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International Journal of Modern Physics E

Vol. 28, No. 11 (2019) 1950102 (9 pages)
c World Scientific Publishing Company
DOI: 10.1142/S0218301319501027

Core polarization effects up to 12 ω in 7 Li and 10

B nuclei

Adie D. Salman∗,§ , Noor T. Tilab∗ , Samah A. Al-Ramahi†

and I. Hossain‡,¶
∗Department of Physics,
College of Science,
University of Kerbala,
56001 Karbala, Iraq
†Department of Physics,
College of Science,
University of Kufa,
54001 Kufa, Iraq
‡Department of Physics,

Rabigh College of Science and Arts,

King Abdulaziz University,
21911, Saudi Arabia
§adiesalman@gmail.com
¶mihossain@kau.edu.sa

Received 12 September 2019

Revised 3 December 2019
Accepted 3 January 2020
Published 25 February 2020

Shell model and core polarization (CP) effects have been used to calculate the transverse
and longitudinal electron scattering form factors for 7 Li and 10 B nuclei. The calcula-
tions considered one particle–one hole excitation up to 12 ω. This manner seems to be
essential for obtaining the best explanation for empirical results. Therefore, adding the
excited states up to 12 ω gives a reasonable description for transverse and longitudinal
form factors. Furthermore, with these calculations, it is possible to get a very close loca-
tion of diffraction minimum, and the behavior of the momentum transfer is described
properly at the high configuration for 7 Li compared with 6 ω energy.

Keywords: P -shell nuclei; core-polarization effects; nuclear structure.

1. Introduction
Electron scattering has been widely used as a probe at high energy for giving
important information about the nuclear structure. When nucleons occupy several
levels called model space (MS) in the nuclear shell model, it is difficult to obtain
results consistent with the experimental data unless modified by the inclusion of

¶ Corresponding author.

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A. D. Salman et al.

higher configurations. Therefore, adding the higher configurations (core polarization

(CP) effects) to the shell model could lead to more sufficient results. In the p-shell
mode, nucleons occupy a few orbits (0P3/2 0P1/2 ) outside a closed 4 He core. The
transition rates and nuclear form factors in the p-shell MS nuclei failed to describe
the higher momentum transfer. Meanwhile, adding a scaling factor up to 6 ω can
improve the calculated results for a certain level. In the same context, going farther
up to 12 ω shows more reasonable results.
Booten et al.1 studied the electromagnetic properties in the 0p-shell MS for 7 Li,
and also studied the large-basis no core–shell model in the complete (0 + 2) ω MS.
He found that the complete (0 + 2) ω model gives acceptable results when the
momentum transfer is low. However, at higher momentum transfer (up to 3 fm−1 ),
the deviation between the calculated and the experimental results will be high.
Karataglidis et al.2 calculated the elastic and inelastic electron scattering form fac-
tors in 6,7 Li nuclei. The calculated wave functions were increased evenly as follows:
0, (0 + 2), (0 + 2 + 4) and (0 + 2 + 4 + 6) ω MSs. The obtained results in the
0 ω space using the Cohen–Kurath (CK) wave functions failed to reproduce the
magnitude of the data. The results showed that going to the large spaces might
indicate reasonable descriptions of the transverse form factor. Radhi and Salman3
calculated the lowest four excited 2+ states in 18 O with excitation energies 1.98,
3.92, 5.25 and 8.21 MeV. In their work, the effect of the CP was introduced through
the microscopic perturbation theory. CP effects allowed excitations from the core,
and the MS orbits to the upper allowed orbits to 10 ω excitations. The inclusion
of CP gives a good improvement in the form factors and describes the experimen-
tal data well at the first and third 2+ states. Amos et al.4 described the nuclear
structure of the ground and low excitation states for 10 B using no-core (0 + 2) ω
shell MS with Millener and Kurath (MK3W)5 interaction. The no-core (0 + 2) ω
result obtained for transverse and longitudinal form factors for electron scattering
at the low lying states indicate that adding higher configuration is essential to get
a better result.
In this work, the electromagnetic form factors for 7 Li and 10 B nuclei are calcu-
lated with 0 ω MS (no CP) and with CP effects. The producers follow in this
study, assuming one particle–one hole (1P–1h) excitations up to 12 ω. In our
work, the p-shell matrix element of Cohen and Kurath6 interaction is adopted.
The single-particle radial wave functions of the harmonic-oscillator (HO) potential
were used.

2. Theory
The transverse and longitudinal electron scattering form factors for a given multi-
polarity Λ and the momentum transfer q can be express as3

4π
|FΛη (q)|2 = |Γf |T̂Λη | |Γi |2 |Ff.s Fc.m |2 , (1)
z 2 (2Γ + 1)

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Core polarization effects up to 12 ω in 7Li and 10B nuclei

2 2
where Fc.m = q4Ab is the center of mass correction, b represents the HO size
q
parameter, Γ = JT, and A is the mass number. Ff.s (q) = [1 + ( 4.33 fm−1 )2 ]−2 7
is the finite nucleon-size correction. The reduce matrix elements of the electron
scattering operator could be written as a sum of the MS and CP factor7
η
Γf |T̂Λη | | Γi  = Γf |T̂Λη | |Γi Ms + Jf |δ T̂ Λ | |Ji CP , (2)

which can be written as

 η
Γf | T̂Λη | |Γi  = χΛ
Γf Γi (αf αi ){αf |T̂Λ |αi  + αf |δ T̂ Λ | |αi }, (3)
αf ,αi

where αf and αi are the single-particle final and initial states (isospin is included)
for the shell MS. The One Body Density Matrix (OBDM) is given by

Γf |[a+ (αf ⊗ ã(αi )]Λ |Γi 

χΛ
Γf Γi (αf αi ) = √ . (4)
2Λ + 1

The single matrix element in the first-order perturbation theory can be expressed
as8
       
 η Q   Q 
η 
α|δ T̂J |β = α T̂J V  β + α V T̂ η
β . (5)
E − H (0)
res   res
E − H (0)  J

And might be simplified as follow7

    
 Q  (−1)β+α2 +Γ
α T̂Jη V 
res  β = (2Γ + 1)
E−H (0) e
α1 α2Γ β
− eα − eα1 + eα2
 
α β Λ
× αα1 |Vres |βα2 
α2 α1 Γ

× α2 |T̂Λη |α1  (1 + δα1 α )(1 + δα2 β )
+ term with α1 and α2 exchanged with an
over all minus sign.

Vres stand for the residual nucleon–nucleon interaction. The single-particle energies
e written in terms of HO potential as follows9 :
⎧ ⎫
⎪ 1 1
⎪
⎨ f (r)n , for j =  + ,⎪ ⎪
1 2 2 ⎬
enlj = 2n +  − ω + . (6)
2 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎩− 1 ( + 1)f (r)n , for j =  − 1 .⎪
⎭
2 2

With f (r)n = −20A−2/3 MeV and ω = 45A−1/3 − 25A−2/3 .

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3. Result and Discussion

The transverse and longitudinal form factors for 7 Li and 10 B nuclei calculated with
the higher energy configuration up to 12 ω. The CP-program is used to calculate
the form factors through a microscopic theory that contain excitation the core 1s
nucleons to higher configuration up to 12 ω. The CP matrix elements are calculated
with the Modified Surface Delta Interaction (MSDI) as a residual interaction. The
value of MSDI parameters is chosen equal to A0 = A1 = B = 25/A MeV and
C = 0.9 The OBDM element is calculated using the shell model code OXBASH.10
The radial wave functions of the single particle-matrix elements are calculated using
the HO potential.

3.1. The 7Li nucleus

The calculated form factors include the transition from the ground state J π T =
− − − −
3/2 1/2 to the excited states J π T = 1/2 1/2, 3/2 1/2 and 7/2 1/2 with energies
0.478, 0.0 and 4.360 MeV, respectively. The length parameter of oscillator b =
1.77 fm11 is selected to produce the measured root mean square radius.
Figure 1 shows the relations between the square form factors (|F (Q)|2 ) and the
momentum transfer (q) in 7 Li at excitation energy 0.478 MeV. The solid line repre-
sents the total transverse magnetic dipole M1 plus the electric quadrupole E2. The
dotted line represents transverse M1, and the dashed-dot line is the transverse E2.
From Fig. 1, one can see that adding the contributions of higher configura-
tion up to 12 ω increases the value of form factors significantly, which leads to
better matching between the experimental results with the calculated one. Radhi
et al.14 studied the contribution of higher configuration up to 6 ω (triangle line),
the obtained results were in a good agreement with that of the 12 ω at the photon

Fig. 1. The total transverse (M1 + E2) and individual forms factor for the J π T = 1/2− 1/2
(0.478 MeV) state in 7 Li calculated with CP excitations to 12 ω. The experimental data are
taken from Refs. 12 and 13.

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Core polarization effects up to 12 ω in 7Li and 10B nuclei

Fig. 2. The transverse (M1 + E2) forms factor for the J π T = 1/2− 1/2 (0.478 MeV) state in 7 Li
calculated without and with CP excitations to 6 and 12 ω. The experimental data are taken from
Refs. 12 and 13.

point and up to q ∼ 3 fm−1 and failed to reproduce the measured value at higher
momentum transfers (q) values as shown in Fig. 2.
The total elastic transverse magnetic form factors (M1 + M3) solid line and indi-
vidual contribution form factors M1 (dotted line) and the magnetic octopole (M3)
dashed line are exhibited in Fig. 3 and compared with experimental data.12,14 In
Fig. 3, the calculated form factor with 12 ω improved the agreement with experi-
mental data and became closer to the measured value, especially at higher q.

Fig. 3. The transverse magnetic (M1 + M3) form factor for the J π T = 3/2− 1/2 (0.0 MeV) state
in 7 Li calculated with CP excitations to 12 ω. The experimental data are taken from Refs. 12
and 13.

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A. D. Salman et al.

Fig. 4. The transverse magnetic (M1 + M3) forms factor for the J π T = 3/2− 1/2 (0.0 MeV)
state in 7 Li calculated without and with CP excitations to 6 and 12 ω. The experimental data
are taken from Refs. 12 and 13.

From Fig. 4 the calculated total transverse magnetic (M1+M3) forms factor with
12 ω enhanced the result to reproduce the experimental data in comparison with
the calculated up to 6 ω and MS especially at momentum transfer q ≥ 2.5 fm−1 .
The longitudinal C2 form factors calculated from the ground state (3/2− 1/2)
to the (1/2− 1/2) and (7/2− 1/2) states in 7 Li show in Figs. 5 and 6, respectively.
The CP effects up to 12 ω (solid line) in Figs. 5 and 6 exhibits good agreement
with the experimental data in all momentum transfer (q) as a result of considering
the higher levels. The calculations of CP effects up to 6 ω (triangle line) agrees

Fig. 5. The longitudinal Coulomb C2 form factors of the quadrupole transition to the J π T =
1/2− 1/2 (0.478 MeV) state in 7 Li. The calculated without and with CP to 6 and 12 ω. The
experimental data are taken from Refs. 12 and 13.

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Core polarization effects up to 12 ω in 7Li and 10B nuclei

Fig. 6. The longitudinal Coulomb C2 form factors for the J π T = 7/2− 1/2 (4.630 MeV) state in
7 Li calculated without and with CP excitations to 6 and 12 ω. The experimental data are taken

from Refs. 12 and 13.

with that of the 12 ω at the photon point and up to q ∼ 2.5 fm−1 ; however, it is
failed to describe the second maximum in shape and magnitude.

10
3.2. The B nucleus
The calculated form factors include the transition from the ground state J π T =
3+ 0 to the states J π T = 4+ 0, 0+ 1, 1+ 0 when the excitation energies are 6.025,
1.740 and 0.718 MeV in 10 B. The oscillator length parameter (b) was selected to be
1.71 fm15 because, with this value, the measured root mean square charge radius
can be achieved.

Fig. 7. The longitudinal C2 form factors for the J π T = 4+ 1 (6.025 MeV) state in 10 B calculated
without and with CP excitations to 6 and 12 ω. The experimental data are taken from Ref. 16.

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Fig. 8. The transverse M3 form factors for 0+ 1 (1.740 MeV) state in 10 B calculated without and
with CP excitations to 6 and 12 ω. The experimental data are taken from Ref. 16.

The longitudinal C2 form factor calculations for 10 B with CP effects up to 12 ω

give good results when taking into consideration the higher shells. The production
form factors were compatible with the experimental data, as shown in Fig. 7. The
calculations up to 6 ω were in a good match with that of the 12 ω in shape and
magnitude up to q ∼ 2.5 fm−1 , while it is overestimated the experiential data at
higher q values.
Figure 8 shows the calculated form factors of the M3 transitions. The CP effects
up to 6 ω agrees with that of the 12 ω at all momentum transfers, and both are
failed to reproduce the data at higher q values (q > 2 fm−1 ) as shown in figure.

Fig. 9. The longitudinal C2 form factors for the 1+ 0 (0.718 MeV) states in 10 B calculated without
and with CP excitations to 6 and 12 ω. The experimental data are taken from Ref. 16.

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Core polarization effects up to 12 ω in 7Li and 10B nuclei

The longitudinal C2 form factor to 1+ 0 (0.718 MeV) states in 10 B are displayed

in Fig. 9. The CP effects up to 12 ω agree with that of the 6 ω, and both are
successes to reproduce the data at all momentum transfers, as shown in Fig. 9.

4. Conclusions
The effects of CP for 7 Li and 10 B were calculated up to 12 ω utilizing the CK
interactions. The predicated data can describe the electron scattering data and the
locations of the diffraction minimum in the right place. It also shows that including
the higher shell up to 12 ω improves the compatibility with experimental results
for all momentum transfers in both 7 Li and 10 B, especially resembling the second
maximum in 7 Li.

Acknowledgment
We thank Professor Dr. Raad A. Radhi at the university of Baghdad for assistance
in providing the CP-program.

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