ACE+ REVIEW CENTER

APRIL 2023 REVIEW PROGRAM

CIVIL ENGINEERING LICENSURE EXAM

APPLIED MATH, SURVEYING, TRANSPORTATION & HIGHWAY ENG’G, CONST. MGT.

Tuesday, November 29, 2022 Module 02

FUNCTIONS OF A RIGHT TRIANGLE

opposite side a adjacent side b

sin θ = = cot θ = =
hypotenuse c opposite side a

adjacent side b hypotenuse c

cos θ = = sec θ = =
hypotenuse c adjacent side b

𝜃 tan θ =
opposite side
=
a
csc θ =
hypotenuse
=
c
adjacent side b opposite side a

PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM
In any right triangle, the square of the longest side (hypotenuse) equals the sum of the squares of the other
two sides.
c2 = a2 + b2
BASIC IDENTITIES

sin θ cos θ 1 1
tan θ = cot θ = sec θ = csc θ =
cos θ sin θ cos θ sin θ

PYTHAGOREAN RELATIONS

sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ 1 + cot2 θ = csc2 θ

OBLIQUE TRIANGLES

An oblique triangle is any triangle that is not a right triangle. It could be an acute triangle (all three
angles of the triangle are less than right angles) or it could be an obtuse triangle (one of the three angles is
greater than a right angle).

SINE LAW

In any triangle, the ratio of any one side to the sine of its opposite angle is constant. (This constant ratio
is the diameter of the circle circumscribing the triangle.)

a b c
= =
sin A sin B sin C
COSINE LAW

In any triangle, the square of any one side equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides, diminished by
twice their product to the cosine of its included angle.
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cos B
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C
ANGLE

An acute angle is an angle < 90º

A right angle is an angle = 90º
An obtuse angle is an angle > 90º
A straight angle is an angle = 180º
A reflex angle is an angle > 180º
Complementary angles are angles whose sum is 90º
Supplementary angles are angles whose sum is 180º
Explementary angles are angles whose sum is 360º

UNITS OF ANGLE

90º = π/2 radians = 100 grads = 1600 mils

1 radian is the angle subtended by an arc of a circle whose length is one radius.

AREA OF TRIANGLE

Given base and altitude, Area = ½ bh

Given two sides and included angle, Area = ½ ab sin θ

Given three sides (Hero’s Formula), Area = √s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c)

Where, s = (a + b + c)/2

a2 sin B sin C
Given three angles, Area =
2 sin A

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 ACE+ REVIEW CENTER
APRIL 2023 REVIEW PROGRAM

MEDIAN OF A TRIANGLE

The median of a triangle is the line drawn from one vertex to the midpoint of its opposite side. The medians of
a triangle intersect at a common point called centroid of the triangle.

4ma2 = 2b2 + 2c2 – a2

4mb2 = 2a2 + 2c2 – b2

4mc2 = 2a2 + 2b2 – c2

ALTITUDES OF A TRIANGLE

The altitude of a triangle is the line drawn from one vertex perpendicular to its opposite side. The altitudes
of a triangle intersect at a point called the orthocenter of the triangle.

ANGLE BISECTOR OF A TRIANGLE

The angle bisector of a triangle is the line drawn from one vertex to the opposite side bisecting the angle
included between the other two sides. The angle bisectors of a triangle intersect at a point called the incenter
of the triangle.
2
ba = √bcs(s − a)
b+c

2 a+b+c
bb = √acs(s − b) s=
a+c 2

2
bc = √abs(s − c)
a+b

SPHERICAL TRIANGLE

A spherical triangle is the triangle enclosed by arcs of great circles of a sphere.

The sum of the interior angles of a spherical triangle is greater than 180º and less than 540º.

AREA OF SPHERICAL TRIANGLE

πR2 E
A=
180°
Spherical Excess, E = A + B + C - 180º

For an arc of a great circle of the earth, the distance equivalent to 1 minute (0º1’) of the arc is one (1)
nautical mile (6080 ft).

RIGHT SPHERICAL TRIANGLE

The Napier’s circle indicates the sides and angle of the triangle in consecutive order, not including the right
angle.

̅ = 90 − A
A ̅ = 90 − B
B c̅ = 90 − c

Napier’s Rule:
1. The sine of any middle part is equal to product of the cosines of its opposite parts. SIN-COOP
2. The sine of any middle part is equal to the product of the tangents of its adjacent parts. SIN-TAAD

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APRIL 2023 REVIEW PROGRAM

OBLIQUE SPHERICAL TRIANGLE

Law of Sines:
sin a sin b sin c
= =
sin A sin B sin C

Law of Cosines for Sides:

cos a = cos b cos c + sin b sin c cos A cos b = cos a cos c + sin a sin c cos B cos c = cos a cos b + sin a sin b cos C

Law of Cosines for Angles:

cos A = − cos B cos C + sin B sin C cos a cos B = − cos A cos C + sin A sin C cos b cos C = − cos A cos B + sin A sin B cos c

THE TERRESTRIAL SPHERE

Meridian – is a great circle passing through the North and South Poles

Equator – is a great circle perpendicular to the meridians

Parallels or Latitudes – are small circles parallel to the equator. Its measure is from 0º to 90º.

Prime Meridian – is the meridian passing through Greenwich England

GMT – Greenwich Mean Time

The earth rotates 360º in 24 hours or 15º every hour. Therefore, every 15º interval of longitude has a time
difference of one hour.

The mean radius of the earth is 6373 km (3959 miles), usually take as 6400 km (40000 miles).

One nautical mile = 6080 ft. This is the length of arc on the surface of the earth subtended by one (1) minute
of an arc of the great circle.

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