CHAPTER I

INTERPRETIVE TOOLS
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DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
It is also called “factor- label
method or unit factor method”
It is a problem-solving method
that uses the fact that any number
or expression can be multiplied by
1 without changing its value.
Example:
How many seconds are there in 1
year?
Conversion factors: 365 days = 1
year, 24 hours = 1 day, 60 minutes
1hour, 60 seconds = 1 minute
MEASUREMENT AND DATA TYPES

ACCURACY
-the closeness to true
value/literature value
-it indicates how well a
measurement agrees with the
accepted or true value.
PRECISION
-the closeness of actual values
-it indicates how closely different
measurements of a quantity agree
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

-are consecutive figuresthat

express the value of a denominate
number accurately enough for a
given purpose. the accurary varies
with the number of significant
figures, which are all absolute in
value except the last, and this is
properly called uncertain.
Writing or Interpreting Significant Figures in Numbers

RULE EXAMPLE
All nonzero digits are 98.513 has five
considered significant numbers
SIGNIFICANT
Leading zeros are NOT 0.00361 has three
SIGNIFICANT significant numbers
Trailing zeros in a 998.100 has six
number containing a significant numbers
decimal point are
SIGNIFICANT
All zeros between 607.123 has six
other significant significant number
figures are
SIGNIFICANT
ERROR AND DESCRIBING VARIABILITY

ERROR
-defined as a deviation from the
absolute value or from the true DETERMINATE ERRORS
average of a large number resluts.
-identifiable causes
-aka systematic errors or bias
2 types:
1. Determinate errors
2. Indeterminate erros
Causes:
A.Personal errors made by the
individual analyst
Example: inability to judge color
changes sharply, resulting in habitual
reading of end points in titration too
late.
B.Errors of method caused by faulty
procedure (Methodic)
Example:
> incorrect sampling
>Contamination of precipitates
>Improper selection of indicators
C.Apparatus errors due to poor
construction or calibration
(instrumental)
Example:
>inaccuracy in the
calibration of buret or pipets
>inequality in the length of
the arms of the balance
>incorrect weights
INDETERMINATE ERRORS
-uncontrollable causes
-aka random errors
-manifest themselves by slight
variation in a series of
observations made by the same
observer under identical
conditions.
>are intangible and their
elimination by the analyst is
impossible
>eg. A differences in the
judgement and skill of the analyst
Errors that arise from random
fluctuations in temperature or
other external factors and from
the variations involved in
reading instruments are not to
be considered accidental or
random. Instead, they belong to
the class of determinate erros
and are often called
pseudoaccidental or variable
determinate errors.
CENTRAL TENDENCY:
MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE
CENTRAL TENDENCY MEAN
-is a single value thta attempts to
describe a set of data by
identifying the central position
within that set of data. the arithmetic mean is obtain by
adding together the results of a
series of measurements and
dividing the total by the number N
of the measurements.
MEDIAN
-is the middle value of a range of
values when they are arranged in
rank order(e.g., from lowest to MODE
highest). So, the median value of -is te value in the data set that
the list (1,2,3,4,5) is the number 3. occurs most often.

e.g. 1,1,1,2,3,4,5,6,6 the mode

number is 1.