Nutrition for Life 3rd Edition Thompson

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Nutrition for Life, 3e (Thompson)
Chapter 7 Minerals: Building and Moving Our Body

Multiple-Choice Questions

1) Which of the following is TRUE?

A) Water freely moves across cell membranes.
B) Water and electrolytes move across the cell membranes only through protein channels.
C) Electrolytes freely move across cell membranes.
D) Water and electrolytes cannot move across cell membranes.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 197

2) Which of the following will likely result if the concentration of electrolytes inside a cell is
higher than that of the extracellular environment?
A) The cell will swell.
B) The cell will become dehydrated.
C) The cell will undergo mitosis and divide.
D) The cell will be unaffected.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 197

3) Which of the ultra-trace minerals is essential for human health?

A) boron
B) molybdenum
C) iron
D) selenium
Answer: B
Page Ref: 196

4) Which of the following does NOT describe a mineral?

A) Minerals are organic micronutrients.
B) Minerals have the ability to carry an electrical charge.
C) Minerals are needed in small amounts by the body.
D) Minerals cannot be created or destroyed by natural means.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 194

5) A high level of sodium in blood plasma can increase the level of pressure inside the blood
vessels and lead to
A) type 1 diabetes.
B) iron-deficient anemia.
C) hypertension.
D) hypotension.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 199

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6) Which of the following diets has been used specifically and successfully to treat hypertension?
A) Weight Watchers
B) Atkins
C) Zone
D) DASH
Answer: D
Page Ref: 200

7) The AI for sodium is how many milligrams per day?

A) 1,000
B) 1,500
C) 2,400
D) 3,000
Answer: B
Page Ref: 199

8) Diets rich in which of the following nutrients are associated with maintaining healthy blood
pressure levels?
A) sodium
B) chloride
C) potassium
D) phosphorus
Answer: C
Page Ref: 200

9) Which of the following individuals is at risk for a potassium deficiency?

A) a marathon runner
B) a newborn
C) an individual with hypertension
D) an individual with kidney disease
Answer: D
Page Ref: 200

10) The majority of dietary chloride is consumed from

A) animal protein sources.
B) alcohol.
C) table salt.
D) water.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 201

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11) Which of the following is NOT a function of chloride?
A) assists in regulating the body's fluid balance
B) assists white blood cells during an immune response
C) in the form of hydrochloric acid, prepares food for digestion
D) used in public water supplies to kill harmful bacteria
Answer: D
Page Ref: 201

12) Which of the following foods contains the lowest amount of sodium?
A) one medium fresh orange
B) 1 cup canned vegetable soup
C) 1 large dill pickle
D) 1 ounce potato chips
Answer: A
Page Ref: 199

13) One important function of sodium is to

A) assist in bone formation.
B) maintain fluid balance.
C) synthesize thyroid hormones.
D) detoxify the liver.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 198

14) Which of the following do sodium and potassium NOT have in common?
A) Rich sources of both include fresh foods such as bananas, cantaloupe, and potatoes.
B) Both participate in maintaining fluid balance.
C) Both are involved in nerve transmission.
D) Both are major electrolytes in the body.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 199 and 200

15) Chromium assists in the transport of which of the following into the cells?
A) calcium
B) sodium
C) potassium
D) glucose
Answer: D
Page Ref: 203

16) A major dietary source of iodine is

A) nuts.
B) fruits and vegetables.
C) dairy products.
D) fortified table salt.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 204
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17) Iodine is essential for the synthesis of which of the following type of hormone?
A) estrogen
B) growth
C) thyroid
D) androgen
Answer: C
Page Ref: 204

18) A pregnant woman who does not consume enough iodine in her diet is at risk of delivering
an infant with
A) phenylketonuria.
B) cretinism.
C) spina bifida.
D) Down syndrome.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 204

19) Which of the following hormones requires selenium for its synthesis?
A) estrogen
B) insulin
C) cortisol
D) thyroid
Answer: D
Page Ref: 204

20) The oxygen-carrying protein found in our muscle cells is called

A) myoglobin.
B) hemoglobin.
C) hematocrit.
D) hemosiderin.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 206

21) A deficiency of which of the following nutrients is the most common deficiency worldwide?
A) calcium
B) vitamin B12
C) iron
D) folate
Answer: C
Page Ref: 208

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22) Most ultra-trace minerals
A) have an established Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA).
B) are essential for human health.
C) have no established Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) guideline.
D) are not found in the body.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 196-197

23) Bob's physician has just diagnosed him with iron-deficiency anemia. All of the following
would be good advice to help Bob increase iron absorption in the food he eats?
A) Put soy milk on your breakfast cereal.
B) Drink a glass of orange juice with your breakfast cereal.
C) Drink a glass of milk with your iron supplement.
D) Eat less meat and poultry.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 206-207

24) The spongy bone found within the ends of long bones is called
A) cortical.
B) osteoblast.
C) collagen.
D) trabecular.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 212

25) Which of the following is FALSE in regard to trabecular bone?

A) found within the ends of the long bones
B) porous and spongy in composition
C) found inside the pelvis, skull, and vertebrae
D) comprises approximately 80% of the skeleton
Answer: D
Page Ref: 212

26) Which of the following terms refers to the two-step process in which bone tissue is recycled?
A) bone growth
B) bone modeling
C) bone remodeling
D) bone regeneration
Answer: C
Page Ref: 212

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27) Bone cells that are responsible for the synthesis of new bone tissue are called
A) osteoclasts.
B) cortical.
C) osteoblasts.
D) trabecular.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 212

28) When blood becomes acidic, osteoclasts take action to

A) increase blood glucose levels.
B) release calcium into the bloodstream.
C) coagulate the blood.
D) produce vitamin D.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 213

29) At what age does bone breakdown generally begin to occur more rapidly than bone
formation?
A) 10
B) 20
C) 40
D) 60
Answer: C
Page Ref: 212

30) Which of the following is the most abundant mineral in our body?
A) calcium
B) iron
C) phosphorus
D) fluoride
Answer: A
Page Ref: 213

31) Which of the following is FALSE concerning calcium?

A) Calcium's alkalinity assists in regulating acid-base balance.
B) Ninety-nine percent of calcium is found in the blood and soft tissue.
C) When blood calcium falls, calcium is released from the skeleton.
D) Calcium is a major mineral.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 213

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32) In addition to providing structure to bones and teeth, blood calcium is critical for
A) muscle contraction and transmission of nerve impulses.
B) DNA replication.
C) fluid balance.
D) ATP synthesis.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 213

33) Assuming equal serving sizes, which of the following foods would be the poorest source of
calcium?
A) skim milk
B) whole milk
C) cheddar cheese
D) cottage cheese
Answer: D
Page Ref: 214

34) Which of the following nutrients is necessary for the absorption of calcium?
A) iron
B) vitamin D
C) zinc
D) phosphorus
Answer: B
Page Ref: 214

35) Which of the following foods is high in phosphorus?

A) processed foods
B) apples
C) oranges
D) table salt
Answer: A
Page Ref: 216-217

36) Oxalates can inhibit the absorption of

A) vitamin E.
B) thiamin.
C) calcium.
D) protein.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 214

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37) Most of the body's phosphorus is stored in
A) the liver.
B) adipose tissue.
C) the skeleton.
D) the kidneys.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 216

38) Which of the following foods are good sources of magnesium?

A) green leafy vegetables
B) citrus fruits
C) french fries and onion rings
D) soft drinks and fruit juices
Answer: A
Page Ref: 217

39) The majority of our body's fluoride is stored in the

A) liver.
B) adipose tissue.
C) teeth and bones.
D) interstitial fluid.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 218

40) Fluorosis is associated with

A) insufficient intake of fluoride.
B) consuming too much fluoride.
C) Alzheimer's disease.
D) osteoporosis.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 218

41) Aging results in an increased risk for the development of osteoporosis due to
A) bone calcium increasing as we grow older.
B) increased metabolism of vitamin D.
C) a decrease in the production of hormones, which makes bone more sensitive to osteoclasts.
D) increased protein consumption.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 219

42) Dowager's hump is one characteristic of

A) fluorosis.
B) osteoporosis.
C) rickets.
D) the female athlete triad.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 219
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43) Mary is 60 years old and at risk for osteoporosis. Which of the following dietary
supplements would be the MOST helpful to minimize bone loss?
A) magnesium and fluoride
B) vitamin K and fluoride
C) calcium and phosphorus
D) calcium and vitamin D
Answer: D
Page Ref: 221

44) Which major mineral, though a vital component of the B-vitamins thiamin and biotin, does
not need to be consumed in the diet?
A) sulfur
B) calcium
C) sodium
D) potassium
Answer: A
Page Ref: 203-204

45) The red blood cells that transport oxygen through the body are called
A) myoglobin.
B) hemoglobin.
C) erythrocytes.
D) leukocytes.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 205

46) The fluid portion of the blood is called

A) plasma.
B) platelets.
C) hemoglobin.
D) myoglobin.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 199 and 205

47) The oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells is called

A) myoglobin.
B) hemoglobin.
C) erythrocyte.
D) leukocyte.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 205

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48) The oxygen-carrying protein found in skeletal muscle is
A) myoglobin.
B) hemoglobin.
C) erythrocyte.
D) leukocyte.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 206

49) In the United States, the most common cause of poisoning deaths in children under age six
results from accidental overdose of
A) sodium.
B) lead.
C) iron.
D) selenium.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 208

50) Both iodine toxicity and deficiency can result in

A) iron-deficient anemia.
B) hypertension.
C) osteoporosis.
D) a goiter.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 204

51) Which of the following type of bone is dense tissue that makes up the outer surface of all
bones and most small bones?
A) trabecular
B) cortical
C) collagen
D) osteoblast
Answer: B
Page Ref: 212

52) What kind of protein forms the strong fibers in bone and connective tissue?
A) collagen
B) keratin
C) casein
D) hemoglobin
Answer: A
Page Ref: 212

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53) Food poisoning and eating disorders, which involve repeated vomiting and diarrhea, can lead
to an irregular heart rate and even death. This mineral-related effect is a result of
A) low blood calcium.
B) blood acid-base imbalance.
C) fluid and electrolyte imbalance.
D) hypertension.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 198

54) Which of the following contains polyphenols that impair iron absorption?
A) legumes
B) rice
C) coffee
D) milk
Answer: C
Page Ref: 207

55) Age and certain dietary factors can affect the degree to which our body can absorb and
utilize nutrients. This variable rate of absorption is known as a food's
A) chemical availability.
B) bioavailability.
C) biosufficiency.
D) biodeficiency.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 213

56) At what point do our bones reach peak density?

A) infancy
B) childhood
C) early adulthood
D) menopause
Answer: C
Page Ref: 212

57) A majority of our bone tissue is made up of minerals, mostly

A) calcium and phosphorus.
B) iron and zinc.
C) chromium and manganese.
D) potassium and chloride.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 212

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58) A deficiency of this trace mineral can result in severe growth retardation
A) potassium.
B) zinc.
C) phosphorus.
D) sodium.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 209

True/False Questions

1) Sodium is an essential nutrient necessary for human health.

Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 198

2) Most Americans exceed the dietary recommendations for sodium.

Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 199

3) Processed foods tend to be high in sodium and low in potassium.

Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 200

4) Extreme dehydration, vomiting, and diarrhea can result in a potassium deficiency.

Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 200

5) On average, the American diet is deficient in both phosphorus and chloride.

Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 201 and 216-217

6) In healthy individuals, eating too much sodium will damage the kidneys.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 199-200

7) A diet rich in potassium has been shown to help maintain a healthy blood pressure.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 200

8) Because iodine is found throughout the food supply, deficiencies are rare.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 204

9) Selenium is the only mineral with a known antioxidant function.

Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 206

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10) Heme iron is absorbed better than non-heme iron.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 206

11) Non-heme iron is found in plant-based foods.

Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 206

12) Vegans absorb less dietary iron than meat eaters.

Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 207

13) Females are at a greater risk for iron deficiency than men.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 207

14) Both excessive and insufficient intakes of zinc can impair immune function.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 209

15) Phosphorus deficiencies are common among children and adolescents.

Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 217

16) Smoking increases bone loss.

Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 219

17) Regular participation in activity and weight-bearing exercise can help increase and maintain
bone mass.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 220

18) As adults age, bone density increases.

Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 219

19) Osteoporosis affects men and women equally.

Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 219

20) The primary symptom of fluoride deficiency is fluorosis.

Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 218

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21) Supplements are required to meet the body's need for major minerals.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 193

22) Trace minerals can be destroyed by excessive heat or cold.

Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 194

23) We consume the majority of our dietary chloride in the form of tap water.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 201

24) Phosphorus is the primary component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 216

25) Major minerals are those that the body needs in excess of 100 milligrams/day.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 194

26) Hemoglobin is a substance that dissociates in solution into positively and negatively charged
ions.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 197

27) Chromium is a trace mineral that enhances the ability of insulin to transport glucose into the
body's cells.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 203

Essay Questions

1) How do electrolytes function in controlling fluid balance in the body?

Page Ref: 197-198

2) Describe bone remodeling.

Page Ref: 212

3) Describe the risk factors associated with osteoporosis.

Page Ref: 218-221

4) Iron-deficiency anemia is the leading nutrient deficiency worldwide. Discuss dietary

approaches to optimize the intake and absorption of iron.
Page Ref: 207-208

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Questions from Chapter Boxes

1) The majority of sodium in our diet comes from processed foods.

Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 202

2) Research has demonstrated that taking zinc lozenges can reduce the length and severity of the
common cold.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 211

3) Most research has shown that chromium supplementation is not effective in increasing muscle
mass or strength.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 203

4) Discuss the research evidence related to zinc lozenges and the common cold.
Page Ref: 211

5) Mark's doctor has placed him on a low-sodium diet. Discuss practical ways in which Mark
could reduce his sodium intake.
Page Ref: 202

6) Chemist Sir Humphry Davy was the first to isolate potassium, sodium, and other minerals as
independent minerals. He did so by subjecting a variety of chemical compounds to
A) radiation.
B) freezing.
C) acid baths.
D) an electrical current.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 200

7) Which of the following foods has the highest calcium absorption rate but provides the lowest
amount of calcium absorbed?
A) boiled cauliflower
B) skim milk
C) yogurt
D) frozen spinach, cooked
Answer: A
Page Ref: 215

8) Explain what kefir is and why it makes an excellent choice for supporting bone health.
Page Ref: 220

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