGRVHUHÀHUHDFXUDFLRQHV\PLODJURVGH-HV~VSXHV
XQPDJRHVXQVDQDGRUTXHDFW~DIXHUDGHOUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODDXWRULGDGUHOLJLRVD\SRU
WDQWRIXHUDGHOVLVWHPD\-HV~VKDFtDVXVFXUDFLRQHVRVXPDJLDIXHUDGHOVLVWHPDUHOLJLRVR

52 ‡‡ ‡9RO‡1R‡MXOLRGLFLHPEUH
Doctrina moral en los primeros cristianos Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas

LPDJHQ HV XQD GH ODV PiV DFHSWDGDV HQ HO Jesus Seminar7 GLULJLGR SRU -'
&URVVDQ \ 'HODVVLHWHLPiJHQHVRSHUVSHFWLYDVQLQJXQDGHHOODV
QLQLQJ~QWtWXORFDSWDSOHQDPHQWHODYHUGDGFRPSOHWDGHO-+-HV~VHO&ULVWR
UHYHODFLyQ SOHQD GH 'LRV SDUD OD KXPDQLGDG VHJ~Q OD FRQFHSFLyQ FULVWLDQD
VLJXHVLHQGRWDQWRSHUVRQDKLVWyULFDFRPRDKLVWyULFD\SHUPLWHGHMDUGHXQ
ODGRODPRUERVDSUHWHQVLyQGHOOHJDUDODREMHWLYLGDGWRWDOFXDQGRVHHVWXGLD
HOFULVWLDQLVPRSULPLWLYR

'HODVGLIHUHQWHVYLVLRQHV\SHUVSHFWLYDVVHKDRSWDGRSRUODYLVLyQGH-H
V~VFRPRprofeta del cambio socialGHDFXHUGRFRQHOSODQWHDPLHQWRGH7KHLV
VHQTXHWDPELpQYHD-HV~VFRPRXQUHIRUPDGRUVRFLDO  $ÀUPDQGRTXH
ORVSULPHURVPRYLPLHQWRVUHIRUPDGRUHVMXGtRVFRPRORV]HORWDVRORVIDULVHRV
HVWDEDQLPSOLFDGRV\DVHDFRQODªLQWHQVLÀFDFLyQ«\DFRQODªUHODMDFLyQ«GH
FLHUWDVQRUPDV\OH\HVFRPRªUHDFFLyQDODWHQGHQFLDDODDVLPLODFLyQSURGXFL
GDSRUXQDFXOWXUDDMHQD\VXSHULRU«ODFXOWXUDGH5RPD'XUDQWHHVWHSHUtRGR
-HV~VLQLFLyVXPLQLVWHULRS~EOLFR\RUJDQL]yXQPRYLPLHQWR(VWHPRYLPLHQWR
GH-HV~VQRDFRQVHMDEDODUHYXHOWDFRQWUD5RPDRODUHVLVWHQFLDDUPDGD(UDHO
SDUWLGRGHODSD]HQWUHORVPRYLPLHQWRVUHQRYDGRUHVGHOMXGDtVPR(VWHSDU
WLGRSDFtÀFRSHGtDXQDLQWHQVLÀFDFLyQGHODVOH\HVTXHSHUWHQHFHQDODHVIHUD
VRFLDO\XQDUHODMDFLyQGHODVUHOLJLRVDV$VtODLPDJHQGH-HV~VVHJ~Q7KHLV
VHQ DXQTXH LPSOLFDGD FRQ HO FDPELR VRFLDO QR IXH VXÀFLHQWHPHQWH UDGLFDO
GHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDSROtWLFRPLOLWDURUHYROXFLRQDULRVRFLDOVLQRTXHOOHJy
DHVIHUDVGHODSREODFLyQFRQPHQRVSRGHU\VXUHIRUPDHVWXYRHQODVFODVHV
VRFLDOHVPDUJLQDGDV

1RVHSUHWHQGHDEVROXWL]DUHVWDSRVWXUDSXHVHVQHFHVDULRUHIHUHQFLDUDORV
GHPiVDXWRUHVSDUDHQFRQWUDUXQSXQWRGHYLVWDPiVHTXLOLEUDGR\YLQFXODQWH
HQHOHVWXGLRGHO-+DGHPiVQRVHWUDWDGHFDHUHQOLEHUDOLVPRVTXHGHVPLWL
ÀFDQ\YDFtDQGHFRQWHQLGRODÀJXUDGH-HV~VRGRJPDWLVPRVTXHVHROYLGDQ
GHODKXPDQLGDGGH-HV~VFRPRHOIXQGDPHQWRGHXQDFULVWRORJtDFRQVHQWLGR

$ÀUPDTXHODVFXUDFLRQHVGH-HV~VGLItFLOPHQWHHUDQUHFXSHUDFLRQHVItVLFDVVLQRPiVELHQXQD
UHVRFLDOL]DFLyQGHORVH[FOXLGRVGHODFRPXQLGDG
 (VXQDGHODVLPiJHQHVPiVVXJHUHQWHV\QRYHGRVDVGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQUHFLHQWH\XQDGH
ODVPiVGLIXQGLGDVGHELGRDODDFWLYLGDGGHOJesus Seminar (JS) FRQVWLWXLGRSRUXQJUXSRGH
HVWXGLRVRVGHGLIHUHQWHVSDtVHV\GLVWLQWDVFRQIHVLRQHVTXHFRPHQ]yDUHXQLUVHHQ((88D
SDUWLUGHSDUDGLVFXWLU\HYDOXDUODKLVWRULFLGDGGHODVSDODEUDVVREUH-HV~V/DIRUPDGH
WUDEDMRGHOJSUHYHODTXHXQRGHORVSULQFLSDOHVREMHWLYRVHVFRPEDWLUHQVXSURSLRPHGLRHO
LQÁXMRGHORVWHOHSUHGLFDGRUHV\VXYLVLyQÀGHtVWDGH-HV~V3RUHVRODVUHXQLRQHVGHHVWXGLR
HQ TXH VH SUHVHQWDEDQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ YDQ VHJXLGDV GH XQD OODPDWLYD
YRWDFLyQDEDVHGHFRORUHVFX\RVUHVXOWDGRVVHDQXQFLDQHQFRQFXUULGDVUXHGDVGHSUHQVD
6REUHODFRPSRVLFLyQSURFHGLPLHQWR\UHVXOWDGRVGHOJesus Seminar, -RKQVRQ /DVGRV
SXEOLFDFLRQHVPiVUHSUHVHQWDWLYDVGHOJS UHFRJHQODHYDOXDFLyQTXHHOJUXSRKDKHFKRGHODV
SDODEUDV\DFFLRQHVGH-HV~V )XQN 

9RO‡1R‡MXOLRGLFLHPEUH‡ ‡‡53
Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas Omar Julián Álvarez Tabares

VRWHULROyJLFR6LQHPEDUJRODSURSXHVWDGH7KHLVVHQHVIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDHO
DFHUFDPLHQWRDODpWLFDGHO17DWUDYpVGHODDQWtWHVLVGHODPRUDORVHQHPLJRV
SURSXHVWDSRU0DWHRHQHO6HUPyQGHO0RQWH

La religión cristiana primitiva

/DSUHJXQWDIXQGDPHQWDOHQFXDQWRDODSRVLELOLGDGGHHVWDEOHFHUODpWLFDGH
-HV~VFRPRXQDSURWHVWDDOMXGDtVPRDULVWyFUDWDVHYHRULHQWDGDSRUHOHVWX
GLRGHOFULVWLDQLVPRSULPLWLYRSHUR¢3RUTXpXQDWHRUtDGHODUHOLJLyQFULVWLDQD
SULPLWLYDSDUDFRPSUHQGHUODpWLFDGH-HV~V"/DFXHVWLyQHVTXHODWHRORJtDGHO
1XHYR7HVWDPHQWRVHXVDHQVHQWLGRGHVFULSWLYR\QRDOFDQ]DDH[SUHVDUOD´IH
FULVWLDQD SULPLWLYDµ HQ WRGD VX GLQiPLFD VREUH WRGR GHVGH OD YLGD FRP~Q \
FRUULHQWHGRQGHVHUHTXLHUHXQDFRPSUHQVLyQIXQGDPHQWDGDHQXQDWHRORJtD
HQVHQWLGRWHVWLPRQLDORQDUUDWLYD 7DPD\R 

/DSRVLELOLGDGTXHVHWLHQHPHWRGROyJLFDPHQWHKDEODQGRHVFRPSUHQGHU
HOPRYLPLHQWRGH-HV~VDSDUWLUGHODVIRUPDVH[SUHVLYDVGHODUHOLJLyQMXGtDHO
PLWRHOethosHOULWR\ODSROtWLFD 7KHLVVHQE WHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHHV
GLItFLOGHVOLJDUHVWH~OWLPRDVSHFWRGHOFRQÁLFWRUHOLJLRVRHQDTXHOODpSRFD/R
IXQGDPHQWDOGHHVWDUHÁH[LyQHVHOethos; VLQHPEDUJRORVGHPiVWHPDVVRQ
GHUHOHYDQFLDSDUDHOHVWXGLRDXQTXHVHSXHGDQHQPDUFDUHQRWUDVYLVLRQHV
GHO-+FRPRVHPHQFLRQy

6LJXLHQGR D 7KHLVVHQ D  VH SXHGH H[SUHVDU TXH HO Q~FOHR GHO FULV
WLDQLVPRSULPLWLYRQRHVQLXQPLWRKLVWRUL]DGRSULPHUDPHQWHQLXQDKLVWRULD
PLWLÀFDGDVHFXQGDULDPHQWH$OFRPLHQ]RKXERXQDXQLGDGLQWHQVDGHKLVWRULD
\PLWR<DHQHO-+FRPHQ]ySXHVODXQLGDGGHPLWRHKLVWRULD 7KHLVVHQ
S /DLGHDHVUHVSRQGHUODSUHJXQWD¢4XpDSRUWDFLyQpWLFDKL]RHOHVWXGLR
GHODWHRUtDGHODUHOLJLyQFULVWLDQDSULPLWLYDDODJpQHVLVGHXQVLVWHPDUHOLJLR
VRGHVLJQRV"/RFLHUWRHVTXHQRHVSRVLEOHDWULEXLUDO-+ODIXQGDFLyQGHXQ
QXHYROHQJXDMHUHOLJLRVRGHVLJQRVVLQRDODVFRPXQLGDGHVTXHFRQWLQXDURQ

 ´-HV~VGH1D]DUHWHO&ULVWRHVHOOXJDUSHUVRQDOHOUHDOL]DGRUSHUVRQDO\HOVLJQRSHUVRQDO
GHOSUR\HFWRVDOYtÀFRGHO3DGUH¬ORTXHFRQVWLWX\HD&ULVWRHQPHGLDGRUGHODVDOYDFLyQHV
VXUHODFLyQFRQ'LRV/RTXHpOKDFHORKDFHGHSDUWHGH'LRVFRQGLRVFRPRLQKHUHQWHDVX
KDFHU\VXEVWDQWHDVXSHUVRQD/DH[LVWHQFLDFULVWLDQDHVH[LVWHQFLDHQ&ULVWRFRQ&ULVWR\SRU
&ULVWR\SRUpOHQ'LRVµ *RQ]iOH]S
 -XDQ -RVp 7DPD\R   SUHVHQWD GRFH SHUVSHFWLYDV \ FDPSRV GH WUDEDMR SDUD OD WHRORJtD
FULVWLDQD HQ HO VLJOR ;;, \ HV LPSRUWDQWH GHVWDFDU HO KRUL]RQWH $QDPQpWLFR SS   \
HOIXWXURGH'LRVHQWUHODPtVWLFD\ODOLEHUDFLyQ SS FX\DVSHUVSHFWLYDVHVWiQHQ
ODE~VTXHGDGHXQDFRPSUHQVLyQGHODKLVWRULDFRPRHPDQFLSDFLyQ\OLEHUDFLyQGHDTXHOODV
HVWUXFWXUDVLQWHUQDV\H[WHUQDVTXHDWDQDOKRPEUHFRQIRUPHDOFRQWH[WRSURSLRHQHO3ULPHU
\7HUFHUPXQGR

54 ‡‡ ‡9RO‡1R‡MXOLRGLFLHPEUH
Doctrina moral en los primeros cristianos Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas

GHVSXpVGHVXPXHUWH/RTXHVHSXHGHFDSWDUHQpOHVXQDUHYLWDOL]DFLyQ
GHOOHQJXDMHVHPLyWLFRGHODUHOLJLyQMXGtD-HV~VYLYLySHQVyDFWXy\PXULy
FRPRMXGtRSHUWHQHFHH[SOtFLWDHLPSOtFLWDPHQWHDGRVUHOLJLRQHVDO-XGDtV
PR DOTXHVHDGKHUtDGHWRGRFRUD]yQ \DOFULVWLDQLVPR GHOTXHVHFRQYLUWLy
HQUHIHUHQWHFHQWUDOGHVSXpVGHVXPXHUWH \VREUHODEDVHGHODVLQWHUSUHWD
FLRQHVTXHORVVHJXLGRUHVMXGtRVKLFLHURQVREUHVXSHUVRQD

1RFDEHGXGDGHTXH-HV~VUHYLWDOL]yODUHOLJLyQMXGtDSHURORVSULPHURV
FULVWLDQRVGLMHURQVREUH-HV~VPXFKRPiVGHORTXH-HV~VKDEtDGLFKRVREUHVt
PLVPR/DVFDXVDVGHHVWHKHFKRIXHURQODVDSDULFLRQHVGHSDVFXDTXHHVWiQ
ELHQDWHVWLJXDGDVFRPRH[SUHVLRQHVYLVLRQDULDVVHJ~Q7RUUHV4XHLUXJD FLWD
GR SRU *XLMDUUR E S   'H VX FRQWHQLGR YLYHQFLDO ´VXEMHWLYDPHQWH
DXWpQWLFRµQRGHEHUtDKDEHUDOJXQDGXGDDOPDUJHQGHFyPRVHLQWHUSUHWH
HVDH[SHULHQFLD

'HHVWDYLYHQFLDVHGHVSUHQGHQGRVGHODVH[DOWDFLRQHVGH-HV~VTXHD\X
GDQDOHVWXGLR

‡ /D H[DOWDFLyQ GH -HV~V FRPR LQWHQVLÀFDGRU GH OD IH PRQRWHtVWD (VWR QR
JHQHUy WHQVLyQ FRQ OD FULVWRORJtD SDUD OD SULPHUD JHQHUDFLyQ GHQWUR GHO
FULVWLDQLVPR SULPLWLYR (Q ORV logia, -HV~V HV YLVWR FRPR XQ PRQRWHtVWD
HMHPSODU(Q3DEORHO-+LQWHUHVyVRORSURYLVLRQDOPHQWHSRUTXHGHVSXpV
HVPiVWHROyJLFRVXFRQFHSFLyQHVWiFHQWUDGDHQHOFUXFLÀFDGRUHVXFLWDGR
3DUDHVWHODDXWRULGDGGH-HV~VQRVHEDVDHQORVGLFKRV\KHFKRVGHO-HV~V
WHUUHQRVLQRHQODDFFLyQGH'LRV(QGHÀQLWLYDODH[DOWDFLyQGHOFUXFLÀFDGR
VHHQWHQGLyDOSULQFLSLRFRPRXQDUHDOL]DFLyQSUiFWLFDGHODIHPRQRWHtVWD
-HV~VFRPRWHUUHQR\FRPRH[DOWDGRWXYRHOPDQGDWRGHUHDOL]DUHLPSR
QHUODIHPRQRWHtVWDGHPRGRFRQVHFXHQWH 7KHLVVHQS 

‡ /DH[DOWDFLyQGH-HV~VFRPRVXSHUDFLyQGHFRPSHWLGRUHV 7KHLVVHQD

S (VWDYLVLyQHQVDO]DHOSRGHUGH&ULVWRVREUHWRGDVODVGHPiVDXWR

 (OWHUPLQRrevitalizaciónVHDERUGDGHVGHODYLVLyQTXHWLHQH.RWWDN S FXDQGRKDEOD

GHODUHOLJLyQHQJHQHUDO\WUDWDHQVX~OWLPRDSDUWDGRODQHFHVLGDGTXHWLHQHQODVUHOLJLRQHV
GH UHYLWDOL]DUVH GH DPSOLDU VX KRUL]RQWH UHVSRQGLHQGR D ODV QHFHVLGDGHV FRQFUHWDV TXH HO
FRQWH[WRORH[LJH
 GHOJULHJRsnmeion, VHPHLRQVLJQR 2WDPELpQVHPLRORJtD(VODFLHQFLDTXHHVWXGLDORVVLVWHPDV
GHVLJQRV(OSULPHURHQXWLOL]DUHOWpUPLQRIXH-RKQ/RFNHTXHORLQFRUSRUyDOGLVFXUVRÀORVyÀFR
SDUDDEDUFDUXQDGHODVWUHVUDPDVGHODFLHQFLDODGRFWULQDGHORVVLJQRVTXHLGHQWLÀFyFRQOD
OyJLFD(QVXDFHSFLyQDFWXDOODVHPLyWLFDIXHGHÀQLGDSDUDOHODHLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHSRUHO
ÀOyVRIRDPHULFDQR&K63HLUFH\HOOLQJLVWDVXL]R)GH6DXVVXUH3DUD6DXVVXUHHVXQDªFLHQFLD
TXHHVWXGLDODYLGDGHORVVLJQRVHQHOVHQRGHODYLGDVRFLDO«SRVWXODGDFRPRQHFHVDULDSDUD
SRGHUIXQGDPHQWDUODOLQJtVWLFDTXHQRVHUtDPiVTXHXQDSDUWHGHHVWDFLHQFLDJHQHUDOSDUD
3HLUFHHVªXQDGRFWULQDFDVLQHFHVDULD\IRUPDOGHORVVLJQRV«HOPDUFRSURSXHVWRSDUDXQD
WHRUtDJHQHUDOGHOFRQRFLPLHQWR )HUUDWHUS

9RO‡1R‡MXOLRGLFLHPEUH‡ ‡‡55
Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas Omar Julián Álvarez Tabares

ULGDGHV\SRGHUHV\ORKDFHPiVKXPDQRTXHWRGDVODVRWUDVGLYLQLGDGHV
$SDUHFHXQDXPHQWRGHGLVWDQFLDGRQGHVHXELFDDOH[DOWDGRSRUHQFLPD
GHWRGRVORVSRGHUHV\ORDOHMDGHODYLGD\ODOLPLWDFLyQKXPDQD\WDPELpQ
XQDUHGXFFLyQGHGLVWDQFLDTXHORKDFHPiVSUy[LPRDOGHVWLQRKXPDQRGH
ORTXHHVWiFXDOTXLHURWUDGLYLQLGDG([SUHVDGRHQODVXSHUDFLyQGHOSRGHU
SRUHOHYDFLyQSOHQLWXGGHODVDOYDFLyQSRUFHUFDQtD

(OFULVWLDQLVPRSULPLWLYRRIUHFHDVtXQHQODFHVLQJXODUGHODKLVWRULD\PLWR
XQ UHODWR PLWRKLVWyULFR IXQGDPHQWDO &RQ HO -+ HPSLH]D XQD KLVWRUL]DFLyQ
UDGLFDOGHOPLWRLPSXOVDGDSRUpOPLVPRVXHQFDUQDFLyQHQXQKRPEUHFRQ
FUHWR /D GLQiPLFD PRQRWHtVWD SDVD D VHU XQ VLQFUHWLVPR GH VXSHUDFLyQ OD
FRPSHWHQFLDFRQRWUDVGLYLQLGDGHVSRGHURVDVLPSXOVDODH[DOWDFLyQGH-HV~V
SRUHQFLPDGHWRGRVORVSRGHUHV\VREHUDQtDV“Para que ante el nombre de
Jesús toda rodilla se doble en los cielos, en la tierra y en los abismos” )LO 
(QHOPXQGRVHPLyWLFRGHOFULVWLDQLVPRSULPLWLYRODÀJXUDGH&ULVWRQRVROR
RFXSDHOFHQWURVLQRODFLPDPiVDOWDGHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYDWHROyJLFD\DQ
WURSROyJLFD

.%DUWKHVWDEOHFHODUHODFLyQSURSRQLHQGRTXH´ODGHWHUPLQDFLyQRQWROyJL
FDGHOKRPEUHHVWiIXQGDGDHQHOKHFKRGHTXHHQPHGLRGHWRGRVORVGH
PiVKRPEUHVKD\XQRTXHHVHOKRPEUH-HV~V/DFULVWRORJtDHVHOFRPLHQ]R
\HOÀQGHODDQWURSRORJtDµRVHJ~Q5DKQHU´/DKXPDQLGDGGH-HV~VHVOD
TXHSRVLELOLWDODH[LVWHQFLDFRQFUHWDGHORVRWURVKRPEUHVVRPRVORTXHHO
+LMRGH'LRVVHHFKRDOKDFHUVHQR'LRV6yORHQ-HV~VWHQHPRVODYLVLyQ
DGHFXDGDGHOKRPEUHµ /DGDULDS 

Los dos valores fundamentales

del ethos cristiano primitivo
3DUDFRPSUHQGHUORVGRVYDORUHVHVQHFHVDULRWHQHUHQFXHQWDTXHethosGHVLJ
QDXQDPRUDOVRFLDOTXHFDUDFWHUL]DXQJUXSRXQDSURIHVLyQXQDFODVHRWRGD
XQDVRFLHGDG/DYLVLyQGH-HV~VFRPRreformador socialSDUHFHVHUODDSUR[L
PDFLyQTXHFRQWHPSODODSURPRFLyQGHXQDPELHQWHVRFLDOGLVWLQWRGHQWURGHO
FRQWH[WRMXGtRSURYRFDQGRXQD´UHODMDFLyQµ*FRQUHVSHFWRDODVQRUPDVULWXDOHV

*
 (QWLpQGDVHFRPRrelativizaciónRsuspensiónGHDOJXQDQRUPDULWXDOVLVHEXVFDXQELHQPD\RU
3RUHMHPSORHOFDVRGHODFXUDFLyQGHOFLHJRGHQDFLPLHQWRGRQGH-HV~VUHDOL]DODFXUDFLyQHQ
ViEDGR\ODVDXWRULGDGHVUHOLJLRVDVVHSUHRFXSDQSRUTXHUHDOL]yHOPLODJURHOGtDSURKLELGR\
VHROYLGDQGHOVXFHVRTXHUHLQFRUSRUDDOHQIHUPRDODYLGDVRFLDO\FRPXQLWDULDGHODpSRFD
-Q0W 

56 ‡‡ ‡9RO‡1R‡MXOLRGLFLHPEUH
Doctrina moral en los primeros cristianos Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas

\EXVFDQGRXQD´LQWHQVLÀFDFLyQµ*GHODVQRUPDVTXHHVWiQLPSOLFDGDVGLUHFWD
PHQWHFRQODVLWXDFLyQGHH[FOXVLyQGHORVKHUPDQRVGHQWUR\IXHUDGHOFtUFXOR
HVWDEOHFLGRVRFLDOPHQWHSRUODVDXWRULGDGHV\JUXSRVSROtWLFRUHOLJLRVRV

7DPELpQVHVLW~DHVWDLQWHQFLyQHQXQDPELHQWHSDJDQRGRQGHODSURSXHV
WDFULVWLDQDHQFRQWUyPXFKRVDGHSWRV\RtGRVDWHQWRV\DTXHXUJtDXQDUHYR
OXFLyQVRFLDOHQOD3DOHVWLQDGHOSULPHUVLJORSRVWHULRUDODPXHUWHGH-HV~VGH
1D]DUHW6HEXVFDED\VHVLJXHEXVFDQGRXQDMXVWLFLDPHMRUFRPRWHQGHQFLD
VXSHUDGRUD GRQGH HO DPRU DO SUyMLPR \ OD KXPLOGDG VHDQ ORV FRPSRQHQWHV
HVHQFLDOHV/DLPSRUWDQFLDGHODUHÁH[LyQUDGLFDHQODUHODFLyQTXHH[LVWHHQWUH
HVWRVGRVYDORUHV\VXLQÁXHQFLDHQHOPXQGRMXGtR\SDJDQRWRFDQGRODVIURQ
WHUDVTXHGLYLGHQDORVGH´DUULEDµ\ORVGH´DEDMRµ(VQHFHVDULRDPSOLDUFDGD
YDORUSRUVHSDUDGR\GHVSXpVKDFHUODVtQWHVLVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH

El amor al prójimo
&XDQGRVHSLHQVDHQORHVHQFLDOGHO17VHKDEODGHHVWHYDORUFRPRQRYHGDG
FRQUHVSHFWRDO$7VLQHPEDUJR\DH[LVWtDHVWDOH\FRQVXGHELGDH[WHQVLyQ
DPDUDOHQHPLJRDOGpELODOQHFHVLWDGR6HSXHGHFRQVWDWDUHQHOFyGLJRGH
VDQWLGDGGHOFDStWXORGHO/HYtWLFR&DVRFRQWUDULR\FX\DUHVWULFFLyQVHKDFH
HVSHFtÀFDHVWiHQORVWH[WRVHVHQLRVGH4XPUDQGRQGHODUHJODGHODFRPX
QLGDGREOLJDDWRGRVORVPLHPEURVGHODPLVPDD“amar a todos los hijos de la
luz… pero odiar a todos los hijos de las tinieblas” 46V \ODUHODFLyQFRQ
HOYDORUGHODKXPLOGDGHVHQWHQGLGDFRPRODDFHSWDFLyQGHVXHVWDWXVGHQWUR
GHORUGHQMHUiUTXLFRHVWDEOHFLGRHQHOOD

(VQHFHVDULRGDUXQDPLUDGDVREUHODVH[WHQVLRQHVGHODPRUDOSUyMLPRGH
PDQHUDEUHYH

 El amor al enemigo 0WVV 1RHVVRORHOHQHPLJRSHUVRQDODGHPiV

VHWUDWDDOHQHPLJRFRPRXQJUXSRTXHWLHQHHOSRGHUGHSHUVHJXLU\GLV
FULPLQDU\VXGHVWLQDWDULRHVXQFROHFWLYRSOXUDO
 El amor al extranjero /FVV /DSDUiERODGHOEXHQVDPDULWDQRUHÁH
MDODSUHRFXSDFLyQSRUTXLHQHVYLYHQIXHUDGHODPELHQWHMXGtR\SXHGHQ

*
 3XHGHWRPDUVHFRPRradicalizaciónHQFXDQWRDODDOWHULGDGVHWUDWDGHSHQVDUHQHOYDORUTXH
WLHQHHORWURHQVtPLVPR\QRHOTXHOHGDXQFRPSRUWDPLHQWRRVHxDODPLHQWRGHQWURGHOD
VRFLHGDGMXGtD(OFDVRGHODPXMHUDG~OWHUD -Q RHOGLiORJRFRQOD6DPDULWDQD -Q SRQH
GHPDQLÀHVWRDXQ-HV~VTXHYLQFXODDPXMHUHVSDVDQGRSRUHQFLPDGHODOH\GH0RLVpVRGH
ODWUDGLFLyQMXGtDFRPRVHSDUDFLyQFRQORVVDPDULWDQRV
 “Según su lote en el plan de Dios, y odiar a todos los hijos de las tinieblas, cada uno según su
culpa en la venganza de Diosµ 4  *DUFtDS 

9RO‡1R‡MXOLRGLFLHPEUH‡ ‡‡57
Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas Omar Julián Álvarez Tabares

FRQVLGHUDUVHHQHPLJRVFRPRH[WUDQMHURV\DTXHHOPDQGDWRSURSRQHXQ
DFHUFDPLHQWRDOSUyMLPR
 Amor al pecador -XDQ /DJUDQSHFDGRUDGLVFULPLQDGDSRURWURV
HVDFHSWDGDSRU-HV~V\HOODUHVSRQGHODYDQGRVXVSLHV\VHFiQGRVHORVFRQ
HO FDEHOOR $XQTXH HVWH WH[WR HV SDUDGLJPiWLFR SRU OR PHQRV HQ FXDWUR
WUDGLFLRQHVVHKDEODGHOWUDWRFRQORVSHFDGRUHV\WDPELpQGHVHQWDUVHDOD
PHVDFRQHOORVFRPRDOJRSURKLELGRHQHOMXGDtVPR*
 Odio a la familia 0W $XQTXHVHLQWHQWDVXDYL]DUODH[SUHVLyQ
VHWUDWDGHODDSHUWXUDKDFLDXQFtUFXORPD\RUGHUHODFLRQHVUHODWLYL]DQGROD
FHUFDQtDGHORVSDULHQWHV\DFHUFDQGRDORVTXHSDUHFHQOHMDQRV6LHPSUH
FRQODWHQGHQFLDDUHFRQRFHUODLJXDOGDGGHODVSHUVRQDV

1RVHSUHWHQGHSHQVDUHQXQUHGXFFLRQLVPR VREUHWRGRHQ0DWHR DPHUD

H[KRUWDFLyQ PRUDO SXHV HQ HO DPRU D ORV HQHPLJRV H[LVWH XQD IXHUWH EDVH
GHFDUiFWHUFULVWROyJLFRTXHVHYHUHÁHMDGDHQODSUHWHQVLyQPHVLiQLFD“pero
yo os digo” 9LGDO  S  . /D H[LJHQFLD GH DPDU DO ´HQHPLJRµ HV XQD
FRQVHFXHQFLD\XQDSURJUHVLyQHQHVDGLQiPLFDGHFRQFHSFLyQXQLYHUVDOLVWD
GHOSUyMLPR(ODPRUDOHQHPLJRWUDVFLHQGHHOiPELWRGHODPRUUHVWULQJLGR\
FRQVWLWX\HXQDDSOLFDFLyQGHOVLJQLÀFDGRHYDQJpOLFRGH´SUyMLPRµ

6HWUDWDGHXQDPRUTXHWUDVSDVDIURQWHUDVTXHDOFDQ]DDORVTXHHVWiQIXHUD
GHOJUXSRVRFLRSROtWLFR\DORVPDUJLQDGRVVHDFUHGLWDHQHOKHFKRGHUHFRQR
FHUDORVH[WUDQMHURVFRPRVXMHWRVGHDPRU7DPELpQVHSXHGHPHQFLRQDUDOJX
QDVWHQGHQFLDVUHVWULFWLYDVHQHOFULVWLDQLVPRSULPLWLYRSDUDVHULQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV
GHDFXHUGRFRQODSDUWLFXODULGDGGHODVFRPXQLGDGHVDODVFXDOHVYDQGLULJLGDV

 (Q3DEORVHHQFXHQWUDODH[SUHVLyQ“trabajemos por el bien de todos, es-

pecialmente por el de nuestros hermanos en la fe” *DO   (V REYLD OD
SUHIHUHQFLDSRUDTXHOORV´KHUPDQRVHQODIHµSHURVLQVHUH[FOX\HQWHSRQH
DXQRVHQXQOXJDUSULYLOHJLDGR´(ODPRUSHUVLJXHODLJXDOGDGVHDTXHHO
VXSHULRUGHVFLHQGDDOSODQRGHOLQIHULRURTXHHOHYHDOHVFODYRDODFRQGL
FLyQGHKHUPDQRµ 7KHLVVHQS \DSRUODH[SHULHQFLDSHUVRQDOR
SDVWRUDOODVFRPXQLGDGHVGHEHQEULQGDUHVWDSRVLELOLGDGSDUDWRGRV

 (Q 6DQWLDJR \ -XDQ VH REVHUYD OD LJXDOGDG GH ORV VHUHV KXPDQRV XQLGRV
SRUHODPRUFRQPDWLFHVGLVWLQWRV(QHOSULPHURODFRPXQLGDGQRGHEHSUL
YLOHJLDUDORVVRFLDOPHQWHDYHQWDMDGRVQLKXPLOODUDORVVRFLDOPHQWHEDMRV
LQWHUSUHWD HO SUHFHSWR GHO DPRU DO SUyMLPR FRPR DQWtWHVLV GHO WUDWR GHV
LJXDOHQWUHODVSHUVRQDV FIU6DQW (QHOHYDQJHOLRGH-XDQHODPRU

*
 7UDGLFLyQGH0DUFRV0FSDU7UDGLFLyQ4/FSDU0W7UDGLFLyQRIXHQWH
SURSLDGH/XFDV/F7UDGLFLyQRIXHQWHSURSLDGH0DWHR0W
$GHPiVODWUDGLFLyQGH-XDQ-Q

58 ‡‡ ‡9RO‡1R‡MXOLRGLFLHPEUH
Doctrina moral en los primeros cristianos Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas

DOSUyMLPRQRHVXQGLVFXUVRVLQRXQDDFFLyQGH-HV~VFRPRUHQXQFLDDO
HVWDWXV(OODYDWRULRGHORVSLHV -Q UHÁHMDODUHQXQFLDDVXHVWDWXV
GH 6HxRU \ 0DHVWUR FRQYLUWLpQGRVH HQ VHUYLGRU DVXPLHQGR HO SDSHO GHO
HVFODYRGHOGLVFtSXOR\GHODPXMHUSRUTXHHOORVVROtDQUHDOL]DUHVWHVHUYLFLR
'HVWURS 

/DWUDGLFLyQVLQySWLFDHVER]DXQDGLIHUHQFLDFRQUHVSHFWRDORDQWHULRU´HO
DPRU LPSOLFD OD GLVSRVLFLyQ DO FRQÁLFWR FRQ ORV IDPLOLDUHV (V UDGLFDO \ WLHQH
ORVUDVJRVFRQWUDFXOWXUDOHVGHXQDUHOLJLyQPDUJLQDOGHFDULVPiWLFRVLWLQHUDQ
WHV GHVDUUDLJDGRVµ 7KHLVVHQ D S   'H WRGR HVWR VH VXSRQH TXH OD
SURSXHVWDGH-HV~VHVWiGLULJLGDDXQRVSRFRV\VHFRQYHUWLUiHQXQPHQVDMH
XQLYHUVDOFX\DVDGDSWDFLRQHVDODVFRPXQLGDGHVTXHVHGLULJHQORVHVFULWRVGHO
17PDUFDQXQDGLIHUHQFLD\HVSHFLÀFLGDGHQODH[WHQVLyQGHOPHQVDMH

La actitud ante el poder y ante la posesión

6RQH[LJHQFLDVpWLFDVDODOX]GHORVGRVYDORUHVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHODPRUDO
SUyMLPR\ODUHQXQFLDDOHVWDWXV

6HSUHVHQWDDTXtHOLQWHUFDPELRHQWUHYDORUHVGHODFODVHDOWD\ODFODVHEDMD
HQ FXDWUR iPELWRV GHO FULVWLDQLVPR SULPLWLYR HQ OD DFWLWXG DQWH HO SRGHU \
DQWHODSRVHVLyQFRPRORVGRVYDORUHVPDWHULDOHVEiVLFRV\HQODDFWLWXGDQWH
ODVDELGXUtD\ODVDQWLGDGFRPRORVYDORUHVHVSLULWXDOHVEiVLFRV7DOHVPRGLÀ
FDFLRQHVGHOethosQRVHSURGXFHQHQHOYDFtRVLQRTXHSRQHQGHPDQLÀHVWR
XQDGLQiPLFDVRFLDO<DODVHOHFFLyQ\GLVWULEXFLyQGHHVRVELHQHV\YDORUHVVH
SXHGH H[SOLFDU SRU UD]RQHV VRFLROyJLFDV \ VRFLRKLVWyULFDV VHJ~Q OR H[SOLFD
%RYyQ FLWDGRSRU)DUPHUS 

Cambio de valores en relación con el poder y la dominación

/DWUDGLFLyQGH-HV~V\ODVWUDGLFLRQHVSRVWHULRUHVDVXPHQ\WUDQVIRUPDQH[
SHFWDWLYDV HQ WRUQR D XQ VREHUDQR (Q HO FHQWUR GH OD SUHGLFDFLyQ GH -HV~V
HVWi HO UHLQDGR OD basileia14 GH 'LRV FRPR OR SODQWHD /X] FLWDGR SRU %DO]

 6HJ~Q+F´WRGRVORVFUH\HQWHVYLYtDQXQLGRV\SRVHtDQWRGRHQFRP~Qµ$OYLYLUMXQWRVORV
SULPHURVFULVWLDQRVSUDFWLFDEDQXQDDEVROXWDFRPXQLyQGHELHQHV,QGLYLGXDOPHQWHQRWHQtDQ
QDGDSURSLR +F (OWH[WRRFFLGHQWDOGH+FQRVGLFHTXH´FXDQWRVWHQtDQELHQHV\
SRVHVLRQHVVROtDQYHQGHUORV\ORVUHSDUWtDQHQWUHTXLHQHVHVWDEDQQHFHVLWDGRVµ/RVGLVFtSXORV
SRQtDQ DVt HQ SUiFWLFD ODV LQVWUXFFLRQHV GH -HV~V GH GHVSUHQGHUVH GH ODV SRVHVLRQHV SDUD
GiUVHODVDORVSREUHV /F 
 /D JUDQ PD\RUtD GH ODV  YHFHV TXH %DVLOHLD UHLQDGR R UHLQR  5'  DSDUHFH HQ HO 17
ODSDODEUDVHKDOODHQODIUDVH%DVLOHLDWRXTHRX REDVLOHLDWZQRXUDQZQREDVLOHLDWRX

9RO‡1R‡MXOLRGLFLHPEUH‡ ‡‡59
Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas Omar Julián Álvarez Tabares

S 7DPELpQORVFULVWLDQRVSDVDQDGHVHPSHxDUHOUROGHVREHUDQRV
TXHDWtWXORGH´KLMRVGH'LRVµ 'XSXLVS IXQGDQODSD](OLGHDO
GHVREHUDQRLPSOLFDODYLFWRULDVREUHORVHQHPLJRV\HODPRUDOSUyMLPRSDVD
DVHUDPRUDORVHQHPLJRVHOORFRUUHVSRQGHFRQHOSULQFLSLRGHFRPSRUWDUVH
ERQGDGRVDPHQWHFRQORVHQHPLJRV

1RVHSXHGHOLPLWDUHOethosFULVWLDQRSULPLWLYRHQSURFHVRVGHLQWHUFDPELR
HQWUHFODVHDOWD\FODVHEDMDVLQRWDPELpQHQHOWUDVSDVRGHIURQWHUDVpWQLFDV
(OFDPELRGHODVLGHDVVREUHSRGHUSD]\HQHPLJRVQRIDYRUHFHVRORDOSURSLR
JUXSRQDFLRQDO FRPXQLGDGFULVWLDQD $OFRQWUDULRVHSURGXFHXQDGHVQDFLR
QDOL]DFLyQ 7KHLVVHQD /Dbasilea GH'LRVVHDEUHDPSOLDPHQWHDORV
SDJDQRV\QRVHLPSRQHFRQWUDHQHPLJRVQDFLRQDOHVVLQRFRQWUDHQHPLJRV
PtWLFRVVDWDQiV\ORVGHPRQLRV-HV~VWLHQHSRGHUSDUDYHQFHUODWHQWDFLyQ /F
VV \WLHQHODIXHU]DSDUDH[SXOVDUGHPRQLRV 0F/F KDVWDOOHJDUD
YHQFHUHOPD\RUGHORVHQHPLJRVODPXHUWH

Cambio de valores en relación con la posesión y la riqueza

$SDUHFLyODPLVHULFRUGLDFULVWLDQDTXHVHHQWUHJDFRQSUHIHUHQFLDDORVSREUHV
\DORVGpELOHV7RGRVGHEtDQDSR\DUDYLXGDVKXpUIDQRV\H[WUDQMHURVQRSRU
VHUVXSHULRUHVDHOORVVLQRSRUTXHHOSURSLR,VUDHOKDEtDVLGRGHORVGpELOHV\
H[WUDQMHURVHQ(JLSWR(OethosFULVWLDQRKL]RTXHXQDPRUDOSRSXODUGHDSR\R
UHFtSURFRDVFHQGLHUDKDVWDORVFtUFXORVDULVWRFUiWLFRV 1RODQS 

3ULPHURGHVGHHOGLFKRGH-HV~V“hay más dicha en el dar que en el reci-

bir”HVXQFRQRFLGRSURYHUELRTXHQRDSDUHFHHQORVHYDQJHOLRVHVGH3DEOR
/XFDQR +F 3HURODVFRPXQLGDGHVFULVWLDQDVSULPLWLYDVVRORSXGLHURQ

SDWURM \ODHQFRQWUDPRVHQORVHYDQJHOLRVVLQySWLFRV5HLQRGH'LRVHVXQDH[SUHVLyQWtSLFD
GHOOHQJXDMHGH&ULVWRHVGHFLUGHODPDQHUDGHKDEODUGH-HV~V\GHODVFRPXQLGDGHVTXH
VHIRUPDURQVLJXLpQGROHDpO(Q0DWHRBasileia DSDUHFHGHRUGLQDULRFRQODFLUFXQORFXFLyQ
UDEtQLFDWZQRXUDQZQSDUDGHVLJQDUD'LRV6HWUDWDGHXQFRQFHSWRWHROyJLFRFHQWUDOFRQ
YDULRVDVSHFWRVSDUDGHVWDFDU(OFRQFHSWRWLHQHUHVRQDQFLDVpWLFDV$OWUDGLFLRQDO´¡Buscad

FXDOLGDGTXHH[LJHDOKRPEUHHQVXDFWLYLGDG  (Q“entrar en la %DVLOHLDµXQDH[SUHVLyQ

primero el RD!0DWHRDxDGH´y su justiciaµHQWHQGLpQGRVHHQ0DWHRSRUGLNDLRVXQKXQD

UHGDFFLRQDO HVSHFLDOPHQWHSUHGLOHFWDGH0DWHRVHSURPHWHFRPRUHFRPSHQVDJUDFLRVDD
WRGRVORVTXHSUDFWLFDQXQDMXVWLFLDPHMRU  DDTXHOTXHKDFHODYROXQWDGGHO3DGUH  
DDTXHOTXHVHFRQYLHUWH\OOHJDDVHUKXPLOGHFRPRXQQLxR  
 (VWDH[SUHVLyQKDVHUYLGRSDUDXQDFHUFDPLHQWRD&ULVWRGHVGHORVWtWXORVHPSH]DQGRSRU
ODH[SUHVLyQ$%%$TXHSDUDpOODFULVWRORJtDGHO17WLHQHXQLPSRUWDQWHVLJQLÀFDGRSRUOD
PDQHUDFRPR-HV~VOODPDD'LRV3DGUH\VHUHFRQRFHFRPR+LMR
 'HQWURGHHVWRVJUXSRVXQDpWLFDFRQWHQGHQFLDVXQLYHUVDOHV \ODFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHLPDJHQ
GH-HV~V SRGtDFRQYHUWLUVHHQODEDVHGHXQDLGHQWLGDGVRFLDO/DVHSDUDFLyQFRQUHVSHFWRD
MXGtRV\JHQWLOHVTXHGDEDOHJLWLPDGDPHGLDQWHODVXSHUDFLyQGHXQRV\RWURVHQYLUWXGGHO
HVStULWXDULVWRFUiWLFRGHODMXVWLFLDPHMRU

60 ‡‡ ‡9RO‡1R‡MXOLRGLFLHPEUH
Doctrina moral en los primeros cristianos Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas

SUDFWLFDU OD DQWLJXD Pi[LPD GHO EHQHIDFWRU HQ FRPELQDFLyQ FRQ XQ HVWULFWR
ethosGHOWUDEDMR\FRQODGLVSRVLFLyQDODUHQXQFLD\DOD\XQR6HWUDWDGHOD
DVLVWHQFLDDWRGRVHQXQDFRPXQLyQJUDFLDVDODFXDOXQRVDRWURVVHDSR\DQ
/RVHJXQGRVRQODVREUDVGHPLVHULFRUGLDSUHVHQWDGDVHQ0W6RQORV
LQGLJHQWHVORVTXHWLHQHQHOHVWDWXVVXSHULRUQRORVTXHD\XGDQ'LRVDSDUHFH
DTXtHQHOSDSHOGHOLQGLJHQWHD\XGDUHVVHUYLUQRGRPLQDU(OGHVDUUROORGH
XQDVROLGDULGDGKRUL]RQWDOHYLWyTXHODVFRPXQLGDGHVFULVWLDQDVSULPLWLYDVVH
KLFLHUDQFOLHQWHVVRFLDOHVGHDOJXQRVSDWURQRVULFRVSDVDQGRGHXQDHFRQRPtD
GHOGDUDXQDH[SHULHQFLDGHOGDUVHFRQWRGRORTXHHOORLPSOLFDED6HHVWDEOH
FHODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUH´GDUGHFRPHUDOQHFHVLWDGRµ\´FRPHUFRQHOQHFHVLWDGRµ

/DFRH[LVWHQFLDGHXQethosUDGLFDO\XQethosPRGHUDGR IUHFXHQWHHOSUL
PHURHQODWUDGLFLyQVLQySWLFDHOVHJXQGRHQODOLWHUDWXUDHSLVWRODU VHH[SOLFD
FRPSDUDQGRODVWUDGLFLRQHVGH-HV~VFRQLGHDVDÀQHVGH3DEOR\FDEHVXSR
QHUPXFKDVYHFHVTXH3DEORVHUHÀHUHFRQVFLHQWHRLQFRQVFLHQWHPHQWHDXQD
WUDGLFLyQSDUDOHODGH-HV~V(V&ULVWRTXLHQSDVDDVHUPRGHORSULPLJHQLRGHOD
UHQXQFLDDOSRGHU\GHODFUtWLFDDORVSRGHURVRV(VHOSRGHUGH&ULVWRHOTXH
VHPDQLIHVWyHQODFUX]FRPR´GHELOLGDGµ\DWUDWDGRHQ3DEORFRQUHVSHFWRD
OD7HRORJtDGHODFUX] &RU \TXHGLYHUVRVDXWRUHVFRPR6iQFKH]
S \/DPEUHFKW FLWDGRSRU)DUPHUS H[SR
QHQDPSOLDPHQWH/RVVREHUDQRVGHHVWHPXQGRORFUXFLÀFDURQSHURIXHURQ
VXSHUDGRVSRUpO\SDVDDVHUPRGHORGHUHQXQFLDDODSRVHVLyQDEDQGRQyVX
ULTXH]DHQHOPXQGRSUHH[LVWHQWH6HJ~Q1DYDUUR S HVWDDÀUPD
FLyQHVWiFRUURERUDGDSRUHOKLPQRFULVWROyJLFRGH)LOLSHQVHV

La renuncia al estatus
/DVDELGXUtD\ODVDQWLGDGHQHOFULVWLDQLVPRSULPLWLYRVRQH[LJHQFLDVpWLFDVD
ODOX]GHORVGRVYDORUHVIXQGDPHQWDOHV/DVDELGXUtDOOHJyDVHUFRQHOWLHPSR
XQDVDELGXUtDUHOLJLRVDFRQHVWUHFKDYLQFXODFLyQDOWHPSOR6HSXHGHQDQDOL]DU
GRVYDORUHVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQHVWHFRQFHSWR

D /DVDELGXUtDGH-HV~VHQFXHQWUDQXHYRVGHVWLQDWDULRVTXHDOLJXDOTXHHO
PDHVWURVRQH[FOXLGRVGHHOODVHJ~QORVFULWHULRVWUDGLFLRQDOHV/DVDELGXUtD
DSDUHFHDTXtFRPRUHYHODGDTXHHVWiRFXOWDDORVVDELRV\HQWHQGLGRV 0W
 SHURHVUHYHODGDSRU'LRVDORVPHQRUHV7DPELpQODVPXMHUHVVRQ
GHVWLQDWDULDVGHHVWDVDELGXUtD

3DEORFRQWLQ~DHVWDUHFRQYHUVLyQGHODVDELGXUtDGLVWLQJXLHQGRXQDVDELGX
UtDWHUUHQD\RWUDGHVGHDUULEDTXHQRVHSXHGHQDVLJQDUDFODVHVVRFLDOHVSHUR
VtDDFWLWXGHVVRFLDOHVODYHUGDGHUDVDELGXUtDTXHYLHQHGH'LRVHVKXPLOGH
\YDDFRPSDxDGDGHXQDUHQXQFLDDSUHWHQVLRQHVGHHVWDWXVVRFLDO<HQHVWH
VHQWLGRHVDFFHVLEOHDORVGHEDMDSRVLFLyQ

9RO‡1R‡MXOLRGLFLHPEUH‡ ‡‡61
Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas Omar Julián Álvarez Tabares

E &DPELRGHYDORUHVHQUHODFLyQFRQODVDQWLGDG\ODSXUH]D6DQWLGDGRSHU
IHFFLyQHVXQDFXDOLGDGGH'LRVTXHSXHGHSHUWHQHFHUDSHUVRQDVREMHWRV
\ULWRV/RRSXHVWRDVDQWRHVORSURIDQRQRORLPSXUR3XUH]DHVXQDFXD
OLGDGGHSHUVRQDV\REMHWRV(QXQDDSUR[LPDFLyQFXOWXDOD'LRVDGTXLHUH
UHOHYDQFLDODGLVWLQFLyQHQWUHSXURHLPSXUR

/DVDQWLGDGFUHDGLIHUHQFLDVGHHVWDWXVHQHOSXHEORSHURHVWDEOHFHWDP
ELpQGLVWLQFLyQHQWUHHOSXHEORGH,VUDHO\RWURVSXHEORV(QHOPRYLPLHQWRGH
-HV~V\HQHOFULVWLDQLVPRSULPLWLYRODVLGHDVGHVDQWLGDGVHH[WLHQGHQDORV
QRMXGtRVVLDEUD]DQODIHFULVWLDQD/DVDQWLÀFDFLyQHVXQDYLGDQXHYDHQHO
PDUFRGHODFRPXQLGDGXQDOHMDPLHQWRGHOHVWLORGHYLGDSDJDQR 7KHLVVHQ
S 

/DUHGXFFLyQGHWDE~HVHQORVVDFHUGRWHVHVORTXHGDDUJXPHQWRVFRQWUD
ODVQRUPDVFXOWXUDOHV9DULRVHMHPSORVGHO17PXHVWUDQXQDDFWLWXGOLEUHIUHQ
WHDODQRUPDFXOWXUDO 0F0WVV (VWDDFWLWXGOLEUHDQWHQRUPDV
\WDE~HVGHFXOWRWXYRTXHOOHYDUDOFRQÁLFWRFRQORVVDFHUGRWHVVREUHWRGR
FXDQGR-HV~VDWDFyGLUHFWDPHQWHFRQVXYDWLFLQLRGHOWHPSORHOFHQWURFXOWXDO
GHOMXGDtVPR -Q 3DEORSRUHMHPSORQROOHJyDGHVDUUROODUVLVWHPiWL
FDPHQWHXQDFULVWRORJtDHQFDWHJRUtDVGHFXOWR&RPRORVRVWLHQH9DQKR\H
FLWDGR SRU )DUPHU  S   VROR HQ +HEUHRV KD\ PXHVWUDV GH GLFKD
FRQFHSFLyQ \ OD H[pJHVLV KD VLWXDGR D +HEUHRV DSDUWH GHO FRUSXV SDXOLQR
SXHVWRTXHHVFRQVLGHUDGDGHXWHURSDXOLQD\DTXHSRUFXHVWLRQHVGHHVWLOR
\WHPiWLFDDSDUHFHFRPRXQDSLH]DOLWHUDULDGLVWLQWDGHOUHVWRFRQVLGHUDGDV
FRPRDXWpQWLFDVGH3DEOR

Conclusiones
/RVGRVYDORUHVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHOFULVWLDQLVPRSULPLWLYRH[SXHVWRVDQWHULRU
PHQWH VH UHFDSLWXODQ \ VH DSR\DQHQ XQ VROR YDORU FRP~QSDUWHQ GHO YDORU
TXHSRVHHHOVHUKXPDQRLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGHOHVWDWXV\GHODSHUWHQHQFLD
JUXSDO 7KHLVVHQS /DGLQiPLFDVRFLDOTXHVRVWLHQHHOethosFULV
WLDQRSULPLWLYRSXHGHH[SOLFDUODWHQVLyQTXHSRUXQODGRUDGLFDOL]DHODPRUDO
SUyMLPR\ODKXPLOGDGUHVSHFWRDODVRWUDVSHUVRQDVTXHGHEHLQWHQVLÀFDUORV
PLVPRVYDORUHVUHVSHFWRDVtPLVPR\OOHJDDXQethosGHDXWRDFHSWDFLyQD
SHVDUGHWRGDVVXVÁDTXH]DV

/RVSULPHURVFULVWLDQRVTXLVLHURQSUDFWLFDUXQDMXVWLFLDPHMRUTXLVLHURQVHU
OX]GHOPXQGR\VDOGHODWLHUUD\FXDQGRFRPSDUWtDQHOFRQVHQVRGHVXHQ
WRUQRTXHUtDQVREUHSDVDUOR6XSUHWHQVLyQQRHUDVyORVHUEXHQDVSHUVRQDV
VLQRPHMRUHV1RDVSLUDEDQVyORDVHUEXHQRVHVFODYRVVLQRLQWDFKDEOHVQR

62 ‡‡ ‡9RO‡1R‡MXOLRGLFLHPEUH
Doctrina moral en los primeros cristianos Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas

VyOREXHQDVPXMHUHVVLQRHMHPSODUHV$TXtHQWUDODYLUWXGDMXJDUXQSDSHO
IXQGDPHQWDOGRQGHOREXHQRHVHQHPLJRGHORPHMRU\GRQGHODH[SUHVLyQGH
0DWHRFREUDVHQWLGR“Vosotros, pues, sed perfectos como es perfecto vuestro
Padre celestial”  

(OHYDQJHOLRGH0DWHRHVXQHYDQJHOLRHFOHVLDOHQWpUPLQRVGHORTXHVH
FRQVLGHUDXQGLVFXUVRGLULJLGRDODFRPXQLGDGTXHVHIRUPDHQWRUQRDODSUH
GLFDFLyQGHXQ-HV~VPDHVWURLQWpUSUHWHGHODHVFULWXUD\HOQXHYR0RLVpVSDUD
TXLHQHVFRQRFHQODWUDGLFLyQMXGtD\QHFHVLWDQXQDOHFWXUDQXHYDFRPRUDGLFD
OLGDGHQORFRQFHUQLHQWHDOKHUPDQR\UHODMDFLyQHQUHODFLyQFRQHOULWXDOLVPR
YDFtR\VLQVHQWLGR/DVH[WDDQWtWHVLVGHO6HUPyQGHO0RQWH 0W HV
UHÁHMRGHXQDQXHYDDOLDQ]DTXHFRPLHQ]DFRQODVELHQDYHQWXUDQ]DV\FXOPLQD
FRQODH[WHQVLyQGHODIRUPDFRPRKD\TXHDPDULQFOXVRDORVHQHPLJRV

/DH[SUHVLyQ“pero yo os digo”LQGLFDXQDQXHYDYLVLyQIUHQWHDODtorá TXH

HQODELRVGH-HV~VVHFRQYLHUWHHQDXWRULGDGSDUDORVFUH\HQWHVFULVWLDQRVGHOD
VHJXQGDPLWDGGHOVLJOR,HFTXLHQHVVHKDQIRUPDGRHQHOMXGDtVPRRÀFLDOGH
ORVJUXSRVSROtWLFRUHOLJLRVRVGH3DOHVWLQD-HV~VVHDFHUFDFRQDPRU\VROLFLWXG
DORVTXHHVWiQSRUIXHUDGHOJUXSRRÀFLDOGHFUH\HQWHV\HVWDHVODIRUPDGH
FXPSOLUODOH\\ORVSURIHWDVPRVWUDQGRXQDMXVWLFLDPHMRUFX\DEDVHHVWiHQOD
H[SHULHQFLDGHO$EEiTXHORVRVWLHQH\ORGHVLQVWDODSDUDVDOLUDOHQFXHQWURGHO
RWUR(VHOSUyMLPRHOREMHWRGHWRGDLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHODOH\\SRUORWDQWRGH
WRGDHQWUHJDKDVWDGDUODYLGD

(QODSUHGLFDFLyQGH-HV~VVREUHHODPRUKD\GRVSHUVSHFWLYDVTXHQRKDQ
GHVHUROYLGDGDV/RSULPHURHVTXHHODPRUD'LRVWLHQHVHQWLGRHQVtPLVPR\
QRTXHGDYDFLDGRSRUHODPRUDOSUyMLPRORVHJXQGRHVTXHHVWHQHFHVLWDVHU
DUWLFXODGRFRQXQDFRPSUHQVLyQQRDOLHQDQWHQLDOLHQDGRUDGHVGHHOSXQWRGH
YLVWDUHOLJLRVR(OSUyMLPRTXHKD\TXHDPDUHVWRGDSHUVRQDVLQH[FOXVLYLVPRV
QL GLVFULPLQDFLRQHV GH FXDOTXLHU WLSR UHOLJLRVR pWQLFR VRFLDO FXOWXUDO HWF 
SDUDUHDOL]DUHVWDXQLYHUVDOL]DFLyQpWLFDHVSUHFLVRSULYLOHJLDUHQODSUD[LVGHO
DPRUDTXLHQHVHQOHQJXDMHHYDQJpOLFRVRQORVPiVQHFHVLWDGRVGHSUR[LPLGDG
/RVHQHPLJRVORVPDUJLQDGRVORVGHVFODVDGRV(QHVWDVGRVRULHQWDFLRQHVVH
UHVXPHODSURSXHVWDDOWHUQDWLYDGH-HV~VVREUHHOVLJQLÀFDGRUHOLJLRVRGHODPRU

(Ologion GH0WHVDEVROXWDPHQWHFHQWUDOSDUDXQDGLVFXVLyQpWLFDGHO
172FXSDXQOXJDUGHVWDFDGRHQHOVHUPyQGHODPRQWDxD\DTXHFLHUUDQRVyOR
ODVH[WDDQWtWHVLVHOPDQGDPLHQWRGHDPDUDORVHQHPLJRV  VLQRWRGD

 ´6DQ$JXVWtQGLRXQDGHÀQLFLyQFOiVLFDGHYLUWXGTXHVHKL]RFpOHEUHODYLUWXGHVHO¶RUGHQ
GHODPRU·ordo est amoris De civ. Dei, ;9 6HSXHGHGHFLUHQWRQFHVDilige et quod vis fac
(In Epist. Joan. Ad Parthos, 9,,Opera Omnia, FROFLWSRUe:LOVRQIntroduction à
l’étude de Saint Ausgustin, HGS ¶$PD\KD]ORTXHTXLHUDV·SRUTXHVLVHDPD
VHSRVHHODYLUWXGµ )HUUDWHUSS 

9RO‡1R‡MXOLRGLFLHPEUH‡ ‡‡63
Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas Omar Julián Álvarez Tabares

ODVHULHGHDQWtWHVLV  /DSURSXHVWDGH-HV~VHVLQQRYDGRUDGHVGHHVWD

SHUVSHFWLYD\DTXHLPSXOVDXQDLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHODOH\EDVWDQWHOLEHUDGRUDFRQ
UHVSHFWRDO\XJRQRHVFULWRVLQRKXPDQRTXHVHWHMLyDOUHGHGRUGHODtorá.

(OHYDQJHOLRGH0DWHRSUHVHQWDXQ-HV~VFRQÁLFWLYDPHQWHOLEUHDQWHODOH\
FXDQGRHVWDVHRSRQHDOVHUYLFLRGHOPiVQHFHVLWDGR/LEUHDQWHODVXSHUÀFLDO
UHOLJLRVLGDGRÀFLDOFRQVXVIRUPDVFXOWXDOHVULWXDOL]DGDVTXHEDQDOL]DQD'LRV
\RIUHFHQODIDOVDSRVLELOLGDGGHUHODFLRQDUVHFRQpODOPDUJHQGHODUHDOL]DFLyQ
GHODMXVWLFLD/LEUHDQWHHOSRGHU\ORVSRGHURVRVGHVXWLHPSRGHODSUHSR
WHQFLDTXHKDFHIXHUWHDOKRPEUHIUHQWHDORVGHPiVSHURLPSRWHQWHDQWHVt
PLVPRSURSRQLHQGRODUHQXQFLDDOHVWDWXV/LEUHGHODULTXH]D\ELHQHVWDUVR
EUHDEXQGDQWHVTXHFRQGXFHQDOp[LWRDOSUHVWLJLR\DOWULXQIDOLVPRGHVGHXQD
RSFLyQSRUODYLGDDXVWHUD/LEUHDQWHVXPLVPDIDPLOLD\HOFtUFXORGHORVGLV
FtSXORV/LEUHGHWRGDFODVHGHPLHGRVLQFOXVRHOPLHGRDDVXPLUODFRQÁLFWL
YLGDGODLQFRPSUHQVLyQHOUHFKD]RODSHUVHFXFLyQHLQFOXVRODPLVPDPXHUWH
/LEUH\OLEHUDGRUGHODDSDWtDDQWHHOGRORUKXPDQRSUHVHQWDGRODPLVHULFRUGLD
\ODFRPSDVLyQDQWHODVSHUVRQDVTXHVXIUHQ/LEUHGHODLQRFHQFLDpWLFD\GH
ODIDOWDGHFRPSURPLVRGHOKRPEUHIUHQWHDORVSUREOHPDVGHOPXQGR/LEUH
GHXQDPHQWDOLGDGSDWULDUFDO\PDFKLVWDKDFLHQGRSRVLEOHXQGLVFLSXODGRGH
LJXDOHVHQWUHPXMHUHV\KRPEUHV/LEUHGHODWHQGHQFLDH[FOX\HQWHGHOH[WUDQ
MHURGHOTXHWLHQHRWURFUHGRGHOSHFDGRU\DPSOLDQGRODFRPXQLGDGDWRGRV
VLQDFHSFLyQGHSHUVRQDV

/DpWLFDGH-HV~VHVWiPDUFDGDSRUXQDH[SHULHQFLDOLEHUDGRUDTXHVHFRQ
YLHUWHHQHOFHQWURGHODSUHGLFDFLyQGH-HV~VHOUHLQDGRGH'LRV'HVGHHVWD
FRQGLFLyQ-HV~VHVXQPDHVWURTXHHQVHxDHOSUR\HFWRSRUHOFXDOGDODYLGD
\VHFRQYLHUWHHQ0DHVWURGHOUHLQRJHQHUDQGRDOUHGHGRUVX\RXQGLQDPLVPR
TXH PiV WDUGH VHUi OD SRVLELOLGDG GH OD H[WHQVLyQ XQLYHUVDO \ SHUPDQHQFLD
WHVWLPRQLDOGHOPHQVDMHDWRGRVORVTXHORHVFXFKDQDWUDYpVGHOOODPDGR\HO
GLVFLSXODGR6LQHVWRVGRVHOHPHQWRVODLQVWDXUDFLyQGHOUHLQDGRGH'LRVQR
KXELHVHVLGRSRVLEOH\DTXHHO17GDFXHQWDGHODpWLFDGH-HV~VFRPRpWLFD
GHORVSULPHURVFULVWLDQRVVLQTXHSXHGDH[LVWLUXQDVHSDUDFLyQHQWUHHVWRVGRV
SLODUHVGHOFULVWLDQLVPR

$SDUWLUGHOHVWXGLRGHO-+FREUDLPSRUWDQFLDODPDQHUDFRPRVHH[WHQGLy
HOPHQVDMHFULVWLDQRDSDUWLUGHODH[SHULHQFLDSDVFXDOFRPRWHVWLPRQLRIXQ
GDQWHHQHOTXHQRVHSXHGHVHSDUDUODpWLFDGH-HV~V\ODpWLFDGHORVSULPHURV
FULVWLDQRVODSULPHUDQROOHJDDVHUVLQODVHJXQGD6HSDUDUODH[SHULHQFLDGH
IHGHODKLVWRULDHVXQDSUHWHQVLyQVXSHUDGDHQORVHVWXGLRVEtEOLFRVSHURTXH
GHMD VXÀFLHQWHV HOHPHQWRV SDUD OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH OD GRFWULQD HO FXOWR \ OD
PRUDOGHOD,JOHVLDGHODVHJXQGDPLWDGGHOVLJOR,HF/DFXHVWLyQpWLFDHVWiH[
SUHVDGDSRUODVGLIHUHQFLDVVRFLDOHVTXHPDUFDURQORVSULPHURVFULVWLDQRVFRQ
VXV FRPSHWLGRUHV DO LQFOXLU GRV YDORUHV TXH WHUPLQDURQ VLHQGR DQWDJyQLFRV
FRQUHVSHFWRDORHVWDEOHFLGRSRUODFRPSUHQVLyQGHODUHOLJLyQMXGtDGHDTXHO

64 ‡‡ ‡9RO‡1R‡MXOLRGLFLHPEUH
Doctrina moral en los primeros cristianos Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas

PRPHQWR\ODHVWUXFWXUDSROtWLFDURPDQDPH]FODGDFRQODFXOWXUDJULHJD\VXV
UHVSHFWLYDVLPSOLFDFLRQHVFRQUHVSHFWRDXQDH[SHULHQFLDPLQRULWDULDTXHSRFR
DSRFRVHH[WHQGLySRUWRGRHOQRUWHGHOPHGLWHUUiQHR

6RQHODPRUDOSUyMLPR\ODUHQXQFLDDOHVWDWXVORVYDORUHVTXHJHQHUDQXQD
UHFRQÀJXUDFLyQGHOGLQDPLVPRVRFLDOHQXQDUHOLJLyQFRQQHFHVLGDGGHUHYL
WDOL]DFLyQ\XQDOLEHUWDGTXHHVSHUDEDVHUH[DOWDGDQRGHVGHODVGLPHQVLRQHV
HFRQyPLFDV \ SROtWLFDV VLQR GHVGH ODV UHODFLRQHV HVWDEOHFLGDV FRQ DTXHOORV
TXHKDFtDQSDUWHGHODPD\RUtDH[FOXLGDSHURQHFHVLWDGDGHXQDQXHYDIRUPD
GHUHODFLRQHVLQFOX\HQWHVHQWRUQRDODVQDUUDFLRQHVPtWLFDV\DOFXOWRTXHFHOH
EUDEDODH[SHULHQFLDGHHQFXHQWURFRQHORWURLQGHSHQGLHQWHGHVXFRQGLFLyQ

/DUHVSXHVWDGH0DWHRQRSXGRVHUPiVUDGLFDOTXHSURSRQHUXQDPRUH[
WUHPRH[DJHUDGRFX\DVUDtFHVHVWDEDQDQFODGDVHQHOFHQWURGHODSUHGLFDFLyQ
GHOUHLQDGRGH'LRV\FX\RVPDWLFHVQRSRGtDQVHURWURVTXHODH[SHULHQFLD
GHODSOHQLWXGR´FRPSOHWXGµTXHSRQHHQERFDGH-HV~VTXHHODPRUFRQHO
TXHXVWHGHVDPHQORVFRQYLHUWDHQVHUHVFRPSOHWRV´FRPRHO3DGUHGHOFLHOR
HVFRPSOHWRµ

Referencias
%DO]+RUVW6 RWURV  Diccionario Exegético del Nuevo Testamento. 6DODPDQFD
6tJXHPH

%RUJ 0- Jesús.   A new visión. Spirit, Cultura, and the life of Discipleship. 6DQ
)UDQFLVFR+DUSHUDQG5RZ

&DGDYLGÉ  +LVWRULD\HVWDGRDFWXDOGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQDFHUFDGHO-HV~VKLVWyUL

FRCuestiones Teológicas, 28  ²

&URVVDQ-'  Jesús, vida de un campesino judío%DUFHORQD&UtWLFD

BBBBBBBBBB  El Jesús de la historia%DUFHORQD&UtWLFD

'HVWUR$ 3HVFH0  Como nación el cristianismo joánico. 6DQWDQGHU6DO7H

UUDH

'XSXLV-  Introducción a la cristología(VWHOOD1DYDUUD9HUER'LYLQR

)DUPHU: 'LUHFWRU   Comentario Bíblico Internacional.(VWHOOD9HUER'LYLQR

)HUUDWHU0RUD-  The Five Gospels. The Search for theAauthentic Words of Jesus.
6RQRPD&$3ROHEULGJH

9RO‡1R‡MXOLRGLFLHPEUH‡ ‡‡65
Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas Omar Julián Álvarez Tabares

BBBBBBBBBB  Diccionario de Filosofía. %DUFHORQD$ULHO

)XQNDQG7KH-HVXV6HPLQDU  The Acts of Jesus. .What did Jesus really do? 6DQ
)UDQFLVFR+DUSHU

*DUFtD)  Textos de Qumran. 4. ed. 0DGULG7URWWD

*RQ]DOH]'H&DUGHGDO2OHJDULR  Cristología0DGULG%$&

*RQ]DOH]-,  ¿El idiota o el emmanuel? De Jesús al Dios de Jesús.(QJesús de

Nazaret, perspectivas  0DGULG33&

*RQ]DOH]$  Reinado de Dios e imperio; ensayo de teología social.6DQWDQGHU

6DO7HUUDH

*XLMDUUR6 D Dichos primitivos de JesúV 6DODPDQFD6tJXHPH

BBBBBBBBBB E Jesús de Nazaret, perspectivas0DGULG33&

+RUVOH\5$  Jesús and the Spiral of violence. 6DQ)UDQFLVFR+DUSHU

-RKQVRQ/  The humanity of Jesus9DOOH\)RUJH7ULQLW\3UHVV

/DGDULD/  Antropología teológica(VWHOOD9HUER'LYLQR

0DOLQD%  El mundo del Nuevo Testamento(VWHOOD9HUER'LYLQR

__________. ( The Social Gospel of Jesús. The Kindom of God in Mediterranean Per-
spectiva. 0LQQHDSROLV)RUWUHVV3UHVV

0HLHU-3  Un judío marginal. Nueva visión del Jesús histórico(VWHOOD9HUER'L
YLQR9

1DYDUUR$  La kénosis de Cristo. Estudio exegético y teológico de Fil 2,6-11. El
desprendimiento solidario de Jesús, un autodespojo que enriquece al hombre (Q
0D\pXWLFD6O  

1RODQ$  Jesús, antes del cristianismo6DQWDQGHU6DO7pUUHD

3DJUDVDP$  La búsqueda del Jesús histórico en los estudios contemporáneos.
Selecciones de Teología  

6DQFKH]%-  Escritos paulinos.(VWHOOD9HUER'LYLQR

66 ‡‡ ‡9RO‡1R‡MXOLRGLFLHPEUH
Doctrina moral en los primeros cristianos Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas

6DQGHUV(3  Judaism6DQ)UDQFLVFR6KDUSHU3UHVV

BBBBBBBBBB  /DÀJXUDKLVWyULFDGH-HV~V(VWHOOD9HUER'LYLQR

7KHLVVHQ* 0HU]$  El Jesús histórico6DODPDQFD6tJXHPH

__________. D  La religión de los primeros cristianos6DODPDQFD6tJXHPH

BBBBBBBBBB E  La redacción de los evangelios y la política eclesial. (VWHOOD 9HUER

'LYLQR

__________. (2003). El Nuevo Testamento. Santander: Sal Terrae.

7DPD\R--El nuevo paradigma teológico.0DGULG7URWWD

9LGDO 0  HQHIHE  /D pWLFD FRPR VLJQR GH HVSHUDQ]D 5HÁH[LyQ \ /LEHUDFLyQ
 

9RO‡1R‡MXOLRGLFLHPEUH‡ ‡‡67