WEEK 2: CHEMICAL BONDING

What is Chemical Bond?

- it is a force that holds groups of two or more atoms together and makes them function as a
unit.
- It is the physical phenomenon of chemical substance being held together by the attraction of
atoms to each other through sharing, as well as exchanging of electrons or electrostatic force.
- Atoms strive to have a full outer shell (allowed orbit), which gives a stable structure. They may
share, give away or receive extra electrons to achieve stability. The way atoms will form bonds
with others, and the ease with which they will do it, is determined by the configuration of
electrons.
What causes this forces?
- Bonds are formed when constituent atoms come close enough together such that the outer
electrons of one atom are attracted to the positive nuclear charge of its neighboring atom. 2 TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDING
Why form chemical bonds?
- Atoms interact with one another to form aggregates such as molecules, compounds, and
crystals because doing so lowers the total energy of the system; that is, the aggregates are more
stable than the isolated atoms.
- Many atoms become stable when their outermost shell is filled with electrons or when they
satisfy the octet rule (by having eight electrons in their outermost shell).
- Molecular bonding and structure play the central role in determining the course of chemical
reactions, many of which are vital to our survival.
Example: Both graphite and diamond are composed solely of carbon atoms. However, graphite
is a soft, slippery material used in pencils, and diamond is one of the hardest materials known,
valuable both as a gemstone and in industrial cutting tools.
Example of IONIC BOND:
TYPES OF BONDING
*The type of bonding is determined by how the outermost electrons of an atom, the so-called
valence electrons interact with neighboring atoms.

*The position of an element in the periodic table determines the type of bonds it make.

Lewis Dot Structure:

Gilbert Lewis - He had offered many of the basic explanations for the structural bonding between
elements, including the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms and the tendency of elements to
combine with others to fill their electron shells according to rigidly defined orbits.
Electronegativity Scale:
Linus Carl Pauling - An American Chemist, was the first to enunciate an understanding of a physical
interpretation of the bonds between molecules from a chemical perspective, and of the nature of
crystals.
Electronegativity – is a measure of the attraction of a bonded atom for the pair of electrons in a covalent
bond.
 IONIC VERSUS COVALENT COMPOUND

Properties Ionic Covalent

Conductivity Low Conductivity Very low conductivity
- is a measure of the ease at which
an electric charge or heat pass
through a material.
Hardness Hard because of its Not very hard, though
- is a resistance of a material to crystalline structure exceptions are silicon,
deformation of an indenter of diamond, and carbon.
specific size and shape under
known load.
Melting Point High Low
is the temperature at which a
material changes from a solid to a
liquid.
Boiling Point High Low
- is the temperature at which a
material changes from a liquid to
gas.
Volatility Low High
Example of COVALENT BOND: - is the tendency of a substance to
evaporate at a normal
temperature.
Solubility Usually soluble in water Usually insoluble in
- is the ability for a given but insoluble in organic water but soluble in
substance, the solute to dissolve in solvents such as alcohol, organic solvents such
a solvent. benzene, propane etc. as alcohol, benzene,
propane etc.

Common Covalent Compounds: Water Molecule, Oxygen Molecule, Different types of Alcohol
 WEEK 3: FORMATION OF IONS How do we name ions?
What is an ION? An ION is any atom or molecule with a net charge, either positive or negative. A cation is named simply by adding the term “ion” after the name of the parent atom.

Anions are named by taking the root name of the atom and changing the ending with -ide.

What are the types of IONS?

How does the Periodic Table of Elements help us what type of ion is formed by a given atom?
OXIDATION NUMBER - It is the total number of electrons that an atom either gains or loses in order to
form a chemical bond with another atom.
 Do you know that the upper atmosphere contains a high concentration of positive ions, while the
ground contains negative charges? The usual ratio is 5 positive ions is to 4 negative ions. It is the ratio
that life evolves. Scientific studies showed that if the natural ratio is upset, it would be damaging to
human physical and mental well-being. An overdose of positive ions is bad, while an overload of negative
ions seems to be beneficial.

Why do you normally feel bad before a storm and on humid days? Your grandparents may even say
“it’s going to rain; I can feel it.” Positive ions are produced between air masses and between layers of the
wind. On humid and dusty days, there is an overdose of positive ions because negative ions attach
themselves to particles of dust and moisture, thus losing their charge.

Freshness after the storm? What do you feel after the storm? You feel vigorous and refreshed. The air is
fresh and clean. Why does the feeling of freshness pervade the air after the storm? This is because, after
the storm, there is an overdose of negative ions that ease tension and pressure. This makes us feel that
we are full of energy.

In the mountains and on the hills, you feel rested. Why? It is because there is less dust in the air to
consume the negative ions. By the seashore and near a waterfall, you feel good. The energy of moving
water a lot of negative ions. Niagara Falls are considered the most amazing negative ion generator in the
world.

IONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE