CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

1.1-ABOUT

The Group of Twenty, or G20, is the premier forum for international cooperation on the most
important aspects of the international economic and financial agenda. It brings together the
world’s major advanced and emerging economies. The G20 comprises Argentina, Australia,
Brazil, Canada, China, EU, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia,
Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, UK and USA. The G20 Countries together
represent around 90% of global GDP, 80% of global trade, and two thirds of the world’s
population. The objectives of the G20 are:

 Policy coordination between its members in order to achieve global economic stability,
sustainable growth.
 To promote financial regulations that reduce risks and prevent future financial crises; and
 To create a new international financial architecture.

1.2-ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION

The G20 was created in response to both to the financial crises that arose in a number of emerging
economies in the 1990s and to a growing recognition that some of these countries were not
adequately represented in global economic discussion and governance. In December 1999, the
Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of advanced and emerging countries of systemic
importance met for the first time in Berlin, Germany, for an informal dialogue on key issues for
global economic stability. Since then, Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors have met
annually. India hosted a meeting of G20 finance ministers and central bank governors in 2002.
G20 was raised to the Summit level in 2008 to address the global financial and economic crisis of
2008.

1.3-INCEPTION OF G20

The G20 was founded in 1999 after the Asian financial crisis as a forum for the Finance Ministers
and Central Bank Governors to discuss global economic and financial issues.
 1.4-ELEVATION TO LEADER’S LEVEL

The G20 was upgraded to the level of Heads of State/Government in the wake of the global
economic and financial crisis of 2007, and, in 2009, was designated the “premier forum for
international economic cooperation”.

The G20 Summit is held annually, under the leadership of a rotating Presidency. The G20 initially
focused largely on broad macroeconomic issues, but it has since expanded its agenda to inter-alia
include trade, climate change, sustainable development, health, agriculture, energy, environment,
climate change, and anti-corruption.

1.5-ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE

The G20 does not have a charter or a secretariat. The Presidency, aided by the countries holding
the Presidency before and after it (Troika), is responsible for setting the agenda of each year’s
Summit. The G20 process is led by the Sherpas of member countries, who are personal emissaries
of the Leaders. The Sherpas, oversee negotiations over the course of the year, discussing agenda
items for the Summit and coordinating the substantive work of the G20. The G20’s work is divided
into two tracks: The Finance Track and the Sherpa Track. Within the two tracks, there are
thematically oriented working groups in which representatives from the relevant ministries of the
members as well as from invited/guest countries and various international organizations
participate. The working groups meet regularly throughout the term of each Presidency. The
agenda is also influenced by current economic developments as well as by the tasks and goals
agreed upon in previous years. The G20 holds a multi-year mandate to ensure institutional
continuity.
 1.6-G20 MEMBERS

The Group of Twenty (G20) comprises 19 countries (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China,
France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi
Arabia, South Africa, Türkiye, United Kingdom and United States) and the European Union. The
G20 members represent around 85% of the global GDP, over 75% of the global trade, and about
two-thirds of the world population.

ARGENTINA AUSTRALIA BRAZIL CANADA

CHINA FRANCE GERMANY INDIA

MEXICO
INDONESIA ITALY JAPAN

REPUBLIC OF RUSSIA SAUDI ARABIA SOUTH AFRICA

KOREA

UNITED USA
TURKiYE EUROPEAN UNION
KINGDOM
1.01COUNTRY NAMES WITH FLAG
 G20-GUEST COUNTRIES

BANGLAGESH EGYPT MAURITIS

NETHERLANDS NIGERIA OMAN

SINGAPORE SPAIN UAE

1.02GUEST COUNTRIES NAMES AND FLAG

1.7-LITERATURE REVIEW

The Group of 20 (G20) is one of the most influential actors in global governance today, its reach
having gradually expanded from its original focus on economic and financial issues to
development, climate change, terrorism and other issue areas. Kirton is among the foremost
scholars of the G7, G8 and G20 who has observed and researched the “G’s” for some two and a
half decades. He brings to this book his insights based on a solid foundation in political theory,
empirical knowledge and extensive interviews and other policy dialogue with scholars and
government officials the world over. The book is divided into five parts. Part I deals with
analysing G20 governance. In his introduction, Kirton explains the significance of G20
governance, presents an account of various assessments of G20 governance, and presents his
objectives and approach to the subject. This is followed by a detailed analysis of and argument
for what the author terms “the systemic hub model of G20 governance,” placing this model in
international relations theory and enumerating the underlying causes of G20 governance:
economic and financial shocks, common vulnerability of G20 members, the failure of other
established international institutions, and equal capabilities of members to respond to shocks and
challenges, the nature of members’ domestic political control, and converging political
characteristics (this is a less convincing position, given the great diversity of G20 members). Parts
II and III concern the launching and development of the G20 at the level of finance ministers and
central bank governors. Here, Kirton explains the process and circumstances of the creation of the
group in 1999 and tracks progress meeting-by-meeting, looking at plans and preparations, conduct
of the meetings, achievements of each, and the dimensions and driving causes of the group’s
performance. Part IV discusses and analyzes the formation of the leaders’-level G20 in 2008 and
the progress of G20 summitry through the Toronto summit of June 2010. It is only in Part V that
Kirton analyzes the subsequent summits of Seoul (November 2010), Cannes (November 2011)
and Los Cabos (June 2012), referring only briefly to prospects for the then-upcoming 2013 St.
Petersburg summit. It would have been more logical to include these updates in Part IV where the
earlier summits are discussed. Part V is devoted to a summing-up of Kirton’s argument and
conclusions: the cadence and drivers (which the author calls “causes”) of G20 governance,
contributions to international relations theory, and the future of G20 governance. Kirton’s book
is a systematic, solidly-argued, well-structured and comprehensive examination of the G20. The
author reviews various schools of thought about the G20 and argues that it is a crucial systemic
hub of global governance. He provides a chronological survey and analysis of the emergence,
evolution, institutionalization and performance of the G20, first at the finance ministers’ and
central bank governors’ level starting in 1999, then maturing in 2008 into a heads-of-state summit
supported by an elaborate apparatus of ministerial fora and various task forces. He analyzes G20
performance in six dimensions, offering a framework for understanding the complexity of this
forum: domestic political management, deliberation, direction-setting, decision-making, delivery
and development of global governance (the alliteration is perhaps intended as memory aid). As
well, he compares the record of the G20 with that of other institutions of global governance.
 CHAPTER-2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

2.1-METHODOLOGY OF STUDY:

 The G20 process from the Sherpa side is coordinated by the Sherpas of member countries,
who are personal emissaries of the Leaders. Finance Track is led by Finance Ministers and
Central Bank Governors of the member countries. Within the two tracks, there are
thematically oriented working groups in which representatives from the relevant ministries of
the members as well as from invited/guest countries and various international organisations
participate.

 The Finance Track is mainly led by the Ministry of Finance. These working groups meet
regularly throughout the term of each Presidency. The Sherpas oversee negotiations over the
course of the year, discussing agenda items for the Summit and coordinating the substantive
work of the G20.
 In addition, there are Engagement Groups which bring together civil societies,
parliamentarians, think tanks, women, youth, labour, businesses and researchers of the G20
countries.

 The Group does not have a permanent secretariat. The Presidency is supported by the Troika
– previous, current and incoming Presidency. During India’s Presidency, the troika will
comprise Indonesia, India and Brazil, respectively.

2.2WORKING
2.01 GROUPS
TIRLOK IMAGE
 2.2-Working Groups of G20
As part of the G20 decision-making process, Working Groups, comprising of experts and officials
from relevant ministries, lead in-depth analysis and discussions on a range of internationally
relevant issues in respective areas of focus.
There are three types of working groups in G20 summit.
 Sherpa Track
 Finance Track
 Engagement groups

2.3-SHEPRA TRACK

Through the Sherpa Track, the following 13 Working Groups and 2 Initiatives will meet under
India’s Presidency to discuss priorities and provide recommendations.
1. Agriculture-The G20 Agriculture Deputies Group was created during the French
Presidency in 2011 to deal with volatility in global food prices. It has since become an
important forum to enhance cooperation among the G20 members on agriculture related
issues critical for achieving UN 2030 agenda, especially the goal of zero hunger (SDG 2).
The working group facilitates information exchange and cooperation on a range of global
issues such as food security, nutrition, antimicrobial resistance, food waste and loss,
sustainability, and resilient and inclusive food value chains.

2. Anti-Corruption-The G20 Anti-Corruption Working Group (ACWG) was established in

2010. The Anti-Corruption Working Group reports to the G20 Leaders on anti-corruption
issues and aims to establish minimum common standards among the legal systems of the
G20 countries, in order to combat corruption. It focuses on public and private sector
integrity and transparency, bribery, international cooperation, asset recovery, beneficial
ownership transparency, vulnerable sectors and capacity-building.
3. Culture- The G20 Culture Ministers met for the first time in 2020 and highlighted
culture’s cross-cutting contribution to advancing G20 agenda. Recognizing the synergies
between culture and other policy areas, and considering the impact of culture, cultural
heritage and the creative economy on the economic, social and environmental dimensions
of development, culture was integrated into the G20 agenda as a Culture Working Group
in 2021. The group aims to strengthen international cooperation and collaboration to
support cultural and creative industries.
4. Digital Economy- The Digital Economy Working Group, established in 2021, offers
inspiration and broad guidance to policy makers on harnessing the digital potential of
 economies. The Working Group aims at digital transformation to enhance public
participation and realize inclusive social and economic growth.
5. Disaster Risk Reduction- G20 countries have a high level of exposure to disaster risk,
with a combined estimated Annual Average Loss of $218 billion or 9% of their average
annual investment in infrastructure. G20 Leaders’ declarations have from time to time
acknowledged the importance of disaster risk reduction and resilience. However, the issue
has not been addressed by the G20 in a comprehensive and sustained manner. A new
working group on Disaster Risk Reduction has therefore been established under India's
Presidency to encourage collective work by the G20, undertake multi-disciplinary research
and exchange best practices on disaster risk reduction.
6. Development- Development Working Group (DWG) has been acting as the custodian of
G20 ‘development agenda’ since its inception in 2010. After the adoption of the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development and its Goals in 2015, DWG has played an important
role in supporting Sherpas in both driving the G20 Sustainable Development agenda and
in working with other workstreams to better understand the sustainable development
intersections of G20 actions with efforts to achieve the 2030 Agenda.
7. Education - The Education Working Group (EdWG) was established in 2018 during
Argentina’s Presidency. EdWG focuses on strengthening learning outcomes and equitable
access through technological tools, digitalization, universal quality education, financing,
partnerships for education and international cooperation. EdWG also collaborates with
Employment and other WGs to address cross cutting issues like skill development and
school-to-work transition.
8. Employment- The Employment Working Group (EWG) started as the G20 Taskforce on
Employment – set up in 2011 under the French Presidency – which was raised to Working
Group level following the Leaders’ Declaration under the Australian Presidency in 2014.
The first meeting of EWG took place under the Turkish Presidency in 2015. The EWG
discusses labour, employment and social issues to further develop strong, sustainable,
balanced, inclusive and job-rich growth.
9. Enviorment and Climate Sustainability - The Climate Sustainability Working Group
(CSWG) was established during the Argentine Presidency in 2018, while the Environment
Deputies Meeting (EDM) started in 2019 under Japan’s Presidency. EDM and CSWG
focus on environment and climate issues which include inter alia resource efficiency,
circular economy, ocean health, marine litter, coral reefs, land degradation, biodiversity
loss, water resource management, and ways to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
10. Energy Transition - Energy has been discussed in the G20 as a critical element for
sustainable global economy since 2009. A dedicated Energy Sustainability Working
Group was established in 2013 to discuss energy related issues. In 2017, energy was
discussed as part of the Climate Sustainability Working Group. During the Argentine
Presidency in 2018, the energy issues were de-linked from climate and steered towards
discussions on energy transition under the Energy Transition Working Group. The
Working Group deliberates on energy security, accessibility and affordability, energy
efficiency, renewable energy, innovation, technology and financing.
11. Health - The Health Working Group was established under the German Presidency in
2017 to enhance dialogue and inform the G20 Leaders on important global health issues.
The group works towards creating sustainable well-being societies committed to achieving
equitable health for the present and future generations. Issues concerning preparedness of
health systems for health emergencies, One Health approach, Digital Health, Universal
Health Coverage, Compliance with International Health Regulations, Sustainable
Financing, etc. are discussed.
12. Trade and Investment- The Trade and Investment Working Group (TIWG) was
established in 2016. It focuses on subjects including strengthening the G20 trade and
investment mechanism, promoting global trade growth, supporting the multilateral trading
system, promoting global investment policy cooperation and coordination, and promoting
inclusive and coordinated global value chains.
13. Tourism - Since its inception in 2020, the Tourism Working Group has brought together
the member countries and relevant stakeholders to discuss, deliberate and guide the course
of action for further development of local and global tourism, as also mitigating common
challenges faced by the sector including the COVID-19 pandemic.
 2.4-FINANCE TRACK

G20 Finance Track discusses global macroeconomic issues through its meetings of Finance
Ministers and Central Bank Governors, their Deputies and various working group meetings. Some
of the key issues dealt by the Finance Track are global economic outlook and monitoring of global
economic risks; reforms for a more stable and resilient global financial architecture; international
taxation; financing quality infrastructure; sustainable finance; financial inclusion; financial sector
reforms and financing for future health emergencies and investments in pandemic prevention,
preparedness and response.

Some of the key achievements of the Finance Track especially in the post-pandemic phase are
Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI), Common Framework for debt treatments beyond
DSSI, G20 Sustainable Finance Roadmap, two pillar solution to tax challenges arising from the
digitalization of the economy, G20 principles for quality infrastructure investment, proposal to
create a Financial Intermediary Fund (FIF) for pandemic PPR etc.

There are 8 working groups as follows

1. Framework Working Group (FWG)- Framework Working Group (FWG) discusses

global macroeconomic issues of current relevance, monitoring of global risks and
uncertainties, and possible areas of policy co-ordination aimed at promoting Strong,
Sustainable, Balanced, and Inclusive Growth (SSBIG) across the G20. India and the UK
co-chair this working group.
2. International Financial Architecture (IFA)- International Financial Architecture (IFA)
Working Group deals with issues related to international financial architecture such as
global financial safety net (GFSN); matters related to development finance; managing debt
vulnerabilities and enhancing debt transparency; capital flow management and promoting
local currency bond markets. The working group is co-chaired by South Korea and France
3. Infrastructure Working Group (IWG)- Infrastructure Working Group (IWG)
deliberates on various aspects of infrastructure investments including developing
infrastructure as an asset class; promoting quality infrastructure investment; Infratech; and
identifying innovative instruments for mobilizing financial resources for infrastructure
investment. The working group is co-chaired by Australia and Brazil.
4. Sustainable Finance Working Group (SFWG)- Sustainable Finance Working Group
(SFWG) is a newly established group under the 2021 G20 Italian Presidency co-chaired
by the US and China. The working group deliberates on how to help focus the attention of
the G20, international organizations and other stakeholders to key priorities of the
sustainable finance agenda and form consensus on key actions to be taken.
5. Global Partnership for Financial Inclusion (GPFI)- Global Partnership for Financial
Inclusion (GPFI) works for advancing financial inclusion globally. Some of the work areas
include ways to improve financial system infrastructure, pursue policies conducive to
 harnessing emerging technologies, facilitating remittance flows and reducing the cost of
remittance transfers, financial literacy and consumer protection, digital financial literacy
and bridging the digital divide among others. The GPFI is co-chaired by Italy and Russia.
6. Joint Finance and Health Task Force - Joint Finance and Health Task Force was
established during the G20 Rome Leaders’ Summit, 2021. The Task Force is aimed at
enhancing dialogue and global cooperation on issues relating to pandemic Prevention,
Preparedness and Response (PPR), promoting the exchange of experiences and best
practices, developing coordination arrangements between Finance and Health Ministries,
promoting collective action, assessing and addressing health emergencies with cross-
border impact, and encouraging effective stewardship of resources for pandemic PPR,
while adopting a One Health approach.
7. International Taxation agenda- International Taxation agenda in the G20 Finance Track
is discussed directly at the level of the G20 Finance and Central Bank Deputies and there
is no formal working group on taxation under the aegis of G20. The matters discussed
under the group include addressing tax challenges arising from digitalization of the
economy, fighting against tax evasion, ending bank secrecy and tax havens, exchange of
information, and addressing tax avoidance by multinational corporations. The work on
G20 international tax agenda is carried out in the OECD’s Inclusive Framework.
8. Financial Sector issues- There is no formal working group on the Financial Sector Issues
under the aegis of the G20 Finance Track. The Financial Stability Board provides the
necessary discussion papers for facilitating the Deputies’ discussion on the G20 financial
sector agenda. The key areas discussed under the financial sector issues include
strengthening global financial system resilience, prudential oversight, improving risk
management, establishing supervisory colleges, enhancing cross-border
payments, addressing structural vulnerabilities in non-bank financial intermediation
(NBFI) and climate-related financial risk, assessment of risks from crypto-assets and
policy approaches among others.
 2.5-Engagement Groups

Engagement Groups, comprising non-government participants from each G20 member, provide
recommendations to the G20 Leaders and contribute towards the policy-making process.

Working Groups are:-

1. Civil20- Civil20 (C20) Engagement Group was launched as an official G20 Engagement
Group in 2013, though Civil Society engagement among the G20 member countries had
started in 2010. C20 provides a platform for Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) around
the world to bring forth a non-government and non-business voice to G20. It provides
space through which global CSOs can contribute in a structured and sustained manner to
the G20.
2. Labour20- Labour20 (L20) Summit first took place formally during the French
Presidency in 2011. L20 convenes trade union leaders from G20 countries and provides
analyses and policy recommendations aimed at addressing labour related issues.
3. Parliament20- Parliament20 (P20) Engagement Group, started during Canada’s
Presidency in 2010, is led by Speakers from Parliaments of G20 countries. Since
Parliamentarians play an important role in guiding respective governments, P20 meetings
aim to bring a parliamentary dimension to global governance, raise awareness, build
political support for international commitments, and ensure that these are effectively
translated into national realities.
4. Science20- Startups act as catalysts for economic growth and development. They offer
platforms and tools to foster collaboration and spur innovation across borders and facilitate
economies in achieving the SDG targets. The Startup 20 Engagement Group has been
proposed under India’s Presidency. It would recommend actions to the G20 Leaders to
address growth challenges and other constraints.
5. SAI20- Supreme Audit Institutions 20 (SAI20) is an Engagement Group introduced by
the Indonesian Presidency in 2022. It is a forum to discuss the important role played by
SAIs globally in ensuring transparency and accountability, and in promoting cooperation
among the G20 members.
6. Starup20- Startups act as catalysts for economic growth and development. They offer
platforms and tools to foster collaboration and spur innovation across borders and facilitate
economies in achieving the SDG targets. The Startup 20 Engagement Group has been
proposed under India’s Presidency. It would recommend actions to the G20 Leaders to
address growth challenges and other constraints.
7. Think20- Think20 (T20), as an official G20 Engagement Group, was initiated during the
Mexican Presidency in 2012. It serves as an “idea bank” for the G20 by bringing together
think tanks and high-level experts to discuss relevant international socio-economic issues.
T20 recommendations are synthesized into policy briefs and presented to G20 working
groups, ministerial meetings, and leaders’ summit to help the G20 deliver concrete policy
measures.
8. Urban20- Urban20 (U20) was established in December 2017 during the Argentine
Presidency at the One Planet Summit in Paris. This is a formal Engagement Group for city
leaders to jointly discuss urbanization issues, SDG goals and impact of climate change on
cities.
9. Women20- Women20 (W20) is an Engagement Group which was launched in 2015
during the Turkish Presidency. The primary purpose of W20 is to implement the “25x25”
commitment adopted at Brisbane Summit in 2014, aimed at reducing the gender gap in
labour force participation by 25% by the year 2025. W20 focuses on ‘gender inclusive
economic growth’, and the following five are the priority areas for W20: Grassroots
leadership, Entrepreneurship, Bridging the Gender Digital Divide, Education & Skill
Development and Climate Change.
10. Youth20- Youth20 (Y20), with its first Y20 conference held in 2010, provides a platform
that allows youth to express their vision and ideas on the G20 priorities, and comes up
with a series of recommendations which are submitted to the G20 Leaders.
11. Business20- The Business 20 (B20) is the official G20 dialogue forum representing the
global business community. Established in 2010, B20 is among the most prominent
Engagement Groups in G20, with companies and business organizations as participants.
The B20 leads the process of galvanizing global business leaders for their views on issues
of global economic and trade governance and speaks in a single voice for the entire G20
business community.
 CHAPTER-3 FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

3.1-LOGO &THME OF INDIA G20 SUMMIT 2023

3.01LOGO OF G20 SUMMIT INDIA (2023)

 The G20 Logo draws inspiration from the vibrant colours of India’s national flag – saffron,
white and green, and blue. It juxtaposes planet Earth with the lotus, India’s national flower
that reflects growth amid challenges. The Earth reflects India’s pro-planet approach to life,
one in perfect harmony with nature. Below the G20 logo is “Bharat”, written in the Devanagari
script.
 The theme of India’s G20 Presidency - “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” or “One Earth ·
One Family · One Future” - is drawn from the ancient Sanskrit text of the Maha
Upanishad. Essentially, the theme affirms the value of all life – human, animal, plant,
and microorganisms – and their interconnectedness on the planet Earth and in the wider
universe.
 The theme also spotlights LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment), with its associated,
environmentally sustainable and responsible choices, both at the level of individual lifestyles
as well as national development, leading to globally transformative actions resulting in a
cleaner, greener and bluer future.
 The logo and the theme together convey a powerful message of India’s G20 Presidency, which
is of striving for just and equitable growth for all in the world, as we navigate through these
turbulent times, in a sustainable, holistic, responsible, and inclusive manner. They represent a
uniquely Indian approach to our G20 Presidency, of living in harmony with the surrounding
ecosystem.
 For India, the G20 Presidency also marks the beginning of “Amritkaal”, the 25-year period
beginning from the 75th anniversary of its independence on 15 August 2022, leading up to the
centenary of its independence, towards a futuristic, prosperous, inclusive and developed
society, distinguished by a human-centric approach at its core.

3.2-Members-Analysis

 As of 2022, there are 20 members in the

group: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy
, South Korea, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United
Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union. Guest invitees include, amongst
others, Spain, the United Nations, the World Bank, the African Union and ASEAN.

 Representatives include, at the leaders' summits, the leaders of nineteen countries and of the
European Union, and, at the ministerial-level meetings, the finance ministers and central bank
governors of nineteen countries and of the European Union.

 In addition, each year, the G20's guests include Spain;the Chair of ASEAN; two African
countries (the chair of the African Union and a representative of the New Partnership for
Africa's Development (NEPAD) and a country (sometimes more than one) invited by the
presidency, usually from its own region.

 The first of the tables below lists the member entities and their leaders, finance ministers
and central bank governors. The second table lists relevant statistics such as population and
GDP figures for each member, as well as detailing memberships of other international
organizations, such as the G7, BRICS and MIKTA. Total GDP figures are given in millions
of US dollars.

 In addition to these 20 members, the chief executive officers of several other international
forums and institutions participate in meetings of the G20.[5] These include the managing
director and Chairman of the International Monetary Fund, the President of the World Bank,
the International Monetary and Financial Committee and the Chairman of the Development
Assistance Committee.
 The G20's membership does not reflect exactly the 20 largest economies of the world in any
given year; as the organization states.

 In a forum such as the G20, it is particularly important for the number of countries involved
to be restricted and fixed to ensure the effectiveness and continuity of its activity. There are
no formal criteria for G20 membership and the composition of the group has remained
unchanged since it was established. In view of the objectives of the G20, it was considered
important that countries and regions of systemic significance for the international financial
system be included. Aspects such as geographical balance and population representation also
played a major part.

3.02-Country data
 3.03-Current leaders

3.3-Role of Asian countries

A 2011 report released by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) predicted that large Asian
economies such as China and India would play a more important role in global economic
governance in the future. The report claimed that the rise of emerging market economies heralded
a new world order, in which the G20 would become the global economic steering
committee.[54] The ADB furthermore noted that Asian countries had led the global recovery
following the late-2000s recession. It predicted that the region would have a greater presence on
the global stage, shaping the G20's agenda for balanced and sustainable growth through
strengthening intraregional trade and stimulating domestic demand.
 3.4-INVITES

Typically, several participants that are not full members of the G20 are extended invitations to
participate in the summits. Permanent guest invitees are: the government of Spain; the Chair of
the Association of Southeast Asian Nations; the Chair of the African Union; and a representative
of the New Partnership for Africa's Development are invited in their capacities as leaders of their
organisations and as heads of government of their home states. In addition, the leaders of
the Financial Stability Board, the International Labour Organization, the International Monetary
Fund, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the United Nations,
the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization are invited and participate in pre-
summit planning within the policy purview of their respective organisation.

Other invitees are chosen by the host country, usually one or two countries from its own
region.] For example, South Korea invited Singapore. International organisations which have
been invited in the past include the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Basel
Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS),
the Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC), the European Central Bank (ECB), the Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Global Governance Group (3G) and the Gulf Cooperation
Council (GCC). Previously, the Netherlands had a similar status to Spain while the rotating
presidency of the Council of the European Union would also receive an invitation, but only in that
capacity and not as their own state's leader (such as the Czech premiers Mirek Topolánek and Jan
Fischer during the 2009 summits).

3.04-Guest Member Now

 3.5-AGENDA

Financial focus

The initial G20 agenda, as conceived by US, Canadian and German policy makers, was very much
focused on the sustainability of sovereign debt and global financial stability, in an inclusive
format that would bring in the largest developing economies as equal partners. During a summit
in November 2008, the leaders of the group pledged to contribute trillions to international finance
organizations, including the World Bank and IMF, mainly for re-establishing the global financial
system.

Since inception, the recurring themes covered by G20 summit participants have related in priority
to global economic growth, international trade and financial market regulation.[59]

Inclusive growth

The G20 countries account for almost 75% of the global carbon emissions.[60] After the adoption
of the UN Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Agreement in 2015, more
"issues of global significance"[59][61] were added to the G20 agenda: migration, digitisation,
employment, healthcare, the economic empowerment of women and development aid.[62] Despite
promises G20 nations subsidised fossil fuel companies over $3.3 trillion between 2015 and 2021.

Interrelated themes

Wolfgang Schäuble, German Federal Minister of Finance, has insisted on the interconnected
nature of the issues facing G20 nations, be they purely financial or developmental, and the need
to reach effective, cross-cutting policy measures: "Globalization has lifted hundreds of millions
out of poverty, but there is also a growing rise in frustration in some quarters […] development,
[national] security and migration are all interlinked".
 3.6-PREVIOUS SUMMIT

Washington DC, London, Pittsburgh- 2008 & 2009

The first G20 Summit was held in 2008 in Washington DC (USA). It set the scene for the
most dramatic reform of global finance in over 60 years. At the follow-up summit in 2009
in London (UK), the G20 agreed to blacklist states that refused to cooperate on efforts to
tackle tax evasion and avoidance. In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, the G20 resolved
to impose stricter controls on hedge funds and rating agencies. Institutional reforms included
the expansion of the Financial Stability Forum (FSF) to make it an effective supervisory and
watchdog body for the global financial system. It was renamed the Financial Stability Board
(FSB). The G20 is credited with helping avert a shift to protectionism in the aftermath of
the 2008 financial crisis. It also helped mobilize consensus for tripling the International
Monetary Fund’s budget and for expanding the mandate and lending remit of multilateral
development banks.In 2008, in Washington DC, the G20had agreed to refrain from imposing
new barriers to trade and investment for 12 months. This provision has been extended at
every subsequent summit.
The G20 Summit in Pittsburgh (USA) in 2009 established the G20 as a major decision-
making body on matters relating to the global economy. This summit decided on stricter
regulations for the banking sector, requiring banks to retain a greater proportion of their
profits to build capital. These measures helped reduce the financial risk to governments and
tax-payers posed by high-risk private- sector activities.

Toronto, Seoul, Cannes- 2010 & 2011

At the Toronto Summit (Canada) in 2010, the G20 adopted directives to reduce sovereign
debt. The advanced industrial States pledgeda reduction in their budget deficits and external
borrowing. G20Leaders met again in 2010 in Seoul (Republic of Korea), where they adopted
stricter regulations for banks (Basel III Norms), as well as agreed on the reform of the
financial stakes and voting shares inthe International Monetary Fund (IMF).
Seoul was also a milestone in the history of the G20. For the first time, development policy
issues were on the Summit’s Agenda which came to be known as the ‘Seoul Consensus’.
Development has since been a standard part of the agenda of every subsequent Summit.
.
Los Cabos, St. Petersburg, Brisbane - 2012, 2013 &2014

The focus of the Summit in Los Cabos (Mexico) in 2012 was on fighting youth
unemployment and creating quality jobs with social security coverage and fair income. The
Summit also highlighted the link between the development agenda, agriculture ,and green
growth.
In St. Petersburg (Russia) in 2013, major progress was made on combating tax evasion and
avoidance. The G20 agreed on the automatic exchange of tax information and the Action
Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS). This was intended to help create a
regulatory policy to oversee the activities of multinational businesses which were engaging
in tax avoidance by mini profits and shifting profits outside the countries, where the
activities deriving those profits are performed.
At the Brisbane Summit (Australia) in 2014, the G20 set itself the ambitious goal of
increasing its collective GDP by an additional two percent. Another important step was taken
in the field of banking regulation wherein the Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors
endorsed theCommon Reporting Standard for Automatic Exchange of Tax Information. The
Leaders endorsed the ‘Brisbane 25 by 25’ goal which aimed at reducing the gender gap in the
labour workforce by 25 percent by 2025.

Antalya and Hangzhou – 2015 & 2016

At the G20 Summit in Antalya (Turkey), in 2015, the G20 looked for the first time at migration
and refugee movement. They also agreed on further financial sector reforms, and resolved to
support the global climate agreement. The Leaders also issued a G20 Statement on the Fight
against Terrorism.
At the Summit in Hangzhou (China), in 2016, the focus was on strengthening long term
inclusive growth of the global economy. The Summit also looked at linking sustainable
growth and social welfare. Digital Economy as an important driver of development and
growth became part of the G20 agenda for the first time during China’s Presidency in
2016. G20 Leaders also adopted the‘G20 Action Plan on 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development’ which has since then become the guiding document for G20’s work on the
‘sustainable development’.

Hamburg - 2017

The G20 under the German Presidency met under the theme- “Shaping an interconnected
world” and accorded a special emphasis to addressing the global menace of terrorism. A
G20 Leaders’ Retreat on ‘Fighting Terrorism’ was held, ahead of the formal
commencement of Summit proceedings.
The Hamburg Declaration adopted by the Leaders at the 2017 Summit endorsed
the“irreversibility” of the Paris Agreement. It highlighted energy-security as the guiding-
principle for the transformation of energy system and called on multilateral development
banks (MDBs) to promote universal access to affordable and clean energy. G20 Leaders
 committed to further aligning their policies with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development and the Addis Ababa Action Agenda on Financing for Development. The G20
Africa Partnership also known as ‘G20 Compact with Africa’ was launched at the Summit.

Buenos Aires -2018

The overarching theme of the G20 under Argentina’s Presidency was ‘Building Consensus For
Fair And Sustainable Development’. The priority areas for Argentina’s Presidency were -
Future of work; Fourth Industrial Revolution, Health, Youth, Infrastructure for
development; and Sustainable food security. The G20 also sought to build on the legacy of
past Presidencies across a broad array of issues including empowering women, fighting
corruption, strengthening our financial governance, strong and sustainable financial
system, fairness of the global tax system, trade and investment, climate action, flexible and
cleaner energy systems.

Osaka - 2019

The G20 Summit in 2019 (Japan) focused on key issues such as Trade and Investment; Excess
Capacity of Steel; Digitalization; Data Free Flow with Trust; G20/OECD Framework on Base
Erosion and Profit Sharing; Quality Infrastructure investment; Anti-Corruption; Climate Change;
Energy; Environment; Displacement and Migration.The G20 leaders released an important
statement on ‘Preventing Exploitation of the Internet for Terrorism and Violent Extremism
Conducive to Terrorism (VECT)’.

Saudi Arabia - 2020

The 15th G20 Summit was held under the theme ‘Realising Opportunities of the 21st Century for
all’. It was the first ever virtual Summit in the history of G20.

At the initiative of Prime Minister Modi, the Saudi Presidency also convened an
‘ExtraordinaryVirtual G20 Leaders’ Summit on 25 March 2020 to discuss the challenges posed
by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and to forge a coordinated global response. Following
which the Leaders released a statement on Covid-19 expressing commitment to fight the
pandemic; safeguarding the global economy; addressing international trade disruptions and
enhancing global cooperation to counter the pandemic’s impact.The G20 also committed to
injecting over USD 5 trillion into the global economy to counter the social and economic impact
of the pandemic.

Under the Saudi Presidency, the leaders endorsed the Debt Service Suspension Initiative and the
Common Framework for Debt Treatments beyond the DSSI to provide liquidity relief to debt
ridden countries, so as to allow them to concentrate their resources on providing social security
and health benefits to their citizens and address the economic impact of the pandemic. Till date,
the DSSI has provided relief of over USD 5 billion to more than 45 countries and has been
extended till the end of 2021.
Italy 2021

The Group of Twenty (G20) Leaders' Summit 2021 will convene in October 2021 in Rome Italy. For 2021, the
G20, under the Italian Presidency, will focus on three broad, interconnected pillars of action: People, Planet,
Prosperity.
The Leaders' Summit is the climax of the G20 process. In addition to the Summit, ministerial meetings, Sherpa
meetings (in charge of carrying out negotiations and building consensus among Leaders), working groups and
special events are organized throughout the year. The Summit is the final stage, at Leaders’ level, of the intense
work carried out within these various groups throughout the year.
Within the three pillars of the 2021 G20, the forum aims to take the lead in ensuring a swift international
response to the COVID-19 pandemic – able to provide equitable, worldwide access to diagnostics, therapeutics
and vaccines – while building up resilience to future health-related shocks.
The G20 is made up of 19 countries and the European Union. The 19 countries are Argentina, Australia, Brazil,
Canada, China, Germany, France, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia,
South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the UK, and the US.

BALI 2022
The 2022 G20 Bali summit (Indonesian: Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi G20 Bali 2022) was the seventeenth
meeting of Group of Twenty (G20), which was held in Nusa Dua, Bali, Indonesia on 15–16 November
2022.[4] Indonesia's presidency began on 1 December 2021, leading up to the summit in the fourth quarter of
2022. The presidency handover ceremony was held as an intimate event, in which the G20 presidency gavel
was transferred from Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi to Indonesian president Joko Widodo at the close of
the Rome summit.
 3.7-Strengths/Achievements of G20

 Flexible: With only 20 members, the G20 is agile enough to make prompt decisions and to adapt to
new challenges.
 Inclusive: The inclusion every year of invited countries, international organizations and civil society
organization through engagement groups allow for a broader and more comprehensive perspective
when assessing global challenges and building consensus to address them.
 Coordinated action: The G-20 has also played a crucial role in strengthening the international financial
regulatory system, including better coordination across countries.
 Facilitated an increase in lending from multilateral development banks of US$235 billion at a time
when private sector sources of finance were diminished.
 Major achievements of the G20 include quick deployment of emergency funding during the 2008
global financial crisis.
 It also works for reforms in international financial institutions by improving oversight of national
financial institutions. Such as G20 driven reforms to the international tax system, through the
G20/OECD Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project and implementation of tax transparency
standards.
 G20 played a critical role in the ratification of the Trade Facilitation Agreement, with the WTO
estimating it could contribute up to somewhere between 5.4 and 8.7% to global GDP by 2030 if the
agreement were fully implemented.
 Better Communication: G20 bring World’s top developed and developing countries together to bring
consensus and reasoning into decision making through discussion.
 In the 2021 (November) G20 summit, the leaders made a commitment to reach carbon neutrality by or
around mid-century.

o They have adopted the Rome Declaration.

o Earlier, the G20 Climate Risk Atlas was released which provides climate scenarios,
information, data and future changes in climate across the G20 countries
 CHAPTER-4 CONCLUSION
The G20 comprises Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, EU, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy,
Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the UK, and the USA. The G20 was
created in response to both the financial crises that arose in several emerging economies in the 1990s and to a
growing recognition that some of these countries were not adequately represented in global economic
discussion and governance. In December 1999, the Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of advanced
and emerging countries of systemic importance met for the first time in Berlin, Germany, for an informal
dialogue on key issues for global economic stability. The G20 was founded in 1999 after the Asian financial
crisis as a forum for Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors to discuss global economic and financial
issues. The G20 initially focused largely on broad macroeconomic issues, but it has since expanded its agenda
to inter-alia including trade, climate change, sustainable development, health, agriculture, energy, environment,
climate change, and anti-corruption. Within the two tracks, there are thematically oriented working groups in
which representatives from the relevant ministries of the members as well as from invited/guest countries and
various international organizations participate. The Group of Twenty (G20) comprises 19 countries (Argentina,
Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico,
Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Türkiye, United Kingdom and the United States) and the European Union.
Within the two tracks, there are thematically oriented working groups in which representatives from the
relevant ministries of the members as well as from invited/guest countries and various international
organizations participate. Health - The Health Working Group was established under the German Presidency
in 2017 to enhance dialogue and inform the G20 Leaders on important global health issues. Tourism - Since
its inception in 2020, the Tourism Working Group has brought together the member countries and relevant
stakeholders to discuss, deliberate, and guide the course of action for further development of local and global
tourism, as also mitigating common challenges faced by the sector including the COVID-19 pandemic. G20
Finance Track discusses global macroeconomic issues through its meetings of Finance Ministers and Central
Bank Governors, their Deputies, and various working group meetings. Some of the key issues dealt with by
the Finance Track are the global economic outlook and monitoring of global economic risks; reforms for a
more stable and resilient global financial architecture; international taxation; financing quality infrastructure;
sustainable finance; financial inclusion; financial sector reforms and financing for future health emergencies
and investments in pandemic prevention, preparedness and response. The Task Force is aimed at enhancing
dialogue and global cooperation on issues relating to pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response (PPR),
promoting the exchange of experiences and best practices, developing coordination arrangements between
Finance and Health Ministries, promoting collective action, assessing and addressing health emergencies with
cross-border impact, and encouraging effective stewardship of resources for pandemic PPR while adopting a
One Health approach. The key areas discussed under the financial sector issues include strengthening global
financial system resilience, prudential oversight, improving risk management, establishing supervisory
colleges, enhancing cross-border payments, addressing structural vulnerabilities in non-bank financial
intermediation (NBFI) and climate-related financial risk, assessment of risks from crypto-assets and policy
approaches among others. L20 convenes trade union leaders from G20 countries and provides analyses and
policy recommendations aimed at addressing labour-related issues. As of 2022, there are 20 members in the
group: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, South Korea,
Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the
European Union. Representatives include, at the leaders' summits, the leaders of nineteen countries and the
European Union, and, at the ministerial-level meetings, the finance ministers and central bank governors of
nineteen countries and the European Union. In addition to these 20 members, the chief executive officers of
several other international forums and institutions participate in meetings of the G20.[5] These include the
managing director and Chairman of the International Monetary Fund, the President of the World Bank, the
International Monetary and Financial Committee, and the Chairman of the Development Assistance
Committee. A 2011 report released by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) predicted that large Asian
economies such as China and India would play a more important role in global economic governance in the
future. In addition, the leaders of the Financial Stability Board, the International Labour Organization, the
International Monetary Fund, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the United
Nations, the World Bank Group, and the World Trade Organization are invited and participate in pre-summit
planning within the policy purview of their respective organization. The initial G20 agenda, as conceived by
US, Canadian, and German policymakers, was very much focused on the sustainability of sovereign debt and
global financial stability, in an inclusive format that would bring in the largest developing economies as equal
partners. During a summit in November 2008, the leaders of the group pledged to contribute trillions to
international finance organizations, including the World Bank and IMF, mainly for re-establishing the global
financial system. Since its inception, the recurring themes covered by G20 summit participants have been
related in priority to global economic growth, international trade, and financial market regulation. Inclusive
growth The G20 countries account for almost 75% of global carbon emissionsAfter the adoption of the UN
Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Agreement in 2015, more "issues of global
significance"]were added to the G20 agenda: migration, digitization, employment, healthcare, the economic
empowerment of women, and development aid.Despite promises, G20 nations subsidized fossil fuel companies
over $3.3 trillion between 2015 and 2021. The G20 also sought to build on the legacy of past Presidencies
across a broad array of issues including empowering women, fighting corruption, strengthening our financial
governance, strong and sustainable financial system, fairness of the global tax system, trade and investment,
climate action, flexible and cleaner energy systems. At the initiative of Prime Minister Modi, the Saudi
Presidency also convened an ‘ExtraordinaryVirtual G20 Leaders’ Summit on 25 March 2020 to discuss the
challenges posed by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and to forge a coordinated global response. The
19 countries are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, France, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan,
Mexico, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the UK, and the US.
 Chapter 5 Recommendations / Suggestions
5.1-RECOMMENDATIONS

 Embedding The Circular Economy In Global Value Chains: Strategies And Frameworks For A Just
And Effective Transition.
 Digital Pathways to Resilient Communities: Enabling Universal Internet Access and Utilising Citizen-
Generated Data.
 Addressing Worker’s Insecurity in the Age of Digitalization.
 Driving Sustainable Mobility in Smart Cities Considering Supporting Infrastructures, Emerging
Networks, and Open Secure Data.
 Bridging the Digital Literacy Gender Gap in Developing Countries.
 Deepfakes And Security In The Information Environment: Challenges For Governments,society, And
Business.
 Value-Based Healthcare Models to Improve Patient Outcomes, Create Resilience and Advance
Universal Health Coverage in Developing Countries.
 Building Back Better: Addressing The Laboratory Readiness For Biodefence And Global Health
Security.
 Digital Transformation in Healthcare: Reach The Un-Reach at a Reduced Cost.
 Earmarking Health Tax for Sustainable UHC Financing in G20 Developing Countries
 Establishing a Multilateral Biodefense & Biosecurity Network.
 Supporting Low-Middle Income Countries by Strengthening Global Health Governance to Reduce
Inequalities.
 Tailored Approach to Healthcare Data Privacy in the Digital Age.
 The AIDP: Potential Impact for TB, Airborne Infectious Diseases, and Pandemic Preparedness.
 Reducing Transboundary Pollution to Improve Human Health, Protect the Environment and Climate,
and Ensure Healthy Food for All.
 Pragmatic Policy Support To Enable A Sustainable Energy Transition In Marine Fuels And Related
Infrastructure.
 5.2-SUGGESTIONS

In April 2022, we engaged with the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MEITY) and
Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) to give suggestions on priorities of the G20 Action Plan for India's
presidency in 2022-23.

We focussed on highlighting the priorities under the digital eocnomy vertical within th G20 discussions. Our
suggestions included:

 Building international cooperation in digital regulations, such as anti-trust, consumer protection,

internet governance, privacy etc. We also suggested setting up of a Working Group for Regulatory
Cooperation not tied to one preisdency, but can work for a long-term.
 Enabling the development of a framework that encourages standardisation and interoperability leading
to mutual recognition of certificates between public digital platforms of various countries.
 Enabling a common understanding on operationalising G20 Artificial Intelligence principles.
 Enabling a coordinated approach among G20 countries to content moderation and regualtion of
intermediaries.
 Enhancing transparency and accountability in automated decision making.
 Development of international standards on creation of digital identities, to enable mutual recognition
of digital identities of different countries.
 Developing a framework to outline indicators and methodologies to measure the digital economy.
 Developing a reference framework for common standards for digital literacy and digital skills.
 Adopting open data sharing policies and enabling data sharing between governments to address critical
global challenges.
 Developing a policy framework that supports 'one world one talent' and eases movement of talent for
work. Affirming G20 countries' intent to facilitate transfer of skilled resources.
 CHAPTER-6 LIMITATIONS
 No Enforcement mechanism: The G20’s toolkit ranges from simple exchanges of information and
best practices to agreeing common, measurable targets, to coordinated action. None of this is achieved
without consensus, nor is it enforceable, except for the incentive of peer review and public
accountability.
 Not legally binding: the decisions are based on discussions and consensus which culminates in the
form of declarations. These declarations are not legally binding. It’s just an advisory or consultative
group of 20 members.
 Polarisation of Interests:

o Russian and Ukrainian Presidents are invited to the G20 Summit to be held in November,
2022.

 The U.S. has already demanded to not invite Russian President, or U.S. and European
countries would boycott his address.

o China’s strategic rise, NATO’s expansion and Russia’s territorial aggression in Georgia
and Crimea and now Russia Ukraine Conflict in 2022 changed global priorities.

o Globalisation is no longer a cool word, and multilateral organisations have a credibility crisis
as countries around the world pick being ‘G-zero’ (a term coined by political commentator
Ian Bremmer to denote ‘Every Nation for Itself’) over the G-7, G-20, BRICS, P-5 (UNSC
Permanent Members) and others.

 Difficult to reach any consensus.

 Tends to only aid countries in the G20.
 Can create global imbalance.
 Only impacts countries from an economic standpoint.
 Creates overreliance in small countries on bigger countries in G20.
 Several notable countries are not in the G20 (ex. New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland) •
 Exclusiveness is biggest criticism.
 Countries often approach matters similarly.
 Many argue limited progress made during summits.
 Summits have a closed-door approach.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-
Statements.htm?dtl/35863/English_Translation_of_Prime_Minister_Shri_Narendra_Modis_re
marks_at_the_unveiling_of_logo_theme_and_website_of_Indias_G20_Presidency_via_video_co
nfer
https://prezi.com/xfqoprgs6ez2/g20/

NAFTA and the G20 Presentation by: Aaron, Connor, Delainey, Jacob, and Laura

https://www.drishtiias.com/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-
international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-
member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations

https://www.g20.org/en/g20-india-2023/new-delhi-summit/

www.google.com

REFRENCES

https://www.g20.org/en/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20
https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-
Statements.htm?dtl/35863/English_Translation_of_Prime_Minister_Shri_Narendra_Modis_re
marks_at_the_unveiling_of_logo_theme_and_website_of_Indias_G20_Presidency_via_video_co
nfer
https://prezi.com/xfqoprgs6ez2/g20/

https://www.drishtiias.com/important-institutions/drishti-specials-important-institutions-
international-institution/important-institution-upsc-ias-g20-significance-global-groupings-
member-challenges-buenos-aires-gs-mains-paper-ii-2-international-relations

https://www.g20.org/en/g20-india-2023/new-delhi-summit/

www.google.com
 ANNEXURE
Questionnaire
1. When was G20 established?
(a) 1995

(b) 1999

(c) 1985

(d) 2000

Ans. b
Explanation: G20 was established in 1999 to bring together finance ministers and central bank Governors of
the developed and developing countries.

2. Which of the following statement is not correct regarding the G 20?

(a) Now the G20 summits are attended by the Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of the member
countries only.

(b) India never hosted any G20 summit

(c) Its main aim is to eliminate poverty from the world

(d) Its meetings are held annually.

Ans. c
Explanation: The main aim of this group is to promote financial stability and sustainable development in the
world.

3. Which of the following city is organizing the recent G20 summit going to be held in 2023?
(a) Brisbane

(b) Osaka

(c) Antalya

(d) India
Ans. d
Explanation: India is set to take over the G20 presidency from December 1, 2022, till November 30, 2023.

4. What is the theme of the G20 summit happening in India?

(a) Shaping an Interconnected World

(b) Fighting poverty with rigidity

(c) "One Earth-One Family-One Future".

(d) Making the world together

Ans. c
Explanation: The theme for India's G20 Presidency is in sync with the key template of PM Modi’s foreign
policy - "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam" or "One Earth-One Family-One Future".

5. Which of the following is not the member of the G20?

(a) Indonesia

(b) Singapore

(c) Mexico

(d)Turkey

Ans. b
Explanation: Singapore is not the member of the G20.

6. Which of the following statement is not correct regarding the G20?

(a) In the meetings of the G20, the EU is represented by the European Commission and by the European Central
Bank

(b) The G20 economies account for around 85% of the gross world product (GWP)

(c) The G20 economies account for around 80% of world trade

(d) The G20 economies account for around 40% population of the world
Ans. d
Explanation: The G20 economies account for around two-third population of the world.

7. Where was the first summit of G20 held?

(a) USA

(b) Britain

(c) Canada

(d) France

Ans. a
Explanation: The first summit of the G20 was held in Washington in 2008.

8. To date how many summits of G20 have been held?

(a) 5

(b) 9

(c) 11

(d) 17

Ans. d
Explanation: 17th summit is being held in Nusa Bali (Indonesia) and the 18th G-20 summit will happen in
India in 2023.

9. Which of the following statement is correct about G20?

(a) The Presidency of G20 is supported by a "troika" made up of the current, immediate past, and future host
countries

(b) The G20 has a permanent secretariat

(c) In 2015 the G20 Presidency is held by China

(d) The G20 Presidency rotates every two year

Ans. a
Explanation: The Presidency of G20 is supported by a "troika" made up of the current, immediate past, and
future host countries

10. When will India hold the G-20 Summit?

(a) 2020

(b) 2023

(c) 2022

(d) None of the above

Ans. b
Explanation: It is surprising that India did not host any G-20 meeting so far. But in 2023 India will host the
18th summit of the G-20.
Miscellaneous
Model G20 Summit
A Model G20, also known as a Model G20 Summit, is an educational simulation for high school and college
students. Students role play as government ministers from one of the G20 countries or their guests and
negotiate solutions to defined problems. During a G20 summit, students learn about diplomacy, international
relations, the G20, and other issues related to a theme of the summit. Some individual schools have Model G20
clubs for students interested in these topics.

It is similar to a Model United Nations. At the end of summits, individual delegates and entire delegations are
often given awards for their performance.