Three Components of Transportation • This is a type of aerial transit that transport

Importance of Transportation passengers and goods in a suspended cabin

Three Basic Modes of Transportation pulled by cables or ropes.
Four Major Modes of Transportation • This mode of transport is commonly used in
Other Modes of TransPortation mountainous areas or in places with large
Scope of Highway Engineering differences in elevation.
- is the transfer of passenger and cargos via sea routes or by
- it is the carriage of passengers, baggage, cargo, and mail by water.
air. • These are aircrafts without an onboard pilot. They
• It is the slowest among the four modes. operate by either being remotely controlled by a
The term is derived from the Latin word ("across") and human operator or autonomously by onboard
("to carry"). computers.
refers to the energy produced by the human body. - Most organized among all the modes of transport as
• becomes the bridge to discover the different cultures it has fixed routes and schedules.
around the globe. is moving whatever comes out of one location to the
– are made from decomposing plants and animals. next location.
refers to what the vehicle uses to move. • This mode of transportation is safer and cheaper than
- has knit together all the nations of the world into the using tankers or trailers in the transportation of liquid
one big world market or gaseous products.
- plays a vital role in the increases in capital goods, - helps in the assembly of raw materials and distribution
labor force, technology, and human capital that all of finished goods
contribute to economic growth • It enables effective transportation of people and
- is the transport or movement of people, animals, or goods goods across national and international borders.
from one location to another location on land.
• They are used to improve worker safety and to reduce
•make tourism possible.
wasted resources.
-can be classified as transporting either goods and
This refers to the use of spacecraft to transport people
materials or transporting people from one place to
or cargo into or through outer
other on roads.
space.
It consists of the modern highway as well as city streets,
- is the most common means of transportation on land.
feeder roads and village roads, catering for a big range
• This can be considered as the least used mode of
of vehicles and the pedestrians.
transportation as it requires extensive study and
Transport is essential for strengthening the national
computations before flights, and it costs a lot of money.
defense of a country.
- are used for various types of road vehicles, like
is a means of transport that transfers passengers and
passenger cars, buses, trucks, two and three wheeled
goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, which are
automobiles.
incorporated in tracks.
- requires a relatively small investment for the
- One of the most cost-effective modes of commuting
government. Construction and maintenance of roads
and goods carriage.
are cheaper than that of railway tracks, docks, harbors,
This mode of transportation uses oceans, rivers, canals,
and airports.
and lakes for the movement of
– are from solar, wind, hydro, tidal, geothermal, and
boats and ships.
biomass energy.
• Transportation by this system is possible between the
- completely offers a freedom to road users to transfer
ports on the sea routes or along the rivers or canals
the vehicles from one lane to another according to the
where inland transportation facilities are available.
need and convenience.
- one of the fastest modes of transportation.
is a branch of engineering that deals with major
• More costly compared to all other modes of
roadways and transportation systems involving
transportation.
automobiles.
Refers to transportation that involves two or more
usually involves the construction and design of
mode of transportation
highways.
It is the mode of transportation that involves the use of
hollow pipes in the transportation of water, crude oil,
petroleum, biofuels, and gas.
is the movement of people and goods from one place
to another.
are the means supporting the mobility of passengers
crucial element that propels the transportation system
refers to what the vehicle uses to move.
TYPE OF DATA
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDER IN SELECTING THE RIGHT
METHOD FOR TRAFFIC COLLECTION
CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS
Main Type of Roads in the Philippines
ROAD PATTERNS
PLANNING SURVEYS
HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT AND SURVEYS
Requirements of an Ideal Alignment
Factors Controlling Highway Alignment
ENGINEERING SURVEY FOR HIGHWAY LOCATIONS
Mrthods of Prelim Survey
Under Conventional Method
-is a prerequisite for any engineering activity or project;
this is particularly true for the development of a
highway network or system in a country.
-involves the estimation of current and future traffic
volumes on a road network.
-is also a basic need for the Highway development.
- This data is beneficial for the best utilized type of road
(MDR, NH, SH) to be created on the path.
- This includes traffic volume survey, origin destination
survey, vehicles damage surveys etc.
- aim to capture data that accurately reflects the real-
world traffic situation in the area.
- old-school solutions include human counters, pressure
hoses, piezo-electric sensors, radars or custom HW
image analysis appliances.
- It is advantageous to use the systems based on
artificial intelligence by combining existing camera
equipment, multi-modal counting
capabilities, complex traffic patterns monitoring and
constantly high accuracy
— a person is subject to stress, fatigue, and his
biological needs. These factors affect data quality. In
the manual method, attention span of a counter
decreases with the length of the survey, and thus the
error rate is increasing.
- In the case of extensive surveys on multiple locations at one
time, it is necessary to consider the financial difficulty of
purchasing of technical devices that is worthwhile only if
repeating such surveys.
- With most traditional methods it is necessary to determine
what data we need to measure and what it will be used for.
Manual counters are not able to capture complicated traffic
patterns or advanced data like travel time.
- While constructing a highway, many shops and houses got
affected or damaged. This is done along roadside, town
villages and shops. The surveyors collect data about villagers
and have discussions about the project and ask for
cooperation during the years for construction.
- A report regarding affecting number of trees, flora and
fauna near construction sites, pollutants increased
during construction in air and water must be prepared
and submitted to environment ministry to get the green
signal for development.
- is the number of vehicles passing at a given point on a
roadway.
- is the capacity of maximum traffic flow that can be
accommodated in a highway, or it may also be
referred to as load transported per day.
- are the main roads that connect all major cities to the
capital of the country.
-They run throughout the length and breadth of the country.
- A minimum two-lane road is provided for this
-The Road width varies from 7 m to 15 m for the National
highways in India.
- The highways linking up with the national highways of
adjacent states, district headquarters and important cities
with the states.
-The geometric design specifications and design speed for
these highways are same. These highways serve as arterial
routes of traffic from district road within the state.
-The responsibility of construction and maintenance of these
roads lies with state government. However, the central
government gives grant for development.
- The length of state highway roads varies from .
-The important roads within a district serving areas of
production and markets and connecting these places with
each other or with the main highways.
- The responsibility of construction and maintenance of these
roads lies with District Authorities. However, the state
government gives grant for development of these roads.
- The roads serving rural areas of production and providing
them with outlet to market centers, tahsil headquarters,
block development headquarters, railway stations etc. are
known as
- This has lower design specification than MDR.
• The roads connecting villages or group of villages with each
other or with the nearest road of higher category are known
as village roads.
• These roads are very important from the rural area
development point of view.
- They are generally unmetalled with single lane width of
stabilized soil or gravel. The responsibility of construction
and maintenance of these roads lies with the local district
authorities.
• are laid with soil.
• They are cheaper than all types of roads.
• This type of roads is provided for fewer traffic areas or
countryside areas.
• are also low-quality roads, but they are better when
compared within earthen roads.
• A compacted mixture of gravel and earth is used as
pavement material in this case.
• is a matter obtained from the disintegration of igneous
rocks by weathering agencies.
• is an impure form of limestone.
• are provided where lime is available in a reasonable
quantity.
• contain crushed stone aggregate in its base
course.
• The aggregates are spread on the surface and rolled after
sprinkling water.
• are prevalent roads around the world.
• They are the most used roads in the world.
• is used to construct the pavements in case of concrete
roads.
 • These are very popular and costlier than all other types of
roads.
– built for pedestrians exclusively, and no vehicles are
permitted to pass.
– built for cyclists which are provided on both sides of
pavement so they can travel safely.
– also known as expressways. Only few vehicles are allowed
to use these roads such as vehicles that accelerate at high
speeds.
-It makes travelling quicker and provides comfort for
high-speed vehicles.
are also called as access-controlled highways.
• are wide roads designed for fast-moving vehicles to travel
long distances with higher speeds.
• These are generally designed in four lanes, two lanes in
each direction.
• Traffic movement heres is continuous and unhindered
because there are no railway or road intersections and no
signals.
• are one of the superior types of access-controlled
roadways where the entry and exit of the expressway are
fully controlled by ramps.
• are designed to travel quickly with great comfort and
safety by avoiding sharp curves, busy traffic intersections,
railway junctions.
• connect villages to cities or cities to cities or state to state
or the roads connect the state capital to the national capital
• are the roads run through the length and breadth of the
country.
• are the roads laid inside the city or town for the movement
high volume of traffic.
• joins the central business point to the outside residential
areas.
• provide access to the highways.
• don’t carry a large volume of traffic like arterials.
• The speed limit is restricted to --- in a local street.
• allow you to properties around it.
• In simple words, the road which you to take to reach the
nearest vegetable market is
•s collect and deliver the traffic to and from local streets and
arterials.
• The speed limit usually ranges between 35-55km/hr.
• Pedestrians are allowed to cross only at intersections.
Parking can be allowed except at peak times.
- are those connecting major cities.
- are those connecting cities and municipalities. They connect
national roads to barangays.
- are roads within cities or towns. They connect to provincial
and national roads.
-are other public roads within the barangay.
- are highways with interchanges. Expressways in the
Philippines are toll roads. Toll rates vary and payments are
made in cash. Electronic payment is an option
on some of the major expressways in the country.
Speed Limits for Cars and Motorcycles
1. Expressways:
2. National and provincial roads:
3. Through streets or boulevards, clear of traffic:
4. City and municipal roads, with light traffic:
5. Crowded streets, school zones, roads where drivers must
pass stationary vehicles:
- The road that is constructed and maintained at a low cost
by utilizing the locally available materials & labor is a low-cost
road. It is also referred to as a cheap road.
- The funds required for constructing medium-cost roads are
higher than the low-cost roads. Road to travel from village to
nearest town is one of the examples of this.
-These roads are considered when there is occasional high
traffic.
These roads are generally built using bitumen.
- These roads require huge capital to construct. State
Highways and National highways are the best examples of
the high-cost roads. Bitumen or Cement concrete is used.
- means that road on which there is no hindrance in traffic
even after every difficult weather condition.
Accessed only during the fair atmospheric conditions. 1
- roads which are designed with a hard pavement course
such as Cement concrete, Bituminous and WBM (water-
bound macadam).
- roads which are not designed with a hard pavement.
In this pattern, the whole area is divided into rectangular
blocks.
-. Streets or branch roads intersect with each other at the
right angle.
-The main roads always pass through the center, and it
should be wide enough.
- Branch roads may be narrow as compared to main roads.
-The main roads should be provided with a direct approach to
outside the city
• It is widely adopted on city roads.
• Construction and Maintenance is quite easy.
It is not convenient because roads are perpendicular to each
other. This increases the rate of accidents due to
poor visibility at a perpendicular junction.
The entire area is divided into a radial network of roads
radiating from the cent with a block pattern network of roads
in between the radial main streets.
Less risky as compared to the rectangular pattern.
• It reduces the level of congestion at the primary bottleneck
location.
• If one radial road is blocked, then another can be used as
an alternative.
Lack of safety appurtenances like rail transitions, crash
attenuators and post support bases.
• It is only effective when two-lane ramp traffic does not
have to merge at the downstream end of the ramp.
- It is the pattern in which the main roads (radial roads)
radiate from the central point and are connected with
concentric roads (ring roads) that are also radiating
outwardly.
It is safe as compared to the previous patterns because
vehicles travel in the same direction.
• Roundabouts present in this pattern improves the
efficiency of traffic flow. This also reduces fuel consumption
and emissions of the vehicle.
Providing a good curve during the implementation of this
pattern is quite challenging.
• It affects the driving ability. Mainly, old drivers face this
problem due to declines(decrease) in vision, hearing, and
cognitive function
This pattern is formed by the combination of Star and Grid
Pattern.
 b. As in other, a radial network of road radiates from the
center outwardly. Then, the main radial streets are
interconnected by providing a grid pattern.
Three roads meet the built-up area boundary by the sides of
the hexagons at every corner of the hexagon which can be
further divided into suitable sizes.
It increases the efficiency of land usage
and unit density.
• It improves the traffic flow in both directions utilizing
Savannah’s cellular structure.
• It provides high safety to vehicular traffic with a high
proportion of 3-way intersections.
In this, the city center is connected with suburban centers
and neighbor centers with the shortest roads. To make the
road short; road alignment is made straight.
b. In this pattern, road pattern grows linearly in one direction
possible (straight roads) only due to the presence of some
adjacent natural forces like sea or ocean on one side of the
city. These are short roads.
Details of the existing facilities, their utility, distribution of
the existing population in the area, population growth trends,
existing products in the agricultural and industrial sectors,
future trends of development in these sectors, existing
communication and education facilities, and the per capita
income are to be collected.
Source of income; Various financial aspects such as the
sources of funding, estimated revenue from axes on vehicles,
toll tax, and indirect benefits of raising the living standards of
the people due to the proposed road network are
considered.
Details of the existing road facilities, traffic volume in
vehicles per day, traffic flow patterns, classes of traffic such
as passenger cars, buses, and trucks, loads carried, average
speeds, anticipated future trends of traffic growth, and other
traffic-related studies are to be conducted.
These include study of the topography, soil, road life and
special problems, if any, relating to construction, drainage,
and maintenance.
The alignment needs to be safe during construction,
operation, and maintenance especially at slopes,
embankments and cutting.
The construction materials if present at the place of
construction makes the construction easier. Similarly, it
should be easy during the operation of vehicles with easy
gradients and curves.
The distance between the initial and final point needs to be
short to reduce the construction cost.
The overall cost of construction and maintenance of the
road, as also the operation cost of the vehicles should be as
low as possible.
The alignment should be fixed such that it provides comfort
to the drivers and the passengers.
As the road project needs a large investment, the
government should be clear about the requirement of the
road (when, what, how and why to construct).
- determine the highway alignment. They are further divided
into positive obligatory points and negative obligatory points.
These are those points through which the alignment should
pass.
These are those points through which the alignment should
not pass.
The alignment should be according to the traffic amount and
flow pattern.
Geologically stable hill slope must be considered while
selecting the highway alignment.
Various factors regarding geometric design as the radius of
curve, sight distance, gradient determines the highway
alignment.
The construction works become easier and economical when
the construction materials are near the place of highway
alignment.
The construction, operation, and maintenance work should
be economical. So, highway alignment is selected keeping
these things in mind.
- The alignment needs to be fixed such that the number of
cross drainage structures are less.
The Pressure from the government to run the highway
alignment in the way they decide also affects the selection of
highway alignment.
Setting the straight alignment leads to monotonous driving.
So, a small bend is provided to make the driver aware and
alert. The roads are designed as forgiving roads.
The road should be aligned with the hill side that is stable.
Excessive cutting and filling may affect on their stability.
Adequate drainage facility need to be provided across the
road and the number of cross drainage structures need to be
less during construction.
Geometric design parameters also effect on the construction
of roads.
The Ineffective rise and excessive fall should be minimum.
The study of the topographical map is done to find out the
possible routes of the road. Following information are
obtained from the map study:
- are used in the reconnaissance procedure.
- are used during the preliminary survey
- is run from the starting point to the end point by setting out
various control points.
- is carried out along the center line or the proposed road.
- is used to estimate the volume of the earthwork.
- All geographical and man-made features are survey and
plotted which are along the traverse and for a certain width
on either side.
The number of cross drainage structures are estimated
during the preliminary survey.
- is conducted in working out details of earthwork, slope, and
stability of materials, subsoil and surface drainage
requirements and the type of the pavement requirements.
The location of construction materials need to be known.
Survey regarding the number of lanes, roadway width, and
pavement design need to be done.
-After completion of all the above-mentioned steps and
calculating the amount of earthwork, the final center line is
determined.