Test Bank for Biology: How Life Works Second Edition

Test Bank for Biology: How Life Works Second

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1. Epithelial tissue is found:
A) on the outer surface of the body.
B) lining the gastrointestinal tract.
C) lining the lungs.
D) lining blood vessels.
E) All of these choices are correct.

2. Cells differentiate into multiple tissue types because each tissue has its own unique
DNA.
A) True
B) False

3. Which of the following statements about mammalian skin is INCORRECT?

A) The epidermis is an outer layer that provides a water-resistant, protective barrier.
B) The dermis is the layer below the epidermis containing connective tissue, blood
vessels, and nerve endings that provides nutrients to the epidermis and a cushion
layer for the body.
C) Epithelial cells in the epidermis are primarily composed of keratinocytes that
protect underlying tissue.
D) A specialized form of extracellular matrix, called the basal lamina, underlies the
dermis and separates it from tissues below.
E) Fibroblasts in the dermis produce extracellular matrix proteins to make the dermis
strong and flexible.

4. Which is the CORRECT order from lesser to greater complexity for the following?
A) organs, tissues, cells
B) cells, tissues, organs
C) tissues, organs, cells
D) cells, organs, tissues

5. Structures known as microvilli are associated with:

A) communication between cells.
B) increased surface area for gas exchange.
C) adhesion to the extracellular matrix.
D) increased surface area for nutrient absorption.

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 6. Which of the following structures are responsible for the shape of a cell?
A) microvilli
B) cytoskeleton
C) cell junctions
D) organelles

7. The extracellular matrix is a network of:

A) proteins and polysaccharides inside the cell that keep organelles in place.
B) proteins and polysaccharides outside the cell that play a role in structural support.
C) proteins found in the cellular membrane that allow for substances to enter the cell.
D) channel proteins found in the cellular membrane that allow for communication.

8. An epithelial tissue is defined as a:

A) collection of cells that lines cavities or outside surfaces.
B) collection of contractile cells.
C) network of cells that use chemical communication.
D) few cells embedded into an extensive extracellular matrix.

9. Which of the following statements about the skin is TRUE?

A) The epidermis is made up of epithelial tissue whereas the dermis is made up
primarily of connective tissue.
B) The epidermis is made up of connective tissue whereas the dermis is made up
primarily of epithelial tissue.
C) The epidermis and the dermis are made of the same tissue, called epithelial tissue.
D) The epidermis and the dermis are made of the same tissue, called connective tissue.

10. The basal lamina is:

A) an area found beneath all connective tissues that helps them adhere to underlying
muscle.
B) a specialized form of the extracellular matrix found beneath all epithelial tissues.
C) a specialized form of the extracellular matrix found only in the skin.
D) an area found wherever two different types of tissues meet.

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11. The area where the epidermis and the dermis meet is highly folded so that the epidermis
“fits” into the dermis. What do you think is the function of this highly folded area?
A) Because the epidermis needs to send signals to the dermis, the highly folded area
increases the surface area and hence the amount of signals that can reach the
dermis.
B) Because the dermis needs to send signals to the epidermis, the highly folded area
increases the surface area and hence the amount of signals that can reach the
epidermis.
C) The epidermis is the outer layer and is under constant physical stress. This highly
folded area between the epidermis and the dermis gives the epidermis additional
support and protection against abrasive stress.
D) The epidermis needs to obtain melanin, the pigment produced by melanocytes,
which are located in the dermis. The highly folded area increases the surface area
and hence the amount of melanin that reaches the epidermis.

12. The epidermis contains several layers and receives its nutrients from the dermis by
diffusion. Which of the following explains why the outermost layers of the epidermis
consist of dead cells?
A) One of the major functions of the epidermis is forming a waterproof barrier. Once
that barrier is formed, nutrients cannot pass through it and the cells beyond that
layer die.
B) The protective function that the epidermis carries out is better served by having a
layer of dead cells.
C) UV light cannot penetrate as easily through dead cells as it can through live cells.
D) None of the other answer options is correct.

13. A researcher is studying a population of cells that are shaped normally, but appear to
slide past one another. This is likely the result of mutations in genes encoding:
A) components of the extracellular matrix.
B) components of cell junctions.
C) components of the cytoskeleton.
D) components of microvilli.
E) components of both the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton.

14. Many scientists use a specific type of mouse cell to coat the surface of petri dishes.
These cells form a layer on which other kinds of cells⎯often of different species⎯can
adhere and grow. The mouse cells used to coat petri dishes are likely:
A) epidermal cells.
B) melanocytes.
C) hepatocytes.
D) fibroblasts.
E) microvilli.

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15. Keratinocytes are pigment cells contained in the epidermis of skin.
A) True
B) False

16. A pathologist is carrying out an autopsy. Upon opening the chest cavity, the
pathologist sees a thick, fibrous tissue surrounding the heart. This is likely:
A) neural tissue.
B) epithelial tissue.
C) muscle tissue.
D) connective tissue.

17. Which of the following tissues would you expect NOT to be found in the human heart?
A) muscle
B) nervous
C) epithelial
D) connective
E) All of these tissues would be found in the human heart.

18. Which of the following structures would be located in the dermis of the skin?
A) nerve endings
B) connective tissue
C) sweat glands
D) blood vessels
E) All of these choices are correct.

19. Many scientists are working to generate organs in vitro. In some cases, cells are seeded
onto a “scaffold” shaped like the desired target organ. Such scaffolds are likely
composed of extracellular matrix proteins.
A) True
B) False

20. Which of the following is NOT considered an epithelial tissue?

A) the epidermis of the skin
B) the lining of the stomach
C) the interior of the brain
D) the lining of the intestines
E) All of the answer options are examples of epithelial tissue.

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21. Imagine that you are examining a mouse that does not produce basal lamina in the skin.
How will this mouse be different from a normal, wild-type mouse?
A) The epidermis will not be connected to the dermis.
B) The epidermis and dermis will be strongly connected.
C) The dermis will be disorganized and will lack blood vessels.
D) Cellular junctions will fail to form between the cells of the epidermis.
E) All of these choices are correct.

22. A researcher is assessing the expression of a certain protein in cells. This protein
appears as a “web” in the cytoplasm of cells. The protein is likely a component of:
A) the cytoskeleton.
B) cell junctions.
C) the extracellular matrix.
D) of the basal lamina.
E) All of these choices are correct.

23. A tissue is generally composed of several organs.

A) True
B) False

24. Which one of the following statements about connective tissue is TRUE?
A) Connective tissue is very cell dense.
B) Connective tissue lacks a strong extracellular matrix.
C) Cells composing connective tissue typically have microvilli.
D) Connective tissue cells are typically multinucleate.
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

25. The cytoskeleton of animal cells includes:

A) microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
B) actin, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
C) actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
D) tubulin, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
E) microtubules and microfilaments.

26. Which of the following cytoskeletal elements contribute to the structural integrity and
strength of epithelial tissues in animals?
A) intermediate filaments and microfilaments
B) intermediate filaments and microtubules
C) microtubules and microfilaments

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27. Some cytoskeletal elements are more permanent than others. Which components of the
cytoskeleton are dynamic structures?
A) microtubules
B) microfilaments
C) intermediate filaments
D) both microtubules and intermediate filaments
E) both microtubules and microfilaments

28. Which one of the following statements about intracellular transport is TRUE?
A) Microtubules and microfilaments facilitate cellular movement, but intermediate
filaments do not.
B) Microtubules and intermediate filaments facilitate cellular movement, but
microfilaments do not.
C) Intermediate filaments and microfilaments facilitate cellular movement, but
microtubules do not.
D) Intermediate filaments, microfilaments, and microtubules all facilitate cellular
movement of one kind or another.

29. Which of the following statements about intracellular transport is TRUE?

A) Kinesin and myosin move substances toward the “plus end” of microtubules and
microfilaments, respectively.
B) Kinesin and myosin move substances toward the “minus end” of microtubules and
microfilaments, respectively.
C) Myosin and kinesin move substances toward the “plus end” of microtubules and
microfilaments, respectively.
D) Myosin and kinesin move substances toward the “minus end” of microtubules and
microfilaments, respectively.

30. Microfilaments increase in length:

A) more quickly at one end than the other.
B) by assembling outward from the centrosome.
C) in cycles, following rapid depolymerization.
D) if free tubulin dimers are available.
E) All of these choices are correct.

31. Dynamic instability of microtubules:

A) is caused by the large size of this type of cytoskeletal element.
B) results from a deficiency of free tubulin subunits.
C) allows microtubules to perform their functions.
D) is shared by no other cytoskeletal elements.
E) All of these choices are correct.

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32. Myosin motor proteins use ATP to:
A) carry vesicles along a microtubule within a cell in a minus-to-plus direction.
B) carry vesicles along a microfilament within a cell in a minus-to-plus direction.
C) carry vesicles along a microtubule within a cell in a plus-to-minus direction.
D) carry vesicles along a microfilament within a cell in a plus-to-minus direction.
E) slide along intermediate filaments to contract muscle cells.

33. Microtubules and microfilaments are said to be “dynamic” elements of the cytoskeleton.
In this case, “dynamic” means that:
A) once individual microfilaments and microtubules have formed, they can change
shape and move around inside the cell.
B) they are constantly changing and are never in the same place for very long.
C) microtubules and microfilaments are assembled and disassembled and then
reassembled again in a regulated manner.

34. Microtubules increase in length:

A) more quickly at one end than the other.
B) by growing outward from the centrosome.
C) in cycles, following rapid depolymerization.
D) if free tubulin dimers are available.
E) All of these choices are correct.

35. Epidermolysis bullosa is a set of rare genetic disorders that is caused by:
A) a keratin gene that disrupts intermediate filaments, weakening epidermal cell
connections.
B) a microfilament gene that disrupts desmosomes, weakening epidermal cell
connections.
C) an intermediate filament gene that disrupts hemidesmosomes, weakening
epidermal cell connections.
D) a keratin gene that disrupts microfilaments, weakening epidermal cell connections.
E) All of these choices are correct.

36. Dynein motor proteins use ATP to:

A) carry vesicles along a microtubule within a cell in a minus-to-plus direction.
B) carry vesicles along a microfilament within a cell in a minus-to-plus direction.
C) carry vesicles along a microtubule within a cell in a plus-to-minus direction.
D) carry vesicles along a microfilament within a cell in a plus-to-minus direction.
E) slide along microfilaments to contract muscle cells.

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37. Zebrafish embryos change the color of the melanophore cells in their skin to a darker
shade by:
A) dynein motor proteins moving pigment granules outward from the center of the
cell.
B) kinesin motor proteins moving pigment granules outward from the center of the
cell.
C) dynein motor proteins moving pigment granules inward toward the center of the
cell.
D) kinesin motor proteins moving pigment granules inward toward the center of the
cell.
E) dynein motor proteins moving pigment granules inward toward the plus end of
microtubules.

38. Cilia and flagella:

A) are specialized cells that move by rotary motion.
B) are specialized organelles that move by rotary motion.
C) are specialized organelles that propel some algae, plant, and animal cells.
D) contain microfilaments arranged in nine pairs around the periphery and two
microfilaments in the center.
E) contain microtubules arranged in nine pairs around the periphery and two
microfilaments in the center.

39. What would happen in a cell if its a-tubulin was mutated and unable to bind to its b
tubulin?
A) The cell would have no microfilaments.
B) The cell would have no microtubules.
C) The cell would be unaffected.
D) The cell would have no intermediate filaments.

40. What would happen to a cell that depends on flagellar movement if it had no actin?
A) The cell would not be able to move because the cilia would also be affected.
B) The cell would not be able to move.
C) Nothing; the cell would still be able to move.
D) The cell would move by cilia and not flagella.

41. If cells did not have actin, they would be unable to:
A) organize proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane.
B) maintain shape.
C) connect to neighboring cells.
D) All of these choices are correct.

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42. Which is NOT an example of a motor protein?
A) myosin
B) kinesin
C) venosin
D) dynein

43. Why are the ends of microfilaments and microtubules called “plus ends” and “minus
ends”?
A) Because monomers are added more quickly to one end (the “plus end”) than they
are to the other end (the “minus end”).
B) Because polymerization occurs at one end (the “plus end”) and depolymerization
occurs at the other end (the “minus end”).
C) Because monomers can be added to one end only (the “plus end”), and can only be
removed from the other end (the “minus end”).
D) Because the actin and tubulin monomers that make up microfilaments and
microtubules have evolved more rapidly than most other proteins.

44. Which one of the following statements about intracellular transport is TRUE?
A) Kinesin and myosin move substances along microtubules.
B) Kinesin and dynein move substances along microfilaments.
C) Myosin and dynein move substances along microfilaments.
D) Myosin moves substances along microfilaments.

45. Evidence that cytoskeletal elements have ancient origins comes from the:
A) sequence similarities of cytoskeletal elements when comparing distantly related
organisms.
B) presence of cytoskeletal elements in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
C) observation that both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use cytoskeletal elements to
assist cell division.
D) ability to form functional hybrid microfilaments from actin monomers taken from
distantly related organisms.
E) All of these choices are correct.

46. Kinesin motor proteins use ATP to:

A) carry vesicles along a microtubule within a cell in a minus-to-plus direction.
B) carry vesicles along a microfilament within a cell in a minus-to-plus direction.
C) carry vesicles along a microtubule within a cell in a plus-to-minus direction.
D) carry vesicles along a microfilament within a cell in a plus-to-minus direction.
E) slide along microfilaments to contract muscle cells.

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47. Flagella move in a(n):
A) oarlike motion by the motor protein dynein sliding microtubules past each other.
B) oarlike motion by the motor protein kinesin sliding microtubules past each other.
C) whiplike motion by the motor protein dynein sliding microtubules past each other.
D) whiplike motion by the motor protein kinesin sliding microtubules past each other.
E) whiplike motion by the motor protein dynein sliding microfilaments past each
other.

48. The cytoskeleton of plant cells includes:

A) microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
B) actin, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
C) actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
D) tubulin, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
E) microtubules and microfilaments.

49. Dynamic instability is a:

A) feature of microtubules.
B) feature of microfilaments.
C) feature of intermediate filaments.
D) feature of microtubules and microfilaments.
E) universal feature of the cytoskeleton.

50. Which one of the following statements about intracellular transport is TRUE?
A) Kinesin and dynein move substances along microtubules.
B) Kinesin and myosin move substances along microtubules.
C) Kinesin and dynein move substances along microfilaments.
D) Kinesin moves substances along microfilaments.

51. Cells with cilia or flagella rely mainly on _____ to facilitate their movement.
A) microtubules
B) microfilaments
C) intermediate filaments

52. Intermediate filaments:

A) have a diameter that is larger than a microfilament, but smaller than a microtubule.
B) play an important role in maintaining cell shape.
C) play an important role in preventing skin from tearing by shear stress.
D) undergo little change in length in comparison to microtubules and microfilaments.
E) All of these choices are correct.

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53. Cilia are: (Select all that apply.)
A) specialized organelles found in some epithelial cells.
B) used by epithelial cells to move substances along cell surfaces.
C) used by sperm cells for locomotion.
D) None of the other answer options is correct.

54. Which is the correct order of cytoskeletal filaments in DECREASING filament

diameter?
A) microfilaments ® microtubules ® intermediate filaments
B) microtubules ® intermediate filaments ® microfilaments
C) microtubules ® microfilaments ® intermediate filaments
D) intermediate filaments ® microfilaments ® microtubules

55. Which one of the cytoskeletal elements is associated with providing the cell with
mechanical strength?
A) microtubules
B) microfilaments
C) microtubules and microfilaments
D) intermediate filaments

56. Which one of the following cytoskeletal elements is associated with supporting the
movement of materials inside the cell?
A) microtubules
B) microfilaments
C) intermediate filaments
D) both microtubules and microfilaments

57. What is the BEST characterization of the minus end of a dynamic filament?
A) It is fast growing.
B) It is slow growing.
C) It loses subunits quickly.
D) It is slow growing, and also loses its subunits quickly.

58. Dynamic instability is the rapid assembly and disassembly of:

A) microfilaments.
B) intermediate filaments.
C) microtubules.
D) both microfilaments and microtubules.

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59. Which one of the following is NOT a cellular function associated with microtubules?
A) muscle contraction
B) chromosome segregation
C) organization of organelles
D) movement of cilia and flagella

60. Which of the following is NOT an example of an intermediate filament protein?

A) keratin
B) actin
C) lamin
D) vimentin

61. Which one of the following is NOT a cellular function of microfilaments?

A) flagellar movement
B) transport of vesicles
C) muscle contraction
D) formation of daughter cells following mitosis

62. Which of the following cytoskeletal elements is capable of assembling and

disassembling in the cell?
A) microtubules
B) intermediate filaments
C) microfilaments
D) both microtubules and microfilaments

63. Red blood cells are characterized as having an actin cytoskeleton associated with their
plasma membrane. The presence of the membrane cytoskeleton MOST likely accounts
for:
A) the shape of the cell.
B) enhanced gas exchange.
C) the ability of these cells to fit through narrow capillaries.
D) All of these choices are correct.

64. The property of dynamic instability implies that the individual protein subunits of
microtubules are held together by:
A) covalent bonds.
B) disulfide bonds.
C) noncovalent interactions.
D) All of these choices are correct.

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65. If intermediate filaments were capable of dynamic instability, which of the following
outcomes would be MOST likely?
A) Cell adhesion would be affected.
B) Cilia would be altered.
C) Chromosome segregation would be affected.
D) Microvilli would collapse.
E) It is not possible to determine the outcome from the information given.

66. Why do you think the presence of a specific type of keratin, an intermediate filament
protein, in the bloodstream or lymph node is an indicator of metastasis of tumor cells?
A) Intermediate filaments are only found in tumor cells.
B) Keratin is only present if its specific cell type is also present.
C) Intermediate filament proteins cause cells to clump together.
D) None of the other answer options is correct.

67. Myosin is a motor protein that associates with:

A) microfilaments.
B) microtubules.
C) intermediate filaments.
D) vimentin.

68. Kinesin is a motor protein found attached to:

A) microfilaments.
B) microtubules.
C) intermediate filaments.
D) tubulin.

69. Dynein is a motor protein found attached to:

A) lamin.
B) microfilaments.
C) microtubules.
D) intermediate filaments.

70. Which motor protein(s) would you find in a flagellum?

A) myosin
B) dynein
C) kinesin
D) both myosin and dynein

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71. Motor proteins cause movement by: (1) undergoing a conformational change, (2)
harnessing energy from ATP, and (3) binding to the cytoskeleton.
A) Statements (1), (2), and (3) are correct.
B) Statements (1) and (2) are correct.
C) Statements (1) and (3) are correct.
D) Statements (2) and (3) are correct.

72. Which of the following is a FALSE statement about the motor proteins myosin and
kinesin?
A) They both use ATP.
B) They both move cargo to the plus end of a cytoskeletal filament.
C) They both move along microtubules.
D) None these statements about myosin and kinesin is false.

73. In nerve cells, the centrosome is located near the nucleus. Vesicles move from near the
nucleus to the end of long extensions (axons) along microtubules. Based on these two
facts, it is possible to conclude that these vesicles are moving in the _____ direction on
the microtubule using the motor protein _____.
A) minus end; dynein
B) plus end; kinesin
C) minus end; kinesin
D) plus end; dynein

74. Macrophage cells undergo a process called phagocytosis in which material is brought
into a cell in the form of membrane vesicles and then transported along microtubules
toward the cell center. Assuming that the centrosome is near the cell center, you can
predict that these vesicles are moving to the _____ end of microtubules using the motor
protein _____.
A) minus end; kinesin
B) plus end; kinesin
C) minus end; dynein
D) plus end; dynein

75. Could an isolated melanin granule move along an actin microfilament?

A) Yes, melanin granules have motor proteins.
B) Yes, motor proteins all use ATP to cause a conformation change.
C) No, motor proteins are specific for the type of filament they bind.
D) None of the other answer options is correct.

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76. The internal cytoskeletal structure of cilia and flagella grows out from a structure called
a basal body located near the cell surface. Based on this information, where would you
predict the plus end of the microtubules to be located?
A) near the basal body
B) near the tip of the cilia or flagella
C) at both ends of the cilia or flagella
D) It is not possible to predict from the information provided.

77. If a mutation occurred in the cadherin gene so that the cytoplasmic domain no longer
attached to the cytoskeleton, which of the following would occur?
A) Cadherins in desmosomes would no longer be anchored to intermediate filaments.
B) Cadherins in adherens junctions would no longer be anchored to microtubules.
C) Cadherins in hemidesmosomes would no longer be anchored to intermediate
filaments.
D) Cadherins in desmosomes would no longer be anchored to microfilaments.

78. Which one of the following properly groups a cell junction with a cytoskeletal element
and cell adhesion molecule?
A) desmosome, microtubule, integrin
B) desmosome, microfilament, integrin
C) tight junction, cadherin, intermediate filament
D) adherens junction, microfilament, cadherin

79. Which one of the following properly groups a cell junction with a cytoskeletal element
and a cell adhesion molecule?
A) adherens junction, microfilament, integrin
B) hemidesmosome, microfilament, cadherin
C) desmosome, intermediate filament, cadherin
D) hemidesmosome, intermediate filament, cadherin

80. Which one of the following is a characteristic shared by integrins and cadherins?
A) Both are peripheral membrane proteins.
B) Both facilitate the adhesion of cells to extracellular matrix proteins.
C) Both are present in adherens junctions, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes.
D) The cytoplasmic domains of both proteins are connected to the cytoskeleton.

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81. Suppose that frog embryos are genetically manipulated so that the epidermal cells
expressed both E-cadherin and N-cadherin on their cell surface. The neuronal tissue and
epidermal tissues are collected from the embryos and treated as illustrated in Figure
10.12b. Which of the following would you predict would happen now that N-cadherin is
also present on the surface of the epidermal cells?

A) The genetically modified epidermal cells would adhere to each other and to
neuronal cells.
B) The genetically modified epidermal cells would adhere to neuronal cells and would
no longer adhere to epidermal cells.
C) The genetically modified epidermal cells would adhere to each other, and not to the
neuronal cells, because they would still be epidermal cells regardless of the
presence of an additional cell adhesion protein on their surface.

82. Which of the following statements about cadherins and integrins is/are TRUE? (Select
all that apply.)
A) They are found on the surfaces of most animal cells.
B) They are transmembrane proteins that attach to cytoskeletal elements inside the
cell.
C) They are highly specific for what their extracellular domain will attach to.
D) They are not found in embryonic cells.

83. Which of the following pairs includes cell junctions that perform similar functions?
A) tight junctions and adherens junctions
B) tight junctions and desmosomes
C) desmosomes and adherens junctions
D) desmosomes and plasmodesmata

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84. Which of the following properly groups a cell junction with a cytoskeletal structure and
a cell adhesion molecule?
A) adherens junction, microfilament, integrin
B) hemidesmosome, intermediate filament, integrin
C) desmosome, intermediate filament, integrin
D) hemidesmosome, intermediate filament, cadherin

85. A decrease in cell adhesion, by the introduction of an experimental substance to a tissue,

compromises the structural integrity of the tissue. Which cell junction would MOST
likely be affected by this treatment causing a decrease in the strength of the tissue?
A) adherens junctions
B) gap junctions
C) hemidesmosomes
D) tight junctions

86. How does an adherens junction differ from a desmosome?

A) An adherens junction connects a cell to neighboring cells, and a desmosome
connects a cell to the extracellular matrix.
B) An adherens junction connects cells using adherin proteins, and a desmosome
connects cells using cadherin proteins.
C) Whereas both adherens junctions and desmosomes connect cells by using cadherin
proteins, only an adherens junction connects to the cytoskeleton.
D) Whereas both adherens junctions and desmosomes connect cells by using cadherin
proteins, adherens junctions connect to microfilaments in the cytoplasm and
desmosomes connect to intermediate filaments.
E) These two types of junctions only differ in their bandlike versus button-like
architecture in the plasma membrane.

87. Which cell adhesion molecule is particularly good at attaching the cell to the basement
membrane?
A) cadherins
B) integrins
C) myosin
D) actin

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88. Which type of cell junction prevents the movement of substances through the space
between cells?
A) tight junctions
B) adherens junctions
C) desmosomes
D) hemidesmosomes
E) gap junctions

89. Suppose there is a mutation in a laminin-binding integrin gene that causes a loss of
function in the cytoplasmic domains of the integrin. Which one of the following would
you expect to observe as a result of this mutation?
A) The strength of tissues would be decreased because the integrin could no longer
associate with intermediate filaments in hemidesmosomes.
B) The integrin would function normally because the cytoplasmic domain is not
responsible for binding to laminin.
C) Cell adhesion to laminin would decrease, but laminin-meditated gene expression
would remain the same.

90. Which one of the following statements about integrins is CORRECT?

A) Integrins indirectly connect microfilaments with the extracellular matrix.
B) There is a single type of integrin, capable of binding to multiple types of
extracellular matrix proteins.
C) Integrins are the primary cell adhesion molecule in a desmosome.
D) Adjacent integrins create channels referred to as gap junctions.

91. Which of the following comparisons between gap junctions and plasmodesmata is NOT
true?
A) Both allow exchange of material between cells, but gap junctions allow
larger-sized molecules to transfer between cells.
B) Animal cells have gap junctions, and plant cells have plasmodesmata.
C) In plasmodesmata, the plasma membranes of the connected cells are continuous,
while in gap junctions, the plasma membranes of the connected cells remain
distinct.
D) Gap junctions connect cells directly at the plasma membranes, but plasmodesmata
must also bridge the cell wall separating the two cells.
E) All of these choices are correct.

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92. Cadherins are: (Select all that apply.)
A) cell adhesion molecules found in cell junctions.
B) proteins involved in attachment of cells to neighboring cells.
C) proteins involved in attachment of cells to the extracellular matrix.
D) proteins that provide a pathway for molecules to move between cells.

93. Which of the following types of cell junctions are found in skin?
A) adherens junctions
B) tight junctions
C) desmosomes
D) hemidesmosomes
E) All of these choices are correct.

94. Cell junctions composed of cadherins organized as points of adhesion between adjacent
cells and that connect to intermediate filaments are referred to as _____.

95. Some cell junctions allow materials to pass between adjacent cells so that they work
together as a unit.
A) True
B) False

96. Where would you find a cell adhesion molecule?

A) in a cilium
B) in a cell junction
C) near the centrosome
D) in the microvilli

97. Cadherin is an example of a(n):

A) motor protein.
B) intermediate filament protein.
C) cell adhesion molecule.
D) extracellular matrix protein.

98. Cadherins bind to which type of cytoskeletal element(s)?

A) intermediate filaments
B) microtubules
C) microfilaments
D) both intermediate filaments and microfilaments

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 99. Which of the following is associated with microtubules?
A) desmosomes
B) adherens junction
C) cilia and flagella

100. Which of the following is associated with microfilaments?

A) desmosomes
B) adherens junction
C) cilia and flagella

101. Which of the following is associated with intermediate filaments?

A) desmosomes
B) adherens junction
C) cilia and flagella

102. The classic experiment using isolated cells from two species of sponges provided
evidence that:
A) cell adhesion molecules are species specific.
B) sponge cells possess an extracellular matrix.
C) cell adhesion molecules are nonspecific.
D) sponge cells have cell adhesion molecules.

103. A cadherin protein can only bind to:

A) another cadherin.
B) another cadherin of a different type.
C) the extracellular domain of the same type of cadherin.
D) the extracellular matrix.

104. Which of the following cell junctions is involved in creating a barrier between cells?
A) desmosome
B) tight junction
C) adherens junction

105. Microvilli are located on the _____ of a cell.

A) basolateral surface
B) basement membrane
C) apical surface
D) adjacent surface

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106. Predict what would happen if an embryonic epidermal cell switched from expressing
E-cadherin to N-cadherin.
A) The cell would leave the epidermis and join the neural cells.
B) The cell would become a neural cell.
C) The cell would die.
D) There would be no effect.

107. What is the advantage of forcing materials to travel through cells instead of between
cells?
A) Cells can control which materials are transported.
B) Exposure to toxins is limited.
C) Exposure to bacteria or viruses is limited.
D) All of these choices are correct.

108. In skin, the cells of the epidermis connect to the basal lamina through cellular junctions
known as hemidesmosomes. Select the cytoskeletal element that helps maintain the
integrity of this connection.
A) intermediate filaments
B) microtubules
C) microfilaments
D) both intermediate filaments and microfilaments

109. The natural loss of dead cells from the surface of your skin is a result of:
A) loss of adherens junctions between epithelial cells.
B) breakdown of desmosomes.
C) loss of microvilli.
D) both the loss of adherens junctions between epithelial cells, and the breakdown of
desmosomes.

110. Which type of cellular junction(s) allow(s) for the movement of proteins and transfer
RNA molecules?
A) desmosomes
B) plasmodesmata
C) gap junctions
D) both plasmodesmata and gap junctions

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111. Gap junctions and plasmodesmata have what feature in common?
A) They both allow direct transport of materials between cells.
B) They both are made up of protein subunits located in the plasma membrane.
C) They are both found in plant cells.
D) They both attach to the cytoskeleton.

112. Which one of the following pairs includes cell junctions that perform similar functions?
A) tight junctions and adherens junctions
B) tight junctions and desmosomes
C) adherens junctions and plasmodesmata
D) plasmodesmata and gap junctions

113. In order for a tumor cell to metastasize, which of the following would you expect to
happen?
A) a decrease in cadherin expression and an increase of integrin expression
B) an increase of cadherin expression and a decrease in integrin expression
C) an increase in both cadherin and integrin expression
D) a decrease in both cadherin and integrin expression

114. In many cells, the adhesion to the extracellular matrix through integrins causes the
activation of kinases in the cytoplasm. This suggests that:
A) integrins promote the activation of signal-transduction pathways.
B) integrins are kinases.
C) extracellular matrix proteins are receptors and integrins are ligands.

115. Suppose there is a mutation in a laminin-binding integrin gene that causes a loss of
function in the cytoplasmic domains of the integrin. Which of the following would you
expect to observe as a result of this mutation?
A) The integrin would be unable to signal the cytoplasm when it had bound to
laminin.
B) The integrin would function normally because the cytoplasmic domain is not
responsible for binding to laminin.
C) Tissues would be weakened because the integrin could no longer associate with
microfilaments in adherens junctions.
D) Cell adhesion to laminin would decrease, but laminin-meditated gene expression
would remain the same.

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116. Which one of the following is a major difference between integrins and cadherins?
A) Integrins are integral membrane proteins, whereas cadherins are not.
B) Cadherins are found in cellular junctions, whereas integrins are not.
C) Integrins allow cells to adhere to the extracellular matrix, whereas cadherins do
not.
D) Cadherins associate with intermediate filaments, whereas integrins do not.

117. Which of the following CORRECTLY lists the sequence in which the plant cell wall is
synthesized?
A) primary cell wall ® secondary cell wall ® middle lamella
B) secondary cell wall ® middle lamella ® primary cell wall
C) secondary cell wall ® primary cell wall ® middle lamella
D) middle lamella ® primary cell wall ® secondary cell wall
E) middle lamella ® secondary cell wall ® primary cell wall

118. A cell's particular shape is largely determined by:

A) cytoskeletal protein networks in the cytoplasm.
B) a mesh of proteins and polysaccharides in the extracellular matrix.
C) cytosolic proteins that assemble into structures called cell junctions.
D) All of these choices are correct.

119. Which of the following is NOT found in the extracellular matrix of animal cells?
A) cellulose
B) elastin
C) collagen
D) laminin
E) polysaccharide

120. How does the extracellular matrix affect a cell that it surrounds? (Select all that apply.)
A) The cell's shape depends in part on the structure and composition of the
extracellular matrix.
B) The genes that the cell expresses depend in part on the types of proteins in the
extracellular matrix.
C) The size that the cell grows to depends in part on the polysaccharides in the
extracellular matrix.
D) The extracellular matrix has no effect on the cells that it surrounds.
E) All of these choices are correct.

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121. Metastatic cancer cells:
A) are able to leave the tumor where they originated and travel to distant locations to
begin new tumors at distant sites.
B) have lost their adhesion to the extracellular matrix, freeing them from the original
tumor.
C) become malignant when they grow rapidly.
D) only need to cross a single layer of capillary endothelial cells to form tumors at
distant sites.
E) All of these choices are correct.

122. The dermis of mammalian skin, including that of humans, contains a large amount of
extracellular matrix proteins, including collagen and elastin. As a person ages, the
amount of elastin in the dermis declines. Which of the following cell types is likely to
be the cause of this change in the dermis of the skin?
A) keratinocytes
B) fibroblasts
C) melanocytes
D) epidermal cells

123. The extracellular matrix can influence:

A) cell movement.
B) cell shape.
C) gene expression.
D) All of these choices are correct.

124. Which of the following statements about plant cell walls is NOT true?
A) The cell wall has three layers: the middle lamella, the primary cell wall, and the
secondary cell wall.
B) In the late stages of cell division, the middle lamella is the first cell wall layer to be
formed, serving to attach the daughter cells to each other.
C) The primary cell wall is thin and flexible, formed while the cells are still growing.
D) The secondary cell wall contains complex components such as lignin that are rigid.
E) Like the extracellular matrix formed by animal cells, the cell wall polymers are
formed in the cytoplasm and secreted to the outside of the cell.

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125. The extracellular matrix in animals:
A) is located exclusively in muscle tissue.
B) is formed by many types of cells, primarily fibroblasts, on their cell surfaces.
C) is a meshwork of insoluble fibrous proteins, primarily collagens, that assemble in a
double helix.
D) differs from one tissue to the next, affecting the expression of genes in the cells that
it surrounds.
E) is attached to cells by gap junctions.

126. Which one of the following CORRECTLY lists components of extracellular matrix
found in animals?
A) collagen, laminin, and elastin
B) collagen, lignin, laminin, and pectin
C) lignin, pectin, and keratin
D) cellulose, pectin, lignin

127. Which of the following CORRECTLY lists components of extracellular matrix found in
plants?
A) collagen, laminin, and elastin
B) collagen, lignin, laminin, and pectin
C) lignin, pectin, and keratin
D) cellulose, pectin, and lignin

128. The basal lamina:

A) is a specialized extracellular matrix found beneath epithelial tissues.
B) is found on top of the epidermis of the skin.
C) is a cell-rich layer.
D) links to epithelial cells through tight junctions.
E) All of these choices are correct.

129. Cancer can be characterized by:

A) a mass of rapidly dividing cells called a tumor.
B) metastasized tumor cells that leave the tumor and invade distant parts of the body.
C) cells with an enhanced ability to adhere to proteins in the basal lamina.
D) All of these choices are correct.

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130. A benign tumor: (Select all that apply.)
A) is a mass of rapidly dividing cells.
B) has clear boundaries encapsulating it and does not invade nearby tissues.
C) rarely has life-threatening effects unless it is interfering with the function of a vital
organ.
D) has defects in the regulation of cell division.

131. Which of the following is a component of the extracellular matrix made by a plant cell?
A) collagen
B) cadherin
C) cellulose
D) All of these choices are correct.

132. Which of the following is a component of the extracellular matrix produced by an

animal cell?
A) collagen
B) cadherin
C) cellulose
D) All of these choices are correct.

133. The extracellular matrix is composed of: (1) proteins; (2) polysaccharides; (3) nucleic
acids.
A) Statement (1) is correct.
B) Statement (2) is correct.
C) Statement (3) is correct.
D) Statements (1) and (2) are correct.
E) All of these statements are correct.

134. Which of the following is a specific type of extracellular matrix?

A) plasmodesmata
B) basal lamina
C) flagella
D) cilia

135. Which layer of the extracellular matrix of a plant provides the GREATEST strength?
A) the middle lamella
B) the primary cell wall
C) the secondary cell wall
D) the plasma membrane

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136. Which of the following could NOT be a part of the extracellular matrix made by an
animal cell?
A) collagen
B) lignin
C) elastin
D) laminin

137. What would you expect to find within connective tissue?

A) collagen
B) polysaccharides
C) elastin
D) fibroblasts
E) All of these choices are correct.

138. The strength of collagen comes from its:

A) triple helical structure and bundling.
B) amino acid sequence.
C) ability to bind to polysaccharide molecules.
D) triple helical structure and bundling, as well as its amino acid sequence.

139. The molecule lignin is associated with which property of a cell wall?
A) water resistance
B) flexibility
C) ability to hold cells together
D) All of these choices are correct.

140. The extracellular matrix is particularly important for which type of tissue?
A) epithelial
B) muscle
C) connective
D) nervous

141. How do cells connect to the extracellular matrix?

A) through cadherins
B) through integrins
C) through gap junctions
D) through tight junctions

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142. The MOST likely reason(s) a metastatic tumor cell might lose its connection to the basal
lamina would be:
A) a change in the composition of the basal lamina.
B) the loss of integrin proteins from the cell's surface.
C) a change in the type of integrin proteins present on the cell's surface.
D) the loss of integrin proteins from the cell's surface, or a change in the type of
integrin proteins present on the cell's surface.

143. The extracellular matrix can influence the shape of a cell because: (1) cell adhesion
proteins on the plasma membrane attach to the extracellular matrix; (2) cell adhesion
proteins attach to the cell's cytoskeleton; (3) the cytoskeleton determines cell shape.
A) Statement (1) is correct.
B) Statement (2) is correct.
C) Statement (3) is correct.
D) Statement (1) and (2) are correct.
E) All of the statements are correct.

144. Which of the following are components of the animal extracellular matrix?
A) cellulose and laminin
B) lignin and elastin
C) pectin and collagen
D) collagen and laminin
E) lignin and laminin

145. Within the plant cell wall, the primary cell wall contains _____, and the secondary cell
wall is composed of _____.
A) only cellulose; only lignin
B) only lignin; only cellulose
C) both pectin and cellulose; both lignin and cellulose
D) both lignin and cellulose; pectin and cellulose
E) only pectin; only lignin

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Answer Key
1. E
2. B
3. D
4. B
5. D
6. B
7. B
8. A
9. A
10. B
11. C
12. A
13. B
14. D
15. B
16. D
17. E
18. E
19. A
20. C
21. A
22. A
23. B
24. E
25. A
26. A
27. E
28. A
29. A
30. A
31. C
32. B
33. C
34. E
35. A
36. C
37. B
38. C
39. B
40. C
41. D
42. C
43. A
44. D

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45. E
46. A
47. C
48. E
49. A
50. A
51. A
52. E
53. A, B
54. B
55. D
56. D
57. B
58. C
59. A
60. B
61. A
62. D
63. D
64. C
65. A
66. B
67. A
68. B
69. C
70. B
71. A
72. C
73. B
74. C
75. C
76. B
77. A
78. D
79. C
80. D
81. A
82. A, B, C
83. C
84. B
85. A
86. D
87. B
88. A
89. A
90. A

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 91. A
92. A, B
93. E
94. desmosomes
95. A
96. B
97. C
98. D
99. C
100. B
101. A
102. A
103. C
104. B
105. C
106. A
107. D
108. A
109. D
110. B
111. A
112. D
113. A
114. A
115. A
116. C
117. D
118. D
119. A
120. A, B
121. A
122. B
123. D
124. E
125. D
126. A
127. D
128. A
129. D
130. A, B, C, D
131. C
132. A
133. D
134. B
135. C
136. B

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Test Bank for Biology: How Life Works Second Edition

137. E
138. A
139. A
140. C
141. B
142. D
143. E
144. D
145. C

Page 32

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