Ability of Transfer Function Method

to Diagnose Axial Displacement

ETEP z
of Transformer Windings

Abstract zyxwvutsrq
E. Rahimpour, J. Christian, K. Feser, H. Mohseni

zyxwvutsr
Transient currents can cause the mechanical displacement of transformer windings. The transferfunction method

zyxwvuts
is presented as a tool to detect this displacement. In order to be able to evaluate the measurements, the correlation
between the characteristics of transfer functions and possible damages must be known. Axial displacement of
transformer windings has been studied in this research. As test object a transformer with a primary winding of
31 double inverted disk (approx. 1.3 MVA, 10 kV) and a secondary winding with four layer concentric winding
was used. A detailed mathematical model was developed for the test object and a comparison was carried out bet-
ween measured and calculated results. To compare the sensitivity of transferfunctions, five different transferfunc-
tions with different terminal conditions are simulated. It is shown that the detailed model can present the
behaviour ofthe transformer winding in case of sound and displaced windings.

1 Introduction
zy
zy
The aim of modern monitoring and diagnostic
methods is to ensure the optimal and reliable utiliza-
tion of transformers in respect to the transferred pow-
er and its life time. In this regard several procedures
- Black-Box models:
Modal analyse based modeling [4]
0 Description by pole and zeros [5]

- Physical models:
n-phase transmission line model [6]
Detailed model:
such as thermal monitoring, oil analyses (Dissolved - Modeling based on self and mutual induct-
Gas Analyses, Furfurol), partial discharge measure- ance [7]
- Modeling based on leakage inductance [8]

zyxwvuts
ments (electrically, acoustically), transfer function,
relaxation current, recovery voltage measurement,
etc. are investigated and applied. Each method can be
applied for a specific type of problem and has its own
merits and demerits. Transfer function variations are
used as a tool to recognize mechanical displacement
and deformation of windings [ 11, but determining the
exact location and the extent of this faults are subject
of actual research.
The suitability of this method is confirmed through
several real experimental cases [2, 31.
This method is a comparative method, i.e. the
measurement results should be compared with refer-
ence results. If significant deviations in the results oc-
cur, the transformer is faulty and appropriate action
have to be undertaken.
From operator point of view, the type and the loca-
tion of the fault are important. The correlation between
the faults and the transfer function variations are not
clearly known. These relations can be obtained through
real measurements or by developing an appropriate
model of the transformer for simulations.
The modeling of a complex arrangement such as a
transformer active part is a compromise between acc-
uracy and complexity. The number of definable basic
elements and thus the accuracy of the modeling are lim-
ited. Between different proposed models, the following
classification can be used:
- Modeling based on the principle of duality [9]
- Modeling based on electromagnetic fields
[lo1
- Hybrid model
Combination of Black-Box and physical model
[I11
The Black-Box model is not suitable for the model-
ing of winding displacements, since it presents just the
behaviour of the transformers on its terminals.
The physical models are based on the geometry of
the winding and its lumped equivalent circuit. These
models are also valid for higher frequencies.
The modeling of windings by the lumped R-L-C-M
network (the detailed model) enables the calculation of
the currents and voltages using common electrical net-
work analysing tools (e.g. ATP, Pspice, ...). In addition
it is possible to consider nonlinearities (e.g. hysteresis,
saturation) and frequency dependent effects (e.g. eddy
current, dielectric losses). Complex windings can be
modeled with several coils, which is not possible for
the multi-phase transmission line model.
Investigations show that among different ap-
proaches of the detailed modeling, the one, which is
based on the self and mutual inductance is most appro-
priate for the description of the magnetic field beha-
viour [12]. Therefore this model was applied in [13]
and it was shown that:

ETEP Vol. 12, No. 3, May/June 2002 LLJ

ETEP
-
zyxwvutsrq
zyxwvu
zyxwv zyxw
-

The detailed R-L-C-M model is determined ex-

clusively from the geometrical dimensions and its

I1
validity is sufficient for the frequency range of few
kHz till approx. 1 MHz. layer disk layer
- The description based on winding's geometry en- winding w i winding u
2

ables a simple consideration of the dielectric fail-

ures in the winding and the determination of the ]IN4
layer
failure location.
This model is used in the following sections for the
study of the axial displacement in transformer wind- Fig. 2. Different terminal conditions to study the sensitivity
ings, to show the ability of the transfer function method of transfer function measurements
as a monitoring tool to detect winding displacements.

The special construction of the arrangement per-

2 Measuring methodology mits a gradually axial movement of the internal layer
winding with respect to the outer winding. To invest-

zyxwv
It is possible to determine the transfer function igate the sensitivity of transfer function measurements
either by using the time or the frequency domain meas- for axial displacement, three different terminal condi-
urements. The possible accuracy of both procedures is tions have been studied, Fig. 2.
equal [ 141. In the presented investigation all measure- The test arrangement was in an oil-immersed cylin-
ments were executed in the time domain. Fig. 1 illus- drical tank. Fig. 3 illustrates the laboratory arrange-
trates the principle. ment. The test object has 82.7 cm height and therefore
In the time domain, test objects are excited by low a 1 cm axial displacement is equal to I .2 %.
or high impulse voltages. The input and output tran-
sients are measured and analysed.
In low voltage measurements the amplitudes are
usually 100 V to 2000 V. The shape of the impulse

zyxwvu
voltage depends on the test device and the test set-up.
The bandwidth of the exciting signal should be as high
as possible. Typical parameters of the impulse shapes
are front times of 100 ns to 500 ns and time to half val-
ues of 40 ps to 200 ps. The spectral distribution of the
time domain signals are calculated by using FFT.The
quotient of output to input signal represents the transfer
function in the frequency domain [I].
As a test object a high voltage winding with
31 double inverted disks, 6 turns in each disk, and a
four layer concentric low voltage winding, 99 turns
each layer were used. These particularly windings were
manufactured for special experimental purposes and
have the construction of transformer windings with a Fig. 3. Laboratory arrangement
rated voltage of approx. 10 kV and a rated output of
1.3 MVA. The equipotential surface establishment for
the iron core was simulated with a slit cylinder. 3 Detailed model (based on self and mutual
inductance)
The equivalent circuit diagram of the test object
beyond 10 kHz is shown in Fig. 4. A winding unit can

zyxw
contain one disk, two disks or numbers of turns. The
number of units is a modeling parameter and choosing
its value is a compromise between the accuracy and the
complexity. For the sake of simplicity only three wind-
ing units of the double disk high voltage winding are
shown in Fig. 4. Only one layer with three winding
units have been shown for the low voltage winding in
Fig. 4,too.

Fig. 1. Measuring the transfer function in the time domain
zyx
The elements of the circuit diagram are defined in
~31.
Using this model it is possible to calculate node
voltages and branch currents in both time and frequen-
cy domain. Due to the frequency dependence behavi-
our of the resistive elements @pi, Rej and RsJ the cal-
culation in the frequency domain is preferable.

226 ETEP Vol. 12, No. 3, MayIJune 2002

 Double disk winding
UI
z
zyxwvutsr Layer winding

0
er windings are subject to damping mechanisms
due to:
Core losses:
- Hysteresis
- Eddy current in core
ETEP

Losses in windings and isolations:

- Direct current losses in turns
- Eddy current losses in turns
- Dielectric losses

In high frequencies (> 10 kHz for power transform-

ers) the magnetic penetration depth is so low that the
core losses can be neglected. Rsi represents the conduc-
tor resistance with skin and proximity effects. Rpi and
Rei represent the dielectric losses between winding
turns and between winding and tank (or other windings
or core) respectively, and both of them are frequency
dependent. The calculation of these resistances is ex-
plained thoroughly in references [ 15, 17, 181.
In order to analyze the model in the time domain

zyx
with frequency dependent resistances, an equivalent
circuit for the representation of this phenomena has to
be found [ 191.
In the case of an axial displacement, Ah, a change
in the magnetic and electrical fields can be observed.
For the model according to Fig. 4 this results in a devi-
ation of the series resistances, Rsi, in both windings.
As shown in Fig. 5 the magnetic and electrical field
i

zyxwvutsrq
ETEP
changes affect additional the mutual inductance k f h l
between the units of the double disk winding and the
units of the layer winding and the parallel capacitance
Chlbetween units of two windings. Studies show that

zyxwvutsrq
Fig. 4. Detailed model of test object
Model parameters are calculated analytically after
some simplifications of the geometrical structure of the
the ch] changes have an unimportant effect on the re-
sults and can be neglected for the simulation of axial
displacements.
The distribution of the magnetic field has different
forms along the windings. It is approximately uniform

zyxwvu
winding.
- Self and mutual inductance:
The self and mutual inductance can be calculated
by the solution of third and fourth Maxwell's equa-

zyxwvut
tions or vector potential method. The solution of
principle equations provide closed form results for
L; and Lij. The used formulas for inductance calcu-
lations in this work are illustrated in [ 151.
- Capacitance:

zyxwvutsr
Parallel capacitance C;presents both the electrical
field between individual disk units and earth (tank
or core) as well as the electrical field between dif-
ferent windings.
Considering the dimension of the windings, the
calculation of capacitance C; can be done based on a
cylindrical or a homogeneous distribution of the elec-
trical field. However, an appropriate correction factor
is necessary for the edge effects. The longitudinal ca-
pacitance Ki presents electrostaticallystored energy be-
tween the turns of a winding unit, and it is difficult to
calculate this analytically. An approximate approach is
the assumption of a linear voltage distribution along a
winding unit [15, 161.
- Resistances: Fig. 5. Influence of axial displacement on parameters of
- Electrical and magnetic behaviour of transform- model

ETEP Vol. 12, No. 3, MayIJune 2002 227

ETEP zyxwvutsrq
zy 4 Mathematical representation of detailed
model
Without considering the inductive branches in
Fig. 4,the elements of the admittance matrix &' = G +
jo C can be described as follows:
-Yii = The sum of admittances, which are connected to
the node i
Y..
--rJ
= Negative sum of the admittance between nodes i
and j
Displacement Mutual inductance
tcm) tuH)
13.4858
12.306I
11.2041
10.1916
9.2704

zyx
8.4370
7.6852
7.0080
6.3983
Tab. 1. Mutual inductance between the sixth unit of the
double disk winding and the first unit of the layer winding

The inductive branches can be considered with the

impedance matrix Z = R + j w L :

zyx
zyxwvutsrqp
zyx
zy
... jLI,,W
-

zyxwvutsrq
Fig. 6. Series resistances of double disk winding units (each
unit contains one double disk):
(a) first unit (at the beginning of the winding)
(b) 5'h unit
(c) 15'h unit (in the middle of the winding)

in the middle of the windings and irregular at the begin-

...
...
...
j4,,,@
...
jLn-l,ilw
... R\,(w) + jL,o -
(1)

ning and the end of the windings. Therefore, the chang-

es of series resistances RSi are different for each unit.
Fig. 6 shows these changes for units of double disk
winding resulting from axial displacements.
The resistance of the first unit increases more with
the displacement than the resistance of the fifth unit.
The middle unit has an almost constant resistance. The
resistance of units of the second half of the winding de-
creases with the displacement.
The displacement changes the elements of the ma-
trix inductance that describe the mutual inductance be-
tween units of one winding and units of the other wind-
ing. For example, the mutual inductance between the
sixth unit of the double disk winding and the first unit Ui and Li represent the Fourier transforms of the
of the layer winding is given in Tab. 1 for different dis- voltages and the currents for each winding unit. Cor-
placements. responding time domain signals can be determined by

228 ETEP Vol. 12, No. 3, MayIJune 2002

means of IFFT (inverse fast Fourier transformation).
Transfer functions are the quotient of corresponding
voltage and current phasors. Any irregularities or de-
formations of the winding will affect both impedance
matrix and admittance matrix.

d
The state space representation of the above men-
tioned equations results in:

- X ( r ) = S X ( t ) + BY(t)
dr
with state vector

zyxwvutsr
X ( t ) = [UI * * * u,,,, i, * . .i,*;]
and r(t) as the input is
T
(6)

(7)

the input vector.

2
-
h

5
zyxw
zyx
zyx
3.5
mA
V
2.5
t zyxwv
2.0

1.5

kI 1.0

ETEP
0.5
n
"0
zyxwv
zyxwv
zyxwv
zyxwvuts
0.2 0.4
f--,
0.6 0.8 MHz 1

Fig. 7. Comparison of measured and calculated transfer

The system matrix S is calculated as follow: function of the earth current with terminal condition of
Fig. 2b)

[
= - -C-'G
L-~AT -L-~R 1 (8)

R , G , L and C are respectively real part of the Z_,

show that there is only a small difference in the calcu-
lated resonance frequencies with the R and G values
real part of the 1,imaginary part of the Z divided by w taken at 1 MHz (Case A) and at 50 Hz (case €3).
(angular frequency) and imaginary part of the _U divid-
ed by w. Resonance
Resonance Resonance
The resonance frequencies of the transformer frequencies [kHz] frequencies [kHz]
number
winding are the imaginary part of the eigenvalues of (case A) (case B)
this matrix. 1 77.87 77.82
2 156.12 156.10
(9) 3 280.23 280.17
4 33 1.98 33 1.55
5 406.98 408.56
5 Comparison of measurements and 6 53 1.09 530.9 1
calculations 7 537.79 537.88
The transfer functions of the transformer shown in 8 737.84 737.72
Fig. 5 are defined as follows: 9 809.02 808.82
10 939.28 939.20
Tab. 2. Resonance frequencies:
(case A) R and G calculated at 1 MHz
(case B) R and G calculated at 50 Hz

The comparison between resonance frequencies in

As an example the calculated and measured trans-
fer functions are given in Fig. 7. The phase of the trans-
fer functions do not contain additional information [ 5 ]
and therefore is not discussed in this paper.
The good agreement of the calculated and meas-
ured results confirms and verifies the used model. The
deviations between the measurement and the calcula-
tion (Fig. 7) can be caused by:
- Using the lumped elements for the presentation of
the distributed electrical and magnetic field behavi-
our,
- Cable damping, transient characteristic of sensors
etc. can result in some effects, which are not con-
sidered in the model
- Manufacturing tolerances and the parameter dis-
persions of a real winding arrangement.
The resonance frequencies can also be calculated
directly from the eq. (9). Although R and G in eq. (8)
are frequency dependent, however the results in Tab. 2
Tab. 2 and Fig. 7 shows that the two quite near frequen-
cies (53 1 kHz and 537 kHz) overlapped and the reson-
ance at 406 kHz has a very small magnitude and can not
be seen in Fig. 7. Study of the resonance frequencies in
this double forms (Tab. 2 and Fig. 7) gives more visi-
bility.
Fig. 8 shows the results of the calculations and the
measurements of the transfer functions (case Fig. 2b)
with the different displacements of the four layer wind-
ing. The accuracy for the determination of the transfer
functions in the time domain is limited due to the digi-
talization and the band limitation of the exciting signal.
Considering this accuracy problem, a sensitivity limit
of approx. 1 cm can be determined for the measured
transfer functions. This is about 1.2 % of the axial
height of the winding.
The agreement of the measurements and the calcu-
lations show that the trend of the changes is modeled
correctly. The best agreement in the case of the earth

ETEP Vol. 12, No. 3, MayIJune 2002 229

E TEP zyxwvutsrq - zyxw

Fig. 8. Comparison between measurement and calculation for the sensitivity analyses of axial winding displacement

zyxwvuts
zyxwvuts
(a) measured transfer function of earth current
(b) calculated transfer function of earth current

zy
(c) measured transfer function of transferred voltage
(d) calculated transfer function of transferred voltage

Shift
Icml
0
zy
current is at about 5 10 kHz and in the case of the trans-
ferred voltage at 560 kHz. In addition Fig. 8 shows that
the sensitivity of the method is not good for the fre-
quency range below 200 kHz. This fact is verified by

zyxwvutsr
the computer model, too.

Resonance frequencies [kHz]

77.8 156.1 280.2 331.8 407.7 531.0 537.8 737.8 808.9 939.2
The changes of the resonance frequencies are cal-
culated also with the help of eq. (9) and are given in
Tab. 3. These results are calculated with constant R
and G at 500 kHz.
Tab. 3 shows the influence of the displacement on
resonance frequencies.

6 Influence of terminal conditions on

1 77.7 IS6.4 282.1 330.2 407.1 525.6 543.3 739.3 807.2 939.0
2 77.5 156.8 282.5 330.1 406.5 514.6 554.3 735.0 810.7 935.5
3 77.2 157.4 281.3 331.6 406.0 503.6 565.4 726.3 817.7 929.3
4 76.8 158.1 278.8 334.5 405.5 492.7 576.2 715.4 826.1 921.4
5 76.4 159.0 275.3 338.4 405.0 482.2 586.8 703.7 834.3 913.0
6 75.9 160.0 271.2 342.9 404.6 472.0 596.9 691.9 841.4 904.9
7 75.4 161.1 266.7 347.9 404.3 462.3 606.6 680.3 846.5 898.1
8 74.9 162.4 262.1 353.1 403.9 453.1 615.5 669.4 849.0 893.6
sensitivity of method
The transfer function measurements have been
done with different measurement set-ups (Fig. 2). To
compare the sensitivity of each transfer function meas-
urement method, the deviation of relative frequency
and amplitude has been defined as follows:

Tab. 3. Changes of resonance frequencies with axial

displacement

230 ETEP Vol. 12, No. 3, MayIJune 2002

 zyxwvutsr
with displacement of k cm zyxw
The evaluation of the results show that:
All transfer functions have approximately the same
f

Af7
-
f7
I
%--
I ,
calculated
, ,
.

zyxwv
sensitivity to the axial displacement in case of our

zyxwvut
test object.
Some of the poles in a transfer function are more
sensitive than others to the displacement. Due to c)
resolution restrictions, the use of high pass filters
(for example with approximately 200 kHz cutoff
frequency in case of our test object) is recommend- t
ed, especially for transfer functions that have big- Af7
-
ger amplitude in low frequencies. fl
The agreement between the measured and calculat-
ed deviations of frequencies and amplitudes is very
good. As an example, Fig. 9 shows the measured
and calculated - Af7 and - M7 (for seventh reson- d)
f7 A7
ance in Tab. 2) for transfer functions with the three
terminal conditions defined in Fig. 2. t
Af7
-
f7

Conclusions
In this paper the ability of the detailed model for
the axial displacement detection of windings and their
mathematical descriptions in the frequency domain are
evaluated with a two windings test transformer. It is
1
LsA7
shown that:
There is a good agreement between measured and
calculated results in the frequency range of a few
kHz to 1 MHz. The model predicts the essential
frequency characteristics (resonant frequencies I 2 3 4 5*,6 7 8 9 % I1
anddamping of a resonance) correctly. Due to the

zyxw
description of distributed electric and magnetic

zyxwv
fields with the lumped elements and restrictions Fig. 9. Deviation of relative frequency and amplitude of
of measurements, inaccuracies are to be expect- fifth resonance of transfer function versus axial
ed. displacement
The correlation between changes of the transfer (a) from LIN of Fig. 2a)
function and the correspondence axial displace- (b) from 1 1of~Fig. 2b)
ments is given correctly by the model. This result ( c ) from 11 of Fig. 2b)
prove that the mechanical displacements in trans- (d) from of Fig. 2b)
former windings can be examined with the help of (e) from &N of Fig. 2c)

zy
the detailed model in the future.
The changes of capacitance can be neglected in the
model for the axial displacement studies. 8 List of symbols
The terminal conditions can not change significant-
ly the resonance behaviour. Li self inductance of the i-th winding unit
Different resonance frequencies are most sensitive Lij mutual inductance between winding unit i
for different signals. and winding unitj

ETEP Vol. 12, No. 3, May/June 2002 23 1

ETEP zyxwvutsrqp
longitudinal capacity of the i-th winding unit
capacitance between the winding unit i and
zyxwvuts
earth (core or tank) or other windings
dielectric losses in the isolation of the
winding unit i
dielectric losses in the isolation between the
winding unit i and earth (core or tank) or
other windings
ohmic losses of winding unit i
external impedance between end of winding
and earth
value of axial displacement
admittance matrix
impedance matrix
real part of the admittance matrix
real part of the impedance matrix
node voltage vector
zyxw
branch current vector
incidence matrix
state vector
system matrix
input vector
node voltage (time- and frequency domain)
zyxwvutsrq
branch current (time- and frequency domain)
input signal
number of unknown node voltages
number of unknown branch current
zyxwvutsrq
angular frequency
frequency
zyxwvu
References
Leihfried,-Z;Feser; K.: Monitoring of Power Transfor-
mers using the Transfer Function Method. IEEE Trans.
on Power Delivery PWRD-I4 (1999) no. 4, pp. 1333-
1341
zyxwvuts
Feser; K.; et al.: The Transfer Function Method for De-
zyxwv
tection of Winding Displacements on Power Transfor-
mers after Transport, Short Circuit or 30 Years of Ser-
vice. CIGRE (2000), 12133-04
Christian, J.; Feser; K.; Sundermann, U.; Leibfried, T.:
Diagnostics of Power Transformers by Using the
zyxwvutsrq
Transfer Function Method. 1 Ith Int. Symp. on High
Voltage Engineering (ISH), London/UK 1999, vol. I ,
no. 467, pp. 3 7 4 0
Vaessen, PTM.: Transformer Model for High Frequen-
cies. IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery PWRD-3 (1988)
no. 4, pp. 1761-1768
Morched, A.; Marti, L.; Ottewangers, J.: A High Fre-
quency Transformer Model for the EMTP. IEEE Trans.
on Power Delivery PWRD-8 (1993) no. 3, pp. 1615-
1626
Shihuya, Z; Fujita, S.; Hosokawa, N.: Analysis of Very
Fast Transient Overvoltage in Transformer Winding.
IEE Proc.-Gener. Trans. Distrib.-144 (1997) no. 5,
pp. 46 1-468
Buckow, E.: Berechnung des Verhaltens von Leistungs-
transformatoren bei Resonanzanregung und Mog-
lichkeiten des Abbaus innerer Spannungsuberho-
hungen. Dissertation, TH DarmstadtIGermany, 1986
Brandwajn, K; Dommel, H. W ; Dommel, I.I.: Matrix
Representation of Three-Phase N-Winding Transfor-
mers for Steady-State and Transient Studies. IEEE
Trans. on Power Appar. a. Sys. PAS-101 (1982) no. 6,
pp. 1369-1378
232
[9] Arturi, C.M.: Transient Simulation and Analysis of a
Three-Phase Five-Limb Step-up Transformer Follow-
ing an Out-of-Phase Synchronization. IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery PWRD-6 ( 199 I ) no. I , pp. 196-207
[ 101 Silvester; F!; Chari, M . K K . : Finite Element Solution of
Saturable Magnetic Field Problems. IEEE Trans. on
Power Appar. a. Sys. PAS-89 (1970), no. 7, pp. 1642-
1651
[ 1 I] Gharehpetian. G.B.; Mohseni, H . ; Miiller; K.: Hybrid
Modelling of Inhomogeneous Transformer Windings
for Very Fast Transient Overvoltage Studies. IEEE
Trans. on Power Delivery PWRD-13 (1998) no. 1,
pp. 157-163
121 De Leon, E ; Sernlyen, A.: Complete Transformer Mo-
del for Electromagnetic Transients. IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery PWRD-9 ( 1994) no. 1, pp. 23 1-239
131 Rahimpour; E.; Christian, J.; Feser; K . ; Mohseni, H.:
Modellierung der Transformatorwicklung zur Berech-
nung der Ubertragungsfunktion fur die Diagnose von
Transformatoren. Elektrie 54 (2000), 1-2, pp. 18-30
[ 141 Leihfried, T : Die Analyse der Ubertragungsfunktion
als Methode zur Uberwachung des Isolationszustandes
von GroBtransformatoren. Dissertation, University of
StuttgartIGermany, 1996
[ 151 Nothaft, M.: Untersuchung der Resonanzvorgange in
Wicklungen von Hochspannungsleistungstransforma-
toren mittels eines detaillierten Modells. Dissertation,
TH Karlsruhe/Germany, 1995
[ 161 Stein, G.M.: A Study of the Initial Surge Distribution in
Concentric Transformer Windings. IEEE Trans. on
Power Appar. a. Sys. PAS-83 (1964). pp. 877-893
[ 171 Dietrich, W : Berechnung der Wirbelstromverluste in
den Wicklungen von Mehrwicklungstransformatoren,
ETZ-Archiv 10 ( 1988) no. 10, pp. 309-3 17
[ 181 Dietrich, W: Berechnung der Wirkverluste von Trans-
formatorwicklungen unter Beriicksichtigung des tat-
sachlichen Streufeldverlaufs, Archiv fur Elektrotechnik
46 ( 196 I ), no. 4, pp. 209-222
[ 191 De Leon, E ; Semlyen, A.: Time Domain Modeling of
Eddy Current Effects for Transformer Transients. IEEE
Trans. on Power Delivery PWRD-8 (1993) no. I ,
pp. 27 1-280
Acknowledgement
The authors thank the German Academic Exchange Service
(DAAD) for the financial support of the research project.
Manuscript received on September 25, 2000
The authors
Ebrahim Rahimpour ( 1971 ) received
his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical
Power Engineering in 1993 and 1995
from Tabriz University and Faculty of
Engineering of Tehran University re-
spectively. In 1996 he joined the Elec.
Eng. Dep. of Zanjan University as a
lecturer. Since 1997 he is a Ph.D. Stu-
dent of Tehran University. He receiv-
ed a German Academic Exchange Ser-
vice scholarship in 1998. (Institute of
Power Transmission and High Voltage Technology, Univer-
sity of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47,70569 StuttgadGerma-
ny, Phone: 00497 1 116857867. Fax: 00497 1 116857877,
E-mail: erahim@ieh.uni-stuttgart.de)
ETEP Vol. 12, No. 3, MaylJune 2002
 Jochen Christian (1969) studied Elec-
trical Engineering at the University of
Stuttgart and received his Dipl.-Ing.
degree in 1996. In 1997 he joined the
Institute of Power Transmission and
High Voltage Technology as a colla-
zyxwvut
zyxwvu
borator. Topic of his research is the
Transfer Function method for on-site
diagnosis of power transformers. (Ins-
titute of Power Transmission and High
Voltage Technology, University of
Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569 Stuttgart/Germany,
Phone: 004971 1/6857867, Fax: 00497 1 1/6857877, E-mail:
jchrist@ieh.uni-stuttgart.de)
zyxwvutsrqp
Kurt Feser (1938) studied Electrical
Engineering at the Technical Univer-
sity of Munich and received his Dipl.-
Ing. and Dr.-Ing. degree from the Uni-
versity of Munich in 1963 and 1970
respectively. In 1971 he joined Haefe-
ly & Cie AG, Basel/Switzerland as a
chief development engineer. From
1980 he was as director and member
of the executive board of Haefely res-
ponsible for capacitors and high volt-
age test equipment. In April 1982 he joined the University of
ETEP Vol. 12, No. 3, May/June 2002
ETEP
Stuttgart as head of the Power Transmission and High Volt-
age Institute. He is a fellow of IEEE, member of VDE and
CIGRE, chairman of IEC TC 42 “High voltage test techni-
que” and author of more than 200 papers. (Institute of Power
Transmission and High Voltage Technology, University of
Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 47, 70569 StuttgadGermany,
z
Phone: 004971 1/6857871, Fax: 004971 1/6857877, E-mail:
feser@ieh.uni-stuttgart.de)
Hossein Mohseni ( 1942) studied Elec-
trical Engineering at Technical Uni-
versity GradAustria and received Di-
p1.-Ing. and Dr.-techn. in 1971 and
1975 respectively. From 197 1 to 1976
he was with ELIN Union AG Austria,
working as testing and research engin-
eer in the High Voltage Laboratory
and the Transformer R&D Depart-
ment. In 1976 he joined the Faculty of
Engineering, University of Tehran. He
is currently a professor of electrical engineering and teaches
High Voltage Insulation Technology and Transient in Power
System and Apparatus. Since 1980 he is a technical consult-
ant of Iran Power Generation and Transmission company.
(Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, 14392 Kar-
ghar Shomali, Tehradlran, Phone: 009821/8011250, Fax:
00982 1/8778690, E-mail: mohseni @ sofe.ece.ut.ac.ir)
233