Test Bank for The Science of Nutrition, 3rd Edition Thompson

Test Bank for The Science of Nutrition, 3rd Edition

Thompson

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The Science of Nutrition, 3e (Thompson)
Chapter 11 Nutrients Involved in Bone Health

1) The compact bone that makes up the outer surface of bone is called:
A) cortical.
B) spongy.
C) collagen.
D) trabecular.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 435
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.1

2) Minerals make up approximately what percentage of bone?

A) 25%
B) 35%
C) 50%
D) 65%
Answer: D
Page Ref: 434-435
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.1

3) Which organic protein is responsible for the bone matrix that hydroxyapatite binds to?
A) titan
B) collagen
C) hemoglobin
D) trabecular bone
Answer: B
Page Ref: 437
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.2

4) Eighty percent of bone is made up of:

A) spongy bone.
B) collagen.
C) cortical bone.
D) trabecular bone.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 435
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.1

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5) When does bone growth and modeling start?
A) during fetal development
B) at birth
C) during infancy
D) during childhood
Answer: A
Page Ref: 435
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.2

6) The two-step process in which bone tissue is recycled is called:

A) bone growth.
B) bone modeling.
C) bone remodeling.
D) bone regeneration.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 436
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.2

7) Bone cells that are responsible for eroding the bone surface during resorption are called:
A) osteoclasts.
B) cortical.
C) osteoblasts.
D) trabecular.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 436
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.2

8) The tiny mineral crystals that cluster around collagen fibers in bone are called:
A) osteoclasts.
B) hydroxyapatite.
C) trabecular.
D) osteoblasts.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 435
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.1

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9) In addition to proper growth and development, bone remodeling is critical in maintaining:
A) blood glucose levels.
B) blood calcium levels.
C) blood coagulation.
D) vitamin D production.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 436
Skill: Analyzing
Learning Obj.: 11.2

10) At about what age does bone resorption generally begin to occur more rapidly than bone
formation?
A) 10
B) 20
C) 40
D) 60
Answer: C
Page Ref: 437
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.2

11) Peak bone mass is typically achieved by what age?

A) 2 years
B) puberty
C) 21 years
D) 30 years
Answer: D
Page Ref: 436
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.2

12) Currently the most accurate assessment tool for measuring bone density is:
A) X-ray.
B) dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.
C) hydrostatic weighing.
D) computed axial tomography.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 437
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.3

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13) A T-score between -1 and 1 on a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) signifies:
A) lower than normal bone density.
B) osteoporosis.
C) normal bone density.
D) growing bone.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 437
Skill: Applying
Learning Obj.: 11.3

14) Which of the following T-scores indicates osteoporosis?

A) -3
B) -2
C) 0
D) 2
Answer: A
Page Ref: 437
Skill: Applying
Learning Obj.: 11.3

15) Which is the most abundant mineral in our body?

A) calcium
B) iron
C) phosphorus
D) fluoride
Answer: A
Page Ref: 439
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.4

16) Which of the following is TRUE concerning calcium?

A) Calcium's alkalinity assists in regulating acid-base balance.
B) Ninety-nine percent of calcium is found in the blood and soft tissue.
C) When blood calcium rises, osteoclasts will liberate calcium from the skeleton.
D) Calcium is a minor mineral.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 439
Skill: Analyzing
Learning Obj.: 11.4

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17) Which of the following hormones are released when blood calcium levels fall?
A) parathyroid hormone
B) hydroxyapatite
C) calcitonin
D) thyroxin
Answer: A
Page Ref: 439
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.4

18) Calcium is primarily absorbed from which area of the intestinal tract?
A) mouth
B) stomach
C) duodenum
D) ileum
Answer: C
Page Ref: 439
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.4

19) At which of the following stages of the life cycle is calcium absorption the most efficient?
A) pregnancy
B) infancy
C) adulthood
D) later life
Answer: B
Page Ref: 440
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.4

20) Phytates and oxalates can inhibit the absorption of:

A) vitamin E.
B) thiamin.
C) calcium.
D) protein.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 441
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.4

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21) This hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland when blood levels of calcium are too high.
A) calcitonin
B) thyroxin
C) parathyroid hormone
D) T3
Answer: A
Page Ref: 439
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.4

22) Assuming equal serving sizes, which of the following foods would be the poorest source of
calcium?
A) skim milk
B) whole milk
C) cheddar cheese
D) cottage cheese
Answer: D
Page Ref: 442
Skill: Applying
Learning Obj.: 11.5

23) Which of the following plant sources of calcium has the lowest bioavailability?
A) kale
B) spinach
C) broccoli
D) Brussels sprouts
Answer: B
Page Ref: 442
Skill: Applying
Learning Obj.: 11.5

24) Which of the following nutrients is necessary for the absorption of calcium?
A) iron
B) vitamin D
C) zinc
D) phosphorus
Answer: B
Page Ref: 441
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.5

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25) Which of the following is MOST likely to occur if you were to consume too much calcium
via the diet?
A) You would experience hypercalcemia.
B) You would begin to produce kidney stones.
C) Your gastrointestinal tract would limit the absorption of other minerals.
D) Calcium deposits would accumulate in the soft tissues of the body.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 443
Skill: Analyzing
Learning Obj.: 11.4

26) Which of the following organs converts the inactive form of vitamin D into the active form
the body can use?
A) parathyroid
B) lungs
C) kidneys
D) gallbladder
Answer: C
Page Ref: 446
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.6

27) Who is at MOST risk for vitamin D deficiency?

A) a young man living near the equator
B) a middle-aged woman living in Alaska
C) a child living in southern California
D) a middle-aged woman living in Florida
Answer: B
Page Ref: 447
Skill: Applying
Learning Obj.: 11.6

28) Which is the primary source of vitamin D in the American diet?

A) seafood
B) chicken
C) green leafy vegetables
D) fortified foods, such as milk
Answer: D
Page Ref: 448
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.6

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29) Vitamin D toxicity is associated with:
A) sunburns.
B) suntan lotions.
C) seafood.
D) supplements.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 448
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.6

30) One microgram of vitamin D is equivalent to how many International Units (IU)?
A) 10 IU
B) 20 IU
C) 30 IU
D) 40 IU
Answer: D
Page Ref: 448
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.6

31) A vitamin D deficiency in adults can lead to:

A) hypocalcemia.
B) rickets.
C) osteomalacia.
D) calcium deposits.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 450
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.6

32) Individuals who have diseases that result in the malabsorption of ________ are at risk for a
vitamin D deficiency.
A) carbohydrate
B) fat
C) minerals
D) protein
Answer: B
Page Ref: 450
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.6

8
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33) Insufficient vitamin D during childhood is associated with:
A) rickets.
B) osteomalacia.
C) osteoporosis.
D) hypocalcemia.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 450
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.6

34) Vitamin K is absorbed from the small intestine and is transported by ________ to the liver.
A) hepatic portal system
B) chylomicrons
C) bile
D) cholesterol
Answer: B
Page Ref: 451
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.4

35) Vitamin K serves as a(n) ________ to various proteins involved in the coagulation of blood
and in bone metabolism.
A) inhibitor
B) coenzyme
C) antagonist
D) carrier
Answer: B
Page Ref: 451
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.4

36) Newborn infants receive a single injection of vitamin K at birth due to the fact that:
A) newborns do not have enough bacteria in their small intestine to make vitamin K.
B) breast milk is a poor source of vitamin K.
C) the trauma of labor and delivery depletes the newborn's vitamin K stores.
D) newborns cannot absorb any of the vitamin K from breast milk or formula.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 452
Skill: Analyzing
Learning Obj.: 11.4

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37) A recent meta-analysis of studies evaluating Vitamin K's role in maintaining bone health has
shown that vitamin K:
A) is only involved in bone remodeling.
B) plays no role in bone metabolism.
C) is the primary determinant of bone density.
D) has a modest impact on bone density.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 451
Skill: Evaluating
Learning Obj.: 11.4

38) The body's supply of vitamin K comes from dietary sources and is also produced in the:
A) brain.
B) mouth.
C) stomach.
D) large intestine.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 451
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.4

39) Formed in our bones, hydroxyapatite crystals are mineral complexes comprised of calcium
and:
A) sodium.
B) chloride.
C) phosphorus.
D) vitamin K.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 452-453
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.4

40) Which of the following foods is high in phosphorus?

A) eggs
B) apples
C) oranges
D) table salt
Answer: A
Page Ref: 453
Skill: Applying
Learning Obj.: 11.7

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41) Most of the body's phosphorus is stored in:
A) the liver.
B) adipose tissue.
C) the bones.
D) the kidneys.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 453
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.4

42) Which of the following foods are good sources of magnesium?

A) green, leafy vegetables
B) citrus fruits
C) french fries
D) soft drinks
Answer: A
Page Ref: 454
Skill: Applying
Learning Obj.: 11.7

43) Which of the following enhances the absorption and retention of dietary magnesium?
A) fiber
B) phytates
C) protein
D) fat
Answer: C
Page Ref: 454
Skill: Analyzing
Learning Obj.: 11.7

44) One source of magnesium toxicity is:

A) antacids.
B) apples.
C) high meat consumption.
D) soft drinks.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 454
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.7

11
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45) The majority of our body's fluoride is stored in the:
A) liver.
B) adipose tissue.
C) teeth and bones.
D) interstitial fluid.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 455
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.8

46) Fluorosis is associated with:

A) insufficient intake of fluoride.
B) consuming too much fluoride.
C) Alzheimer's disease.
D) osteoporosis.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 456
Skill: Analyzing
Learning Obj.: 11.8

47) Kyphosis, or dowager's hump, is a characteristic associated with:

A) fluorosis.
B) osteoporosis.
C) rickets.
D) the female athlete triad.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 457
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.9

48) What is the primary reason osteoporosis incidence in the United States is expected to
increase?
A) inadequate treatment options
B) increased diagnostic tools
C) increased longevity of the population
D) decline in milk consumption
Answer: C
Page Ref: 458
Skill: Evaluating
Learning Obj.: 11.9

12
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49) Which individual is at the LEAST risk for osteoporosis?
A) thin, elderly male
B) male weight lifter in his 20s
C) petite Asian female
D) thin Caucasian female in her 40s
Answer: B
Page Ref: 459
Skill: Applying
Learning Obj.: 11.9

50) In which phase of the life cycle is bone loss the greatest?
A) puberty
B) pregnancy
C) lactation
D) menopause
Answer: D
Page Ref: 458
Skill: Analyzing
Learning Obj.: 11.9

51) Which of the following is a risk factor that increases one's chances of developing
osteoporosis?
A) participation in weight-bearing exercise
B) consumption of a plant-based diet
C) smoking
D) moderate alcohol intake
Answer: C
Page Ref: 459
Skill: Analyzing
Learning Obj.: 11.9

52) Mary is 60 years old and at risk for osteoporosis. Which of the following dietary
supplements would be the MOST helpful to minimize bone loss, when combined with calcium?
A) magnesium
B) vitamin K
C) phosphorus
D) vitamin D
Answer: D
Page Ref: 460
Skill: Evaluating
Learning Obj.: 11.9

13
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53) Which group of people do doctors generally advise get a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
(DXA) test?
A) pubescent women
B) postmenopausal women
C) middle-aged men
D) weight lifters
Answer: B
Page Ref: 437
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.3

54) A T-score compares a person's assessed bone density to:

A) the average peak bone density of a healthy 30-year-old.
B) the average peak bone density of a healthy 20-year-old.
C) the average bone density of a person with osteoporosis.
D) the average bone density of a person at puberty.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 437
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.3

55) Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures bone density in a person's:
A) lower limbs.
B) hands.
C) hips.
D) whole body.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 437
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.3

56) The quick, portable procedure that calculates bone density by using sound waves to scan the
heel, shin, and kneecap is known as:
A) dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.
B) single energy X-ray absorptiometry.
C) quantitative ultrasound technique.
D) peripheral ultrasound technique.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 438
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.3

14
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57) Which of the following is a hormone that is released in response to low blood calcium
levels?
A) serotonin
B) estrogen
C) parathyroid hormone
D) insulin
Answer: C
Page Ref: 439
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.4

58) Which of the following foods contains the same amount of calcium as 8 oz of nonfat milk?
A) 4.9 oz plain, nonfat yogurt
B) 4.9 oz Swiss cheese
C) 1.5 oz canned sardines
D) 1 cup of lima beans
Answer: A
Page Ref: 443
Skill: Applying
Learning Obj.: 11.5

59) Of the following foods, which has the highest bioavailability of calcium?
A) raw spinach
B) unprocessed tofu
C) whole wheat bread
D) cooked kale
Answer: D
Page Ref: 442, 444
Skill: Applying
Learning Obj.: 11.5

60) Which of the following is the animal form of vitamin K, produced by bacteria in the large
intestine?
A) osteocalcin
B) menaquinone
C) phylloquinone
D) phosphorus
Answer: B
Page Ref: 451
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.4

15
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61) Foods that contain protein have a high amount of:
A) calcium.
B) vitamin K.
C) phosphorus.
D) oxalates.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 453
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.7

62) Which component of teeth increases their resistance to destruction by acids and bacteria?
A) calcium
B) phosphorus
C) hydroxyapatite
D) fluorohydroxyapatite
Answer: D
Page Ref: 456
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.8

63) How does fluoride protect against dental caries (cavities)?

A) decreases and reverses tooth demineralization
B) inhibits bone modeling
C) speeds up metabolism of acid-producing bacteria
D) decreases tooth mineralization
Answer: A
Page Ref: 456
Skill: Analyzing
Learning Obj.: 11.8

64) How can children reduce the risk of fluorosis?

A) Limit ingestion of fluoridated toothpaste.
B) Limit ingestion of fluoridated water.
C) Limit intake of vitamin D supplements.
D) Increase amount of phosphorus from dietary sources.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 456
Skill: Analyzing
Learning Obj.: 11.8

16
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65) Fluoride deficiency has been shown to result in:
A) osteoporosis.
B) dental caries.
C) osteoarthritis.
D) kyphosis.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 457
Skill: Analyzing
Learning Obj.: 11.8

66) The most effective exercise programs recommended to treat osteoporosis emphasize:
A) stretching.
B) carbohydrate loading.
C) recumbent cycling.
D) weight-bearing activities.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 461
Skill: Analyzing
Learning Obj.: 11.10

67) Selective estrogen receptor modulators have been used to treat osteoporosis. They work by:
A) increasing the amount and activity of thyroid hormones.
B) increasing the levels of phosphorus in the blood.
C) promoting an estrogen-like effect on bone tissue.
D) combining estrogen with progestin.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 461
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.10

68) Which thyroid hormone is used to treat osteoporosis?

A) calcitonin
B) testosterone
C) insulin
D) parathyroid hormone
Answer: A
Page Ref: 461
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.10

69) Fluoride is absorbed directly into the teeth and gums.

Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 456
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.8

17
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70) Cortical bone has a faster turnover rate than trabecular bone.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 435
Skill: Analyzing
Learning Obj.: 11.1

71) Collagen fibers are stronger than steel fibers of the same size.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 435
Skill: Analyzing
Learning Obj.: 11.1

72) Females reach their full adult height later than males do.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 436
Skill: Analyzing
Learning Obj.: 11.2

73) The size and shape of bones do not change significantly after puberty.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 436
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.2

74) Bone density ceases to increase around 21 years of age in males.

Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 436
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.2

75) Osteoblasts lay down new bone.

Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 437
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.2

76) Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry is an accurate way to evaluate bone density.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 437
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.3

77) When dietary intake of calcium is low, calcium absorption increases.

Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 441
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.5

18
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78) Using a sunscreen with SPF 8 or greater can inhibit the synthesis of vitamin D.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 447
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.6

79) Vitamin D acts as a hormone.

Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 446
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.4

80) The RDA for vitamin D is based on the assumption that an individual does not get enough
sun.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 447
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.6

81) Geographical location affects the amount of vitamin D the body is able to synthesize.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 447
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.6

82) Skin absorbs vitamin D directly from the sun.

Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 446
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.6

83) Across the life span, vitamin D needs are the lowest for those over the age of 70.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 448
Skill: Analyzing
Learning Obj.: 11.4

84) Overexposure to the sun can result in vitamin D toxicity.

Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 448
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.6

19
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85) Peripheral dual energy x-ray absorptiometry calculates bone density by scanning all the
bones in the body.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 438
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.3

86) Some researchers believe excess caffeine consumption can be detrimental to bone health.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 459
Skill: Evaluating
Learning Obj.: 11.9

87) Phosphorus deficiencies are rare.

Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 453
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.4

88) Most bottled waters do not contain fluoride.

Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 456
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 11.8

89) As adults age, their bone density declines.

Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 457
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.9

90) Hormone replacement therapy has been proven to be a safe and effective treatment for heart
disease.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 461
Skill: Evaluating
Learning Obj.: 11.10

91) Calcium is an important major mineral. Discuss the functions of calcium. How does the body
maintain blood calcium levels?
Answer: Answers will vary.
Page Ref: 439-440
Skill: Analyzing
Learning Obj.: 11.4

20
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Test Bank for The Science of Nutrition, 3rd Edition Thompson

92) Describe the bioavailability of calcium. What factors are associated with increased or
decreased absorption of calcium?
Answer: Answers will vary.
Page Ref: 440-441
Skill: Analyzing
Learning Obj.: 11.4

93) What is bone modeling? Why is it important? What minerals are related to bone modeling?
Answer: Answers will vary.
Page Ref: 436
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.2

94) Soft drink consumption is associated with poor bone health. Describe the proposed theories
that explain this relationship.
Answer: Answers will vary.
Page Ref: 453
Skill: Evaluating
Learning Obj.: 11.4

95) Approximately 80% of Americans with osteoporosis are women. Why?

Answer: Answers will vary.
Page Ref: 458-459
Skill: Evaluating
Learning Obj.: 11.9

96) Discuss the current treatments for osteoporosis.

Answer: Answers will vary.
Page Ref: 461
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 11.10

21
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