Capacitors and Inductors 1

Dr. James S. Kang

Professor
ECE Department
Cal Poly Pomona

1
 Introduction
• Unlike resistors, capacitors and inductors are passive elements that can
store and release energy.
• In the capacitor, the energy is stored in the form of electric field from the
positive plate to the negative plate.
• The current through the capacitor is given by the product of the
capacitance and the time rate of change of the voltage across the capacitor
plates.
• In the inductor, the energy is stored in the form of magnetic field.
• The voltage across the inductor is given by the product of the inductance
and the time rate of change of the current through the inductor.

2
 Capacitors
• A simple parallel plate capacitor consists of two conductor plates. The
space between the conductor plates is filled with insulators called
dielectric materials. Examples of dielectric materials are ceramic,
mica, paraffin coated paper, and air.
• Symbol for the capacitors is shown below.
C1
2
• 102 = 10 × 10 = 1000𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 0.001𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 C2
3 1n 0.1u
• 103 = 10 × 10 = 10000𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 0.01𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇
• 104 = 10 × 104 = 100000𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 0.1𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇
• 473 = 47 × 103 = 47000𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 0.047𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇

3
 Capacitors
• When a capacitor is connected to a voltage source such as battery as
shown below, positive charges accumulate on the plate connected to
the positive terminal of the battery and negative charges accumulate
on the plate connected to the negative terminal of the battery.
• The amount of charge Q (in coulombs) on the plates is proportional to
the voltage V (in volts) of the voltage source. Let C be the
proportionality constant in this linear relation.
• Q = CV
• C is called the capacitance measured in farads (F). V
C

0 4
 Capacitors
𝑄𝑄
• 𝐶𝐶 =
𝑉𝑉
• The capacitance is the capacity of the capacitor to store charges on
the plates. The capacitance is defined as the ratio of the charge stored
to the potential difference.
• If v(t) is time varying,
• Q = C v(t)
• Common capacitors used in electronic circuits have small capacitance
values in the microfarad (µF), nanofarad (nF), and picofarad (pF)
range. One microfarad is 10−6F, one nanofarad is 10−9F, and one
picofarad is 10−12F.
5
 Parallel Plate Capacitor
• The charges on the conductor plates generate electric field as shown
below.
• S = area of conductor plates, d = distance between the plates.
• ε = permittivity of the dielectric material = εrε0
• If d is small and S is large, the electric field E between the conductor
plates can be assumed to be uniform.
+Q
• Electric flux density: D = εE A 0

• εr = relative permittivity V E

• ε0 = 8.8541878176×10-12 F/m (free space) B d

-Q
6
 Gauss’s Law
• ∮ 𝜀𝜀𝑬𝑬 � 𝑑𝑑𝒔𝒔 = 𝑄𝑄
• 𝜀𝜀𝐸𝐸 ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀 = 𝑄𝑄
𝑄𝑄
• 𝐸𝐸 =
𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀
𝐴𝐴 𝑄𝑄𝑑𝑑 𝑄𝑄 𝑄𝑄
• 𝑉𝑉 = − ∫𝐵𝐵 𝑬𝑬 � 𝑑𝑑ℓ = − 0 − 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = = 𝜀𝜀𝑆𝑆 =
𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀 𝐶𝐶
𝑑𝑑
𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀
• 𝐶𝐶 =
𝑑𝑑
• The capacitance is proportional to the area of the plates and the
permittivity of the material between the plates and inversely proportional
to the distance between the plates.
7
 Parallel Connection of Capacitors
• If two capacitors with identical ε and d values have areas S1 and S2,
the capacitances are given by C1 = εS1/d and C2 = εS2/d respectively.
• If these two capacitors are connected in parallel, the total area of the
combined capacitor is S = S1 + S2.
𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀 𝜀𝜀 𝑆𝑆1 +𝑆𝑆2 𝜀𝜀𝑆𝑆1 𝜀𝜀𝑆𝑆2
• 𝐶𝐶 = = 𝐶𝐶 = = + = 𝐶𝐶1 + 𝐶𝐶2
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
• In general, if n capacitors with capacitance values C1, C2, …..,Cn are
connected in parallel, the combined capacitance value is
• C = C1 + C2 + ….. + Cn.

8
 Series Connection of Capacitors
• If two capacitors with identical ε and S values have lengths d1 and d2,
the capacitances are given by C1 = εS/d1 and C2 = εS/d2 respectively.
• If these two capacitors are connected in series, the total length of the
combined capacitor is d = d1 + d2. The equivalent capacitance is
𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀 𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀 1 1 1 𝐶𝐶1 𝐶𝐶2
• 𝐶𝐶 = = = 𝑑𝑑1 𝑑𝑑 = 1 1 = 1 1 =
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑1 +𝑑𝑑2 + 2 +
𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀 𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀 +
𝐶𝐶1 𝐶𝐶2
𝐶𝐶1 +𝐶𝐶2
𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀 𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀
𝑑𝑑1 𝑑𝑑2
• if n capacitors with capacitance values C1, C2, ….., Cn are connected in
series, the combined capacitance value is
1
• 𝐶𝐶 = 1 1 1
+
𝐶𝐶1 𝐶𝐶2
+⋯+ 𝐶𝐶𝑛𝑛

9
 Cylindrical Capacitor
• Gauss’s law -Q
+Q a b
𝑄𝑄
• ∮𝑆𝑆 𝑬𝑬 � 𝑑𝑑𝒔𝒔 =
𝜀𝜀
• E exists in ρ direction only.
• 𝑬𝑬 � 𝑑𝑑𝒔𝒔 = 𝐸𝐸𝜌𝜌 𝒂𝒂𝜌𝜌 � 𝜌𝜌𝑑𝑑𝜙𝜙𝑑𝑑𝑧𝑧𝒂𝒂𝜌𝜌 = 𝐸𝐸𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 L
𝐿𝐿 2𝜋𝜋 𝑄𝑄
• ∮𝑆𝑆 𝑬𝑬 � 𝑑𝑑𝒔𝒔 = ∫0 ∫0 𝐸𝐸𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 = 𝐸𝐸𝜌𝜌 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 =
𝜀𝜀
𝑄𝑄
• 𝑬𝑬 = 𝒂𝒂𝜌𝜌
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝐿𝐿𝜌𝜌
𝑄𝑄
• 𝐸𝐸𝜌𝜌 =
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋

10
 Cylindrical Capacitor
𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑄𝑄 𝑄𝑄 𝑎𝑎 1
• 𝑉𝑉 = − ∫𝑏𝑏 𝑬𝑬 � 𝑑𝑑ℓ = − ∫𝑏𝑏 𝒂𝒂 � 𝑑𝑑𝜌𝜌𝒂𝒂𝜌𝜌 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝜌𝜌 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑏𝑏 𝜌𝜌
𝑄𝑄 𝑎𝑎 𝑄𝑄 𝑄𝑄
• =− ln 𝜌𝜌 𝑏𝑏 = − ln 𝑎𝑎 − ln 𝑏𝑏 = ln 𝑏𝑏 − ln 𝑎𝑎
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝑄𝑄 𝑏𝑏
• 𝑉𝑉 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑎𝑎
𝑄𝑄 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
• 𝐶𝐶 = = 𝑏𝑏
𝑉𝑉 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝑎𝑎
𝐶𝐶 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
• Capacitance per unit length: = 𝑏𝑏
𝐿𝐿 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑎

11
 EXAMPLE
• Find the capacitance of a cylindrical capacitor with length of 15 m,
inner radius of 5mm, and outer radius of 7 mm. The relative
permittivity of the medium is 8.87.
2𝜋𝜋𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟 𝜀𝜀0 𝐿𝐿 2𝜋𝜋8.87×8.8541878×10−12 ×15
• 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑏𝑏 = 0.007 = 21.9986 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 0.005
𝑎𝑎

12
 Voltage-Current Relation of Capacitors
• Let v(t) be the voltage across a capacitor, and i(t) be the current through
the capacitor as shown below.
• Since the current is defined as the time rate of change of the charge, we
have
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 +
• 𝑄𝑄 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑡𝑡) i(t)

𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡)
• 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶 C v (t)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• The current through the capacitor is proportional to the
time rate of change of the voltage applied to the capacitor. -

13
 Voltage-Current Relation of Capacitors
• When a dc voltage is applied to a capacitor, the current through the
capacitor is zero in the steady state because dv(t)/dt = 0. The
capacitor acts as an open circuit to dc input in the steady state.
1 𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡
• 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = ∫ 𝑖𝑖 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆 = 𝑣𝑣 0 + 𝐶𝐶 ∫0 𝑖𝑖 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆
𝐶𝐶 −∞
• v(0) = voltage across the capacitor at t = 0. The voltage across the
capacitor is given by the integral of the current through the capacitor.

14
 Instantaneous Power and Energy Stored
• The instantaneous power on the capacitor is given by
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡)
• 𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶(𝑡𝑡)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• The energy stored on the capacitor at time t can be evaluated by
integrating the instantaneous power.
𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝜆𝜆) 𝑡𝑡
• 𝑤𝑤 𝑡𝑡 = ∫−∞ 𝑝𝑝 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆 = 𝐶𝐶 ∫−∞ 𝑣𝑣(𝜆𝜆) 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆 = 𝐶𝐶 ∫−∞ 𝑣𝑣(𝜆𝜆)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝜆𝜆)
𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆
1
•= 𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣 2 (𝑡𝑡)
2

15
 Energy
• If the voltage applied across the capacitor is constant, v(t) = V, the
energy stored on the capacitor is given by
1
• 𝑊𝑊 = 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉 2
2
𝑄𝑄
• 𝑉𝑉 =
𝐶𝐶
𝑄𝑄 2
• 𝑊𝑊 =
2𝐶𝐶
𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀 1 𝜀𝜀𝜀𝜀 1
• 𝐶𝐶 = , 𝑉𝑉 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸, 𝑊𝑊 = (𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸) = 𝜀𝜀𝐸𝐸 2 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆,
2 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = volume
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑑𝑑 2
1
• Energy density = energy stored per unit volume = 𝜀𝜀𝐸𝐸 2
2
16
 Energy
• The energy stored in the capacitor is proportional to the square of the
electric field and the volume of the capacitor between the plates.
• If p(t) > 0, energy is being stored in the capacitor (energy is being
absorbed). The current direction is into the positive terminal of the
capacitor. Charges are delivered to the capacitor plates. If p(t) < 0,
energy is being delivered from the capacitor to the rest of the circuit.

17
 EXAMPLE
• The voltage across a capacitor with capacitance of 100 µF is given by
50𝑡𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 1
−50𝑡𝑡 + 100, 1 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 3
• 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑉𝑉 . Find i(t), p(t), w(t).
50𝑡𝑡 − 200, 3 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 4
0, 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
50
v(t) (V)

-50
0 1 2 3 4 5
t (s)
18
 EXAMPLE
100 × 10−6 × 50 𝐴𝐴, 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡) 100 × 10−6 × (−50) 𝐴𝐴, 1 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 3
• 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 100 × 10−6 × 50 𝐴𝐴, 3 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 4
0, 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 1
−5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 1 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 3 5
•=
5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 3 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 4

i(t) (mA)
0
0, 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
-5
0 1 2 3 4 5
t (s)
19
 EXAMPLE
50𝑡𝑡 × 0.005, 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 1
(−50𝑡𝑡 + 100) × (−0.005), 1 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 3
• 𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡) =
(50𝑡𝑡 − 200) × 0.005, 3 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 4
0, 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
0.25𝑡𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 1
0.25𝑡𝑡 − 0.5, 1 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 3 0.25
•=� 𝑊𝑊
0.25𝑡𝑡 − 1, 3 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 4

p(t) (W)
0
0, 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
• Absorbed: 0 < t < 1s, 2s ≤ t < 3s -0.25
0 1 2 3 4 5
• Delivered: 1s ≤ t < 2s,3s ≤ t < 4s t (s)

20
 EXAMPLE
0.5 × 100 × 10−6 × (50𝑡𝑡)2 , 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 1
1 0.5 × 100 × 10 −6 × (−50𝑡𝑡 + 100)2 , 1 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 3
• 𝑤𝑤 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣 2 (𝑡𝑡) =
2 0.5 × 100 × 10−6 × (50𝑡𝑡 − 200)2 , 3 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 4
2
0, 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
0.125𝑡𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 1
0.125(𝑡𝑡 − 2)2 , 1 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 3
0.16

•= 2
𝐽𝐽 0.14
0.12
0.125(𝑡𝑡 − 4) , 3 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 4 0.1

w(t)
0.08
0, 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 0.06

• Absorbed: 0 < t < 1s, 2s ≤ t < 3s 0.04

0.02

• Delivered: 1s ≤ t < 2s,3s ≤ t < 4s 0

0 1 2 3 4 5
t

21
 EXAMPLE
• The current through a capacitor with capacitance 100 µF is shown
below. Find the voltage, power, and energy on the capacitor.
𝑡𝑡, 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 1
• 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = �−0.5𝑡𝑡 + 1.5, 1 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 3 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
0, 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
-3
x 10 Current Through the Capacitor
1.5

i(t)
0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
t (s) 22
 EXAMPLE
1 𝑡𝑡
• 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = ∫ 𝑖𝑖 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆
𝐶𝐶 0
10−3 𝑡𝑡 2
• For 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 1, 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = −6 ∫0
𝜆𝜆𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆 = 5𝑡𝑡 𝑉𝑉, 𝑣𝑣 1 = 5𝑉𝑉
100×10
10−3 𝑡𝑡
• For 1 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 3, 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = 5 + −6 ∫ 1
(−0.5𝜆𝜆 + 1.5)𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆
100×10
𝑡𝑡
𝜆𝜆2 𝑡𝑡 2 12
• = 5 + 10 − + 1.5𝜆𝜆 = 5 + 10 − + 1.5𝑡𝑡 − − + 1.5 ×1
4 1 4 4
2 2
• 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = −2.5𝑡𝑡 + 15𝑡𝑡 − 7.5 = −2.5 𝑡𝑡 − 3 + 15 𝑉𝑉
• For 3 ≤ 𝑡𝑡, 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = 15 𝑉𝑉

23
 EXAMPLE
5𝑡𝑡 2 𝑉𝑉, 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 1
• 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = �−2.5 𝑡𝑡 − 3 2 + 15 𝑉𝑉 , 1 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 3
15 𝑉𝑉, 3 ≤ 𝑡𝑡
Voltage Across the Capacitor
15

10
v(t)

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
t (s)

24
 EXAMPLE
𝑡𝑡 3
𝑊𝑊, 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 1
200
• 𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡) = (𝑡𝑡−3) 𝑡𝑡 2 −6𝑡𝑡+3
𝑊𝑊 , 1 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 3
800
0, 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
-3
x 10 Power on the Capacitor
8

4
p(t)

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
t (s)
25
 EXAMPLE
𝑡𝑡 4
𝐽𝐽, 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 1
800
1 2
• 𝑤𝑤 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣 2 𝑡𝑡 = 2
(𝑡𝑡−3) −6
2
3200
J , 1 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 < 3
0.01125 𝐽𝐽, 3 ≤ 𝑡𝑡
Energy on the Capacitor
0.015

0.01
w(t)

0.005

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
t (s)
26
 Sinusoidal Input to Capacitor
• A sinusoidal voltage v(t) = cos(2π10t) V is applied to a capacitor with
capacitance C = 0.01F as shown below.
• The current through the capacitor is
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡)
• 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶 = −0.01 × 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 × sin(2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• = 0.6283 cos(2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 + 90𝑜𝑜 ) A

+ i(t)

v (t) = cos(2*pi*10*t)
v (t) C
0.01F

0
27
 Sinusoidal Input to Capacitor
• Notice that the phase of current is 90o compared to 0o for the voltage.
The current leads the voltage by 90o.
• The current crosses zero T/4 s earlier than voltage. Here, T is a period
given by 1/10 s. T/4 s is equivalent to 360o/4 = 90o. Leading means
the waveform crosses zero earlier or reaches peak value earlier.
1
0.8 v(t)
0.6
i(t)
0.4
v(t) and i(t)

0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-0.1 -0.075 -0.05 -0.025 0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1
t (s)
28
 Sinusoidal Input to Capacitor
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡)
• 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 , 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶 = −𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 × sin(2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• The amplitude of the current is proportional to the frequency of the
voltage applied.
• If f = 0, i(t) = 0. Capacitor blocks dc signal.
• As f increases, the current through capacitor increases.
0.8
+ i(t) 0.6 f = 10 Hz
0.4 f = 5 Hz
v (t) = Vm cos(2*pi*f *t) 0.2 f = 1 Hz
v (t) C 0

i(t)
-0.2
- -0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0 t (s)
29
 Series Connection of Capacitors
• 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑣𝑣1 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑣𝑣2 𝑡𝑡 + ⋯ + 𝑣𝑣𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡
1 𝑡𝑡
• 𝑣𝑣𝑘𝑘 𝑡𝑡 = ∫−∞ 𝑖𝑖 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆, 1 ≤ 𝑘𝑘 ≤ 𝑛𝑛 + i(t) + i(t)
𝐶𝐶𝑘𝑘 +

1 𝑡𝑡 1 𝑡𝑡
•
v 1(t) C1
𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = ∫−∞ 𝑖𝑖 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆 + … + ∫−∞ 𝑖𝑖 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆 -
𝐶𝐶1 𝐶𝐶𝑛𝑛
+
1 1 1 𝑡𝑡
• = + + ⋯+ ∫ 𝑖𝑖 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆 v 2(t) C2

𝐶𝐶1 𝐶𝐶2 𝐶𝐶𝑛𝑛 −∞ v (t)

-
v (t) Ceq

1 𝑡𝑡
• = ∫ 𝑖𝑖 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝜆𝜆 ..........

𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 −∞
1 1 1 1 +

• = + + ⋯+ v n(t) Cn
𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐶𝐶1 𝐶𝐶2 𝐶𝐶𝑛𝑛 -

- -

30
 Parallel Connection of Capacitors
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡)
• 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑖𝑖1 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑖𝑖2 𝑡𝑡 + ⋯ + 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑡𝑡 , 𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶𝑘𝑘
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡)
• 𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐶𝐶1 + 𝐶𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝐶𝑛𝑛
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡)
• = 𝐶𝐶1 + 𝐶𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝐶𝑛𝑛 = 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝐶𝐶1 + 𝐶𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝐶𝑛𝑛
i(t) i(t)

+ i1(t) i2(t) in(t) +

v (t) C1 C2 .......... Cn v (t) Ceq

- -

31
 EXAMPLE
• Find the equivalent capacitance between a and b for the circuit
shown below.
1 𝐶𝐶6 𝐶𝐶7 𝐶𝐶4 𝐶𝐶5
• 𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎 = 1 1 = = 1.5𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇, 𝐶𝐶𝑏𝑏 = = 2.1818𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇
+ 𝐶𝐶6 +𝐶𝐶7 𝐶𝐶4 +𝐶𝐶5
𝐶𝐶6 𝐶𝐶7

• 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐 = 𝐶𝐶𝑎𝑎 + 𝐶𝐶𝑏𝑏 = 3.6818𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇

1
• 𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑 = 1 1 1 = 1.5667𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 a
C2 C3 C6

+ +
𝐶𝐶2 𝐶𝐶3 𝐶𝐶𝑐𝑐
6uF 5uF 2uF

• 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝐶𝐶1 + 𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑 = 4.5667𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 C1

C4
3uF
C7
3uF 6uF

C5
8uF

32
 EXAMPLE
• You have three capacitors with capacitance values of C1 = 0.1µF, C2 =
0.22µF, and C3 = 0.47µF respectively. List all the capacitance values you can
get from these three capacitors. One capacitor: 0.1µF, 0.22µF, 0.47µF
• two capacitors: C1 + C2 = 0.32µF, C1 + C3 = 0.57µF, C2 + C3 = 0.69µF,
𝐶𝐶1 𝐶𝐶2 𝐶𝐶1 𝐶𝐶3 𝐶𝐶2 𝐶𝐶3
• = 0.0587𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇, = 0.0825𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇, = 0.1499𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇
𝐶𝐶1 +𝐶𝐶2 𝐶𝐶1 +𝐶𝐶3 𝐶𝐶2 +𝐶𝐶3
1
• three capacitors: C1 + C2 + C3 = 0.79µF, 1 1 1 = 0.06𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇
+ +
𝐶𝐶1 𝐶𝐶2 𝐶𝐶3
1 1 1
• 1 1 = 0.1904𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇, 1 1 = 0.1585𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇, 1 1 = 0.0873𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇
+
𝐶𝐶1 +𝐶𝐶2 𝐶𝐶3
+
𝐶𝐶1 +𝐶𝐶3 𝐶𝐶2
+
𝐶𝐶2 +𝐶𝐶3 𝐶𝐶1
1 1 1
• 1 1 + 𝐶𝐶3 = 0.5387𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇, 1 1 + 𝐶𝐶2 = 0.3025𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇, 1 1 + 𝐶𝐶1 = 0.2499𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇
+
𝐶𝐶1 𝐶𝐶2
+
𝐶𝐶1 𝐶𝐶3
+
𝐶𝐶2 𝐶𝐶3

33
 Op Amp Integrator
0−𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 (𝑡𝑡) 𝑑𝑑(0−𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 1
• + 𝐶𝐶 = 0, = − 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 (𝑡𝑡). Integrate.
𝑅𝑅 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
1 𝑡𝑡
• 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 = − ∫−∞ 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 (𝜆𝜆)dλ
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
1 𝑡𝑡
• If the integrator started at t = 0, 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 = − ∫0 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 𝜆𝜆 dλ + 𝑣𝑣0 0
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
• 𝑣𝑣0 0 = initial voltage across the capacitor at t = 0. C

• If 𝑣𝑣0 0 = 0, R
OPAMP
1 𝑡𝑡
• 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 =
-
− ∫0 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 𝜆𝜆 dλ vs
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 OUT vo
+
U1
0
0
34
 EXAMPLE
1
𝑣𝑣1 𝑣𝑣1 −𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅1 𝑣𝑣2 −𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣2 𝑣𝑣2 −𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜
• + = 0, 𝑣𝑣1 = 1 1 𝑜𝑜𝑣𝑣 = 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 , + 𝐶𝐶 + =0
𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅1 +𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑅𝑅4
𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2
𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅1
𝑣𝑣 −𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑣 −𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜
𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅1 +𝑅𝑅2 𝑜𝑜 𝑅𝑅1 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 𝑅𝑅1 +𝑅𝑅2 𝑜𝑜
• 𝑣𝑣2 = 𝑣𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑣 , + 𝐶𝐶 + =0
𝑅𝑅1 +𝑅𝑅2 𝑜𝑜 𝑅𝑅3 𝑅𝑅1 +𝑅𝑅2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑅𝑅4
• Assume R1 = R2 and R3 = R4 = R. R2
0.5𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 −𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 0.5𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 −𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜
• + 𝐶𝐶0.5 + =0 R1 1 U1
𝑅𝑅3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑅𝑅4 v1
+

𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 2 2 𝑡𝑡
•
0
= 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 , 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 = ∫−∞ 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 (𝜆𝜆)dλ
OUT vo
-
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 R3 v2 2 R4
OPAMP

• Integrator with positive sign. vs

C

0 0
35
 Op Amp Differentiator
𝑑𝑑(0−𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 (𝑡𝑡)) 0−𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 (𝑡𝑡)
• 𝐶𝐶 + =0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑅𝑅
𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 (𝑡𝑡)
• 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 = −𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• The output is the derivative of the input with sign inversion.

C
OPAMP
-
vs
OUT vo
+
U1
0
0
36