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A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)
Recently, we have dealt with how the periodic table was organized and arranged according to
their properties. Many proponents have contributed in the arrangement of periodic table. One difference
among its arrangement is their electronic configuration. These configurations is based on how electrons
move within atoms. In this module, you will be challenged in correlating different arrangements of
electrons based on shells, subshells and orbitals. Quantum numbers represent this arrangements. Also
electronic configurations are based on how these numbers affect the placement of electrons.
B. MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (40 mins)
Instructions: Please take note, underline, highlight or outline some important and striking information.
You can use yellow highlighter for definitions and pink highlighter for enumerated examples or items.
The higher the energy of the contained electrons, the larger the subshell. Subshell size
(type) is designated using the letters s, p, d, and f. Listed in this order, these letters denote subshells
of increasing energy and size. The lowest-energy subshell within a shell is always the s subshell,
the next highest is the p subshell, then the d subshell, and finally the f subshell. An s subshell can
accommodate 2 electrons, a p subshell 6 electrons, a d subshell 10 electrons, and an f subshell 14
electrons. Both a number and a letter are used in identifying subshells. The number gives the shell
within which the subshell is located, and the letter gives the type of subshell. Shell 1 has only one
subshell — the 1s. Shell 2 has two subshells — the 2s and 2p. Shell 3 has three subshells — the
3s, 3p, and 3d, and so on.
Figure 3. An s orbital has a spherical shape, a p orbital has two lobes, a d orbital has four lobes, and an
f orbital has eight lobes. The f orbital is shown within a cube to illustrate that its lobes are directed toward
the corners of a cube. Some d and f orbitals have shapes related to, but not identical to, those shown.
Electron Spin
Quantum Numbers
A total of four quantum numbers are used to describe completely the movement
and trajectories of each electron within an atom. The combination of all quantum numbers
of all electrons in an atom is described by a wave function that complies with the
Schrödinger equation. Each electron in an atom has a unique set of quantum numbers;
according to the Pauli Exclusion Principle, no two electrons can share the same
combination of four quantum numbers. Quantum numbers are important because they can
be used to determine the electron configuration of an atom and the probable location of the
atom's electrons. Quantum numbers are also used to understand other characteristics of
atoms, such as ionization energy and the atomic radius. A summary of how quantum
number of an electron, you can refer to the summary table provided in the next page.
0= s subshell (Spherical)
1= p subshell (dumbbell-shaped)
2= d subshell (cloverleaf/x-
shaped)
3= f subshell (complex)
Magnetic Quantum number (ml) m l= - l → l • It is responsible for the
n=1, l=0, ml = 0 (1 orbital) orientation of ORIENTATION
n=2, l=0, ml = 0 (1 orbital) of electron cloud.
l=1, ml = -1, 0, 1 (3 orbitals) • This identifies the ORBITAL in
n=3, l=0, ml = 0 an atom.
l=1, ml = -1, 0, 1 • An atomic orbital is a specific
l=2, ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 region of a sublevel containing
n=4, l=0, ml = 0 a maximum of two electrons.
l=1, ml = -1, 0, 1 • Higher-energy orbitals (f, g,
l=2, ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 and so forth) also exist, but
l=3, ml = -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 they are important only in the
description of the electron
s = 1 orbital = 2e- arrangements of the heaviest
p = 3 orbitals = 6e- elements.
d = 5 orbitals = 10e- If n=2, then there is a total of 4 orbitals
f = 7 orbitals = 14e- in the shell which also means it can
carry 8 electrons in the given shell.
Spin Quantum Number (s/ms) + ½ (spin up), -½ (spin down) • It is responsible for the
DIRECTION of the electron
cloud.
• Only 2 electrons per orbital.
• It must start first with + ½ spin
up.
An electron configuration is a statement of how many electrons an atom has in each of its electron
subshells. Because subshells group electrons according to energy, electron configurations indicate how
many electrons of various energies an atom has. Electron configurations are not written out in words;
rather, a shorthand system with symbols is used. Subshells containing electrons, listed in order of
increasing energy, are designated by using number–letter combinations (1s, 2s, and 2p). A superscript
following each subshell designation indicates the number of electrons in that subshell.
VALENCE ELECTRONS
A valence electron is an electron that is the most likely to be involved in a chemical reaction. They are
typically the electrons with the highest value of the principal quantum number, n. It's worth noting
the IUPAC definition of valence is for the single highest valence value that is displayed by an atom of an element.
However, in practical use, main group elements of the periodic table may display any valence from 1 to 7 (since
8 is a complete octet). Most elements have preferred values of valence electrons.Valence electrons can be found
by determining the electronic configurations of elements. Thereafter the number of electrons in the outermost
shell gives the total number of valence electrons in that element.
Ex.
Si 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 2
a. The number of electrons in a strontium atom is 38. Remember that the atomic number gives the
number of electrons. Subshells are filled, in order of increasing energy, until 38 electrons have been
accommodated. The 1s, 2s, and 2p subshells fill first, accommodating a total of 10 electrons among
them. 1s22s22p6 Next, the 3s subshell fills and then the 3p subshell. 1s22s22p6 3s23p6. At this point, 18
electrons have been accommodated. To get the desired number of 38 electrons, 20 more electrons are
still needed. The 4s subshell fi lls next, followed by the 3d subshell, giving a total of 30 electrons at this
point. 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d10 . . . Note that the maximum electron population for d subshells is 10
electrons. Eight more electrons are needed, which are added to the next two higher subshells, the 4p
and the 5s. The 4p subshell can accommodate 6 electrons, and the 5s can accommodate 2 electrons.
Answer is 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s2 To double-check that we have the correct number of
electrons, 38, the superscripts in our final electron configuration are added together. 2 + 2 + 6 + 2 + 6
+ 2 + 10 + 6 + 2 = 38
b. To write this configuration, the same procedures are followed as in part a, remembering that the
maximum electron subshell populations are s =2, p = 6, d = 10, and f = 14. Lead, with an atomic number
of 82, contains 82 electrons, which are added to subshells in the following order. Answer is
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f 145d106p2.
Note in this electron configuration that the 6p subshell contains only 2 electrons, even though it can hold
a maximum of 6. Only 2 electrons are added to this subshell because that is sufficient to give 82 total
electrons. If the subshell had been completely filled, 86 total electrons would be present, which is too
many.
2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (30 mins + 5 mins checking)
A. Answer the given items in then space provide.
1. What are the four (4) quantum numbers? What are the abbreviations of each quantum number?
2. Distinguish between a principal energy level and a sublevel. Answer in 2 to 3 sentences only.
6. What is the maximum number of electrons in each of the following energy levels?
a. n = 1
b. n = 2
c. n = 3
7. For any given principal energy level, what is the maximum number of electrons that can exist in the
following subshells?
a. s b. p c. d
9. State Hund’s rule. Determine whether the following orbital diagrams violate Hund’s rule. You
should write “Follow the Hund’s rule” or “Does not follow the Hund’s rule” after each item to
determine if the example followed or violated the Hund’s rule.
10. Write the electronic configuration and valence electron of each element:
a. Na (Z=11)
b. S (Z=16)
c. Ca (Z=20)
11. Which of the following electron configurations are not possible? Why?
a. 1s2 1p2 c. 2s2 2s2 2p6 2d1
2 2 2
b. 1s 2s 2p d. 1s2 2s3
Note: Check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the end of this SAS. Write
your score on your paper.
3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (3 mins)
Instruction: To review what was learned from this session, please go back to Activity 1 and answer the
“What I Learned” column. Notice and reflect on any changes in your answers.
8. It is a region of space within an electron shell that contains electrons that have the same energy.
a. Orbital c. Shell
c. Subshell d. Spin
a. spherical c. dumbbell
b. clover-leaf d. complex
12. Which principle states that no two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers?
a. Aufbau´s principle
b. Pauli´s exclusion principle
c. Heisenberg´s uncertainty principle
d. Hund´s rule of multiplicity
13. The following statements are true, regarding an element with an electronic configuration of 1s2
2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5 ,EXCEPT:
a. The valence shell of this element is 5
b. There are 7 valence electrons
c. The atomic number of this element is 53.
d. None of the above
14. What is the valence electron of the atom with electronic configuration of: 1s22s22p63s23p2?
a. 3
b. 2
c. 6
d. 4
C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)
A. Work Tracker
You are done with this session! Let’s track your progress. Shade the session number you just
completed.
P1 P2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FAQs
1. Do all elements follow the filling up of electrons in the electronic configuration?
Not at all. An example for this is the element Copper (Cu). As observed in the periodic table,
Copper has an electronic configuration 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10 when we expect it to be
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d9. However, because the 3d orbital is so much larger then the 4s orbital and the 3d
orbital only needs one more electron to be filled, the 3d orbital pulls an electron from the 4s orbital to fill
this empty space.This is also according to Heisenberg’s Uncertainty principle in which movements of
electrons are usually unpredictable that’s why it it has a tendency to occupy other shells.
(https://terpconnect.umd.edu/)
2. How do valence electrons involve in chemical reactions.
Valence electrons are the electrons of elements which are either donated or accepted by a
specific element to make a stable compound. Combining elements to make a new compound is an
example of chemical reaction.
KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)
A. Answer the given items in then space provide.
1. What are the four (4) quantum numbers? What are the abbreviations of each quantum number?
2 electrons
6. What is the maximum number of electrons in each of the following energy levels?
a. n = 1 2(1)2=2
b. n = 2 2(2)2=8
c. n = 3 2(3)2=18
7. For any given principal energy level, what is the maximum number of electrons that can exist in the
following subshells?
b. s=2 b. p = 6 c. d = 10
12. State Hund’s rule. Determine whether the following orbital diagrams violate Hund’s rule. You
should write “Follow the Hund’s rule” or “Does not follow the Hund’s rule” after each item to
determine if the example followed or violated the Hund’s rule.
B. S (Z=16) 1s22s22p63s23p4
C. Ca (Z=20) 1s22s22p63s23p64s2
10. Which of the following electron configurations are not possible? Why?
a. 1s2 1p2 c. 2s2 2s2 2p6 2d1
2 2 2
b. 1s 2s 2p d. 1s2 2s3
d. 1s2 2s3 is not possible since the s subshell can only carry 2 electrons.