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2. Ideally, the US should occur immediately before the onset of the NS.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
4. During spontaneous recovery, the magnitude of the CR is usually smaller than the magnitude of the CR that occurred
prior to extinction.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
5. Respondent and operant behaviors cannot occur together in the same situation.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
6. One pairing between a neutral stimulus and a US is often sufficient to establish the neutral stimulus as a CS.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
10. In respondent extinction, the CS occurs without the US and eventually the CS no longer elicits a CR.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
Multiple Choice
12. In behavior modification, operant conditioning involves the manipulation of ____________ and respondent
conditioning involves the manipulation of ____________.
a. consequences; antecedent stimuli
b. antecedent stimuli; consequences
c. causes; effects
d. effects; causes
ANSWER: a
13. Responses that are elicited by antecedent stimuli without any conditioning or learning taking place are referred to as
____________ responses.
a. automatic
b. uncontrolled
c. conditioned
d. unconditioned
ANSWER: d
16. Stimulation that is painful to the body is as example of a(n) ____________ stimulus.
a. neutral
b. conditioned
c. unconditioned
d. environmental
ANSWER: c
17. If a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response similar to the unconditioned response as a result of being paired with an
unconditioned stimulus, ____________ conditioning has occurred.
a. respondent
b. operant
c. instrumental
d. all of these
ANSWER: a
19. A response elicited by the conditioned stimulus is referred to as a(n) ____________ response.
a. learned
b. conditioned
c. unconditioned
d. automatic
ANSWER: b
20. A previously neutral stimulus that is able to elicit a response similar to the unconditioned response as a result of being
paired with an unconditioned stimulus is called a ____________ stimulus.
a. paired
b. secondary
c. dependent
d. conditioned
ANSWER: d
21. When a neutral stimulus is paired with a CS, the neutral stimulus will become a CS and elicit a CR. This process is
called.
a. spontaneous recovery
b. respondent extinction
c. higher-order conditioning
d. operant-respondent interaction
ANSWER: c
22. The behavior that is elicited by the presence of an unconditioned or conditioned stimulus is referred to as __________
behavior.
a. respondent
b. operant
c. automatic
d. learned
ANSWER: a
23. What will happen if the CS is presented many times in the absence of the US?
a. the CS will elicit a CR
b. the CS will no longer elicit the CR
c. The US will no longer elicit a UR
d. B and C
ANSWER: b
24. In behavior modification, who was the first person to demonstrate the process of respondent conditioning?
a. Freud
b. Watson
c. Pavlov
d. Skinner
ANSWER: c
25. Which of the possible temporal relationships between the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is least
likely to be effective?
a. delay conditioning
b. backward conditioning
c. trace conditioning
d. simultaneous conditioning
ANSWER: b
26. Which type of conditioning is it if the unconditioned stimulus is presented before the neutral stimulus ends?
a. delay
b. trace
c. backward
d. concurrent
ANSWER: c
27. In which temporal relationship between the unconditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus is the unconditioned
stimulus presented after the neutral stimulus ends?
a. delay conditioning
b. simultaneous conditioning
c. trace conditioning
d. backward conditioning
ANSWER: c
28. When the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented at the same time it is called ____________
conditioning.
a. trace
b. simultaneous
c. delay
d. backward
ANSWER: b
29. If the unconditioned stimulus is presented before the neutral stimulus it is referred to as ____________ conditioning.
a. backward
b. forward
c. delay
d. trace
ANSWER: a
31. When a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus due to pairing with an already established conditioned
stimulus, it is called ____________ conditioning.
a. first-order
b. higher-order
c. operant
d. instrumental
ANSWER: b
33. As a result of being paired with a loud noise, a flashing light has come to elicit a startle reflex. When the flashing
light is repeatedly presented without the loud noise, the startle reflex eventually stops occurring. This process in which a
conditioned stimulus is no longer able to elicit a conditioned response is referred to as:
a. respondent extinction
b. secondary conditioning
c. operant extinction
d. reverse conditioning
ANSWER: a
34. Following extinction, a conditioned stimulus is presented and the conditioned response occurs. This process is
referred to as:
a. backward conditioning
b. reverse extinction
c. spontaneous recovery
d. reinforcement
ANSWER: c
35. Which of the following can develop through the process of respondent conditioning?
a. generalization
b. discrimination
c. A and B
d. none of these
ANSWER: c
36. Which of the following factors does NOT influence the strength of respondent conditioning?
a. temporal relationship between the NS and US
b. contingency between the NS and US
c. number of pairings of the NS and US
d. formal relationship between the NS and US
ANSWER: d
37. The ____________ pairing of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus has the single strongest effect on
respondent conditioning.
a. initial
b. final
c. second
d. next to last
ANSWER: a
39. In order for respondent conditioning to be most effective, the neutral stimulus should occur ____________ the
unconditioned stimulus occurs.
a. after
b. at the same time
c. before
d. more often than
ANSWER: c
40. In ____________ conditioning, a response is elicited by an antecedent stimulus, and conditioning involves the pairing
of two stimuli.
a. operant
b. respondent
c. instrumental
d. none of these
ANSWER: b
41. In ____________ conditioning a response is emitted, and conditioning involves a contingency between the response
and the consequence.
a. respondent
b. classical
c. Pavlovian
d. operant
ANSWER: d
Completion
44. As a result respondent conditioning, the becomes a conditioned stimulus and elicits a(n)
.
ANSWER: neutral stimulus; CR, conditioned response
45. When a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with an already established CS and the NS becomes a CS, this is called
.
ANSWER: higher-order conditioning
46. When Pavlov presented the sound of the metronome repeatedly without putting the meat powder in the dog’s mouth,
the dog quit salivating to the metronome. What is this process? ___________________
ANSWER: respondent extinction
47. After respondent extinction occurred in which the dog no longer salivated to the sound of the metronome, later Pavlov
presented the metronome and the dog began to salivate (to a lesser extent). This is called .
ANSWER: spontaneous recovery
48. For respondent conditioning to be most effective, the US should _____________ (precede / follow) the NS.
ANSWER: follow
49. Respondent conditioning is not likely to occur when the NS ______________ (precedes / follows) the US.
ANSWER: follows
51. The NS precedes the US and the presentation of the US does not overlap with the presentation of the NS.
ANSWER: b
53. The NS is presented and the US is then presented before the termination of the NS.
ANSWER: c
58. If Pavlov occasionally (1 out of 10 times) gave the dogs the meat powder following the sound of the metronome, the
dogs would be more or less likely to salivate to the metronome.
ANSWER: Less
59. John is playing in the front yard when a big dog starts running and barking towards him. The dog attack makes John’s
heart beat faster and John runs into the house to get away from the dog. Identify both the respondent and operant
behaviors that occurred.
ANSWER: The respondent behavior is the autonomic arousal (heart beating faster). The operant behavior is running into
the house.
60. Provide 3 examples of unconditioned responses (identify the US and UR in each example.
ANSWER: Three examples of unconditioned responding are as follows (see Table 8.1): a) eye blink (UR) in response to a
bright light (US); b) rapid withdrawal (UR) from a painful stimulus (US); and c) startle reflex (UR) to a loud
noise (US).