ACE+ REVIEW CENTER

APRIL 2023 REVIEW PROGRAM

CIVIL ENGINEERING LICENSURE EXAM

APPLIED MATH, SURVEYING, TRANSPORTATION & HIGHWAY ENG’G, CONST. MGT.

Thursday, December 01, 2022 Module 04

CARTESIAN OR RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM

DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS

d = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2

STRAIGHT LINE

General Equation of a Line: Ax + By + C = 0

rise y2 − y1
Slope of a Line: m = = m is positive if the line is inclined upwards to the right
run x2 − x1
m is negative if the line is inclined downwards to the right
m is zero for horizontal lines

Standard Equations of Line:

1. Point-slope form: y − y1 = m (x − x1 )
2. Slope-intercept form: y = mx + b
x y
3. Intercept form: + =1
a b
y − y1 y2 − y1
4. Two-point form: = =m
x − x1 x2 − x1

Angle between Two Lines:

m2 − m1
θ = α2 − α1 tan θ =
1 + m1 m2

Lines are parallel if m1 = m2

Lines are perpendicular if m2 = -1/m1

Ax1 + By1 + C
Distance from a Point to a Line: d =
± √A2 + B2

C2 −C1
Distance between Two Parallel Lines: d =
√A2 + B2

Division of Line Segment:

x1 r2 + x2 r1
xp =
r1 + r2

y1 r2 + y2 r1
yp =
r1 + r2

Midpoint of a Line Segment:

x1 + x2
xm =
2
y1 + y2
𝑦m =
2
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CONIC SECTIONS

Conic sections are a locus (or path) of a point that moves such that the ratio of its distance from a fixed point
(called the focus) and a fixed line (called the directrix) is constant. This constant ratio is called the
eccentricity, e of the conic.

Conic sections are sections formed if a plane is made to

pass through a cone.

If the cutting plane is parallel to the base of a cone,

the section formed is a circle. If it is parallel to the
element (or generator) of the cone, the section formed
is a parabola. If it is perpendicular to the base of the
cone, the section formed is a hyperbola. If it is oblique
to the base or element of the cone, the section formed
is an ellipse.

General Equations of Conics: Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

If B2 < 4AC, the conic is an ellipse

If B2 = 4AC, the conic is a parabola
If B2 > 4AC, the conic is a hyperbola

If A = C, the conic is a circle

If A ≠ C but have the same sign, the conic is an ellipse
If A = 0 or C = 0, the conic is a parabola
If A ≠ C but have the different sign, the conic is a hyperbola

CIRCLE

Circle is the locus of a point that moves such that it is always equidistant from a
fixed point called the center. The constant distance is called the radius of the
circle.

General Equation of a Circle: Ax2 + Ay2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 or x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Standard Equations of a Circle:

Center at (0, 0): x2 + y2 = r2

Center at (h, k): (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2

PARABOLA

Parabola is the locus of the point that moves such that its distance from a fixed
point called the focus is always equal to its distance from a fixed line called
the directrix.

Eccentricity, e = 1
Latus Rectum, LR = 4a

General Equation of a Parabola:

C = 0: Ax2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 or x2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 (opens upward or downward)

A = 0: Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 or y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 (opens to the right or to the left)

Standard Equations of a Parabola:

Vertex at (0, 0): y2 = 4ax (opens to the right)

y2 = -4ax (opens to the left)
x2 = 4ay (opens upward)
x2 = -4ay (opens downward)

Vertex at (h, k): (y - k)2 = 4a(x – h) (opens to the right)

(y - k)2 = -4a(x – h) (opens to the left)
(x - h)2 = 4a(y – k) (opens upward)
(x - h)2 = -4a(y – k) (opens downward)

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ELLIPSE

Ellipse is the locus of the point that moves such that the sum of its distances from two fixed points called the
foci is constant. The constant sum is the length of the major axis, 2a.

Eccentricity, e < 1

Elements of Ellipse:

a2 = b2 + c2
Eccentricity (first eccentricity), e = d3/d4 = c/a < 1.0
Distance from center to directrix, d = a/e
Length of latus rectum, LR = 2b2/a
Second eccentricity, e’ = c/b
Angular eccentricity, α = c/a
Ellipse flatness, f = (a – b)/a
Second flatness, f’ = (a – b)/b

General Equation of an Ellipse: Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 or x2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Standard Equations of an Ellipse: (a > b)

x2 y2
Center at (0, 0): + =1 (Major axis along x-axis)
a2 b2
x2 y2
+ =1 (Major axis along y-axis)
b2 a2

(x − h)2 (y − k)2
Center at (h, k): + =1 (Major axis along x-axis)
a2 b2
(x − h)2 (y − k)2
+ =1 (Major axis along y-axis)
b2 a2

HYPERBOLA

Hyperbola is the locus of the point that moves such that the difference
of its distance between two fixed points called the foci is constant.
The constant difference is the length of the transverse axis 2a.

Eccentricity, e > 1

Elements of Hyperbola:

c2 = a2 + b2
Eccentricity, e = d3/d4 = c/a > 1.0
Distance from center to directrix, d = a/e
Length of latus rectum, LR = 2b2/a

Equation of Asymptote: y – k = ± m (x – h) (+) for upward asymptote

(-) for downward asymptote

m = b/a if the axis is horizontal

m = a/b if the axis is vertical

General Equation of a Hyperbola: Ax2 - Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 or x2 - Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

Standard Equations of a Hyperbola: (a may be greater, equal, or less than b)

x2 y2
Center at (0, 0): − =1 (Transverse axis along x-axis)
a2 b2
y2 x2
− =1 (Transverse axis along y-axis)
a2 b2

(x − h)2 (y − k)2
Center at (h, k): − =1 (Transverse axis along x-axis)
a2 b2
(y − k)2 (x − h)2
− =1 (Transverse axis along y-axis)
a2 b2

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TANGENTS AND NORMALS TO CONICS

POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEM

In this system, the location of a point is expressed by its distance r from a fixed
point called the pole and its angle θ from a fixed line Ox.

Distance between Two Points: d = √r1 2 + r2 2 − 2r1 r2 cos(θ2 − θ1 )

Relationship between Polar and Cartesian Coordinate System

r2 = x2 + y2 x = r cos θ y = r sin θ tan θ = y / x

SPACE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

1. Rectangular Coordinate System in Space

In rectangular coordinate system, a point P(x, y, z) in space is fixed by its

three distance x, y, and z from the three coordinate planes.

Distance between Two Points: d = √(x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 + (𝑧2 − z1 )2

2. Cylindrical Coordinate System

A point P in space may be imagined as being on the surface of a cylinder

perpendicular to the XY-plane. P(r, θ, z) is fixed by its distance z from the XY-
plane and by the polar coordinates (r, θ) of the projection of P on the XY-plane.

3. Spherical Coordinate System

A point P in space may be imagined as being on the surface of a sphere with center
at the origin O and radius r. P (r, ϕ, θ) is fixed by its distance r from O, the
angle ϕ between OP and the Z-axis, and the angle θ which is the angle between the
X-axis and the projection of OP on the XY-plane.

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