CHAPTER IV AND V

NONELECTROLTYES AND ELECTROLYTES

LIQUIDS
§ possess less kinetic energy that
gases
§ occupy a definite volume
§ take the shape of the container
§ incompressible
SYSTEM

-is generally considered to be a

bounded space or an exact CLASSIFICATION OF DISPERSED
quantity of a material substance SYSTEM

• True solution
• Colloidal dispersion
• Coarse dispersion
 COLLOIDAL DISPERSION
TRUE SOLUTION
-may be considered as a two-
-a mixture of two or more phase (heterogenous) system
compoonents that form a under some circumstances.
homogenous molecular -1nm - 0.5nm
dispersions
- one-phase system
- <1nm COARSE DISPERSION
- >0.5nm
-two common pharmaceutical
dispersions are emulsion and
suspension
 SOLUTE SOLVENT EXAMPLE
TYPES OF SOLUTION Gas Gas Air
Liquid Gas Water in oxygen
Solution can be Solid Gas Iodine vapor in air
classified according to Gas Liquid Carbonated water
the states in which the
solute and solvent Liquid Liquid Alcohol in water
occur Solid Liquid Aqueous NaCl
solution
Gas Solid Hydrogen in
palladium
Liquid Solid Mineral oil in
paraffin
Solid Solid Gold- Silver
mixture, mixture
of alums
CONCENTRATION EXPRESSION

MOLALITY MOLARITY
- no. of moles of solute in 1 kg of - no. of moles of solute in 1L of
solvent solution
• PERCENTAGE STRENGHT
- signifies the no. of grams of solute per NORMALITY
100 g of solution -is the number of grams
equivalent per liter of the
solution.
MOLE FRACTION (X,N)
- ratio of the moles of one
constituents (ex. the solute)
of a solution to teh total
moles of all constituents
(solvent and solute)
MOLE PERCENT
- moles of one constituent in
100 moles of the solution;
mole percent is obtained by
multiplying mole fraction by
100
PERCENT BY WEIGHT (%w/w)
- grams of solute in 100 g of
solution
PERCENT WEIGHT-IN-
VOLUME (%w/v)
-grams of solute in 100 ml of
PERCENT BY VOLUME (% v/v) solution
- milliliters of solute in 100ml
of solution
ELECTROLYTES

• form ions in solution STRONG ELECTROLYTES

• electrical conductance
• shows apparent “anomalous”
colligative properties, that is
they produce a considerably
greater freezing point
depression and boiling point
elevation
• ex. HCl, sodium sulfate,
ephedrine, and phenobarbital
• completely ionized in solution
• NaCl, HCl, H2SO4
WEAK ELECTROLYTES
• partial ionization
• CH3COOH, ephedrine and
phenobarbital
IONIZATION ANODE
- positively charge ELECTRODE
-is the process by which an atom
or a molecule acquires a negative CATHODE
or positive charge by gaining or - negatively charge ELECTRODE
losing electrons, often in
conjunction with other chemical
changes. The resulting electrically ANions
charged atom or molecule is - negatively charge IONS
called ION.

CATions
- positively charge IONS
NON-ELECTROLYTES

• substances that do not ionize

when dissolved in water and
therefore do not conduct an
electric current through
solution.
• ex. glycerin, naphthalene, urea,
sucrose
 COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
• VAPOR PRESSURE LOWERING
RAOULTS LAW
-the addition of a non-volatile solute -lowering of a vapor pressure f a
lowers the VP of a liquid solvent is equal to the product of
- a liquid in a closed container will the mole fraction of the solute
establish an equilibrium with its and vapor pressure of the solvent
vapor
- when equilibrium is reached, vapor
exerts a pressure ()vapor pressure
VOLATILE - exhibits VP
NONVOLATILE - no measurable VP Temperature is constant
BOILING POINT ELEVATION

• BP -temperature at which liquid

pressure is equal to atmospheric
pressure (1atm = 760mmHg)

The boiling point of a solution

containing a non-volatile solute
would be higher that the pure
solvent because the solute would
lower the vapour pressure of the
solvent
 FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION
• FP- temperature at which solid
and liquid phases are in
eqlibrium under an external
pressure

• In general, solutions have lower

freezing point than the pure
solvent

Applications:
salt is spread on roads to melt ice
ethylene glycol as “snti-freeze”
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
OSMOSIS - movement of water
across a semipermeable
membrane from low to high
conceentration.

This is the pressure required to

offset the movement of solvent
thru a semipermeable
membrane. Also defined as the
pressure required to prevent
osmosis in solutions.