Caloocan City Draft Baseline Report - CE - KPMG

Circular Economy
Baseline Data
Development
United Nations Development
Programme
Caloocan City Baseline Report

May 2023
United Nations Development Programme
Circular Economy Baseline Data Development
May 2023
Acknowledgment
The baseline report is the product of its authors, and responsibility for the accuracy of data
included in this report rests with the authors. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions
presented in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of KPMG, nor UNDP.
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Acronyms
ACE – Accelerating NDC through Circular Economy
CBMS – community-based monitoring system
CE – Circular Economy
CEMD – City Environmental Management Department
DENR – Department of Environment and Natural Resources
DILG – Department of the Interior and Local Government
DOH – Department of Health
EMB – Environmental Management Bureau
EPR – Extended Producer Responsibility
EU – European Union
HH – Household
IECS – Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy
LGU – Local Government Unit
MRF – Materials Recovery Facility
MRS – Material Resource Storage
NPOA-ML – National Plan of Action for the Prevention, Reduction and

Management of Marine Litter
PAPSCP – Philippine Action Plan for Sustainable Consumption and

Production
PNP – Philippine National Police
PSA – Philippine Statistics Authority
OECD – Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
R.A. – Republic Act
SCP – Sustainable Consumption and Production
TV – Television
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UNDP – United Nations Development Programme
WACS – Waste Analysis and Characterization Study
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents.......................................................................................................... 5
I. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 6
A. CE Framework Used ......................................................................................................6
B. Local LGU Environmental Framework ..........................................................................9
C. LGU Institutional Mechanisms related to CE ............................................................. 13
D. LGU focused indicators in the CE list (Caloocan City) .............................................. 14
II. Data Collection Methodology .............................................................................. 16
A. Secondary Data Collection .......................................................................................... 16
B. Primary Data Collection ............................................................................................... 16
III. Identified CE Indicators at LGU level .............................................................. 18
Governance and Infrastructure ............................................................................... 18
Environment ........................................................................................................... 21
Business and Technology ...................................................................................... 23
IV. Issues on Data Gaps ......................................................................................... 31
A. Basic understanding of CE .......................................................................................... 31
B. Institutional ................................................................................................................... 31
C. Capacities ..................................................................................................................... 31
V. Conclusion and Recommendations.................................................................... 32
A. Institutionalization of the CE Indicators ..................................................................... 32
B. Support Mechanisms ................................................................................................... 32
C. Next Steps..................................................................................................................... 32
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I. Introduction
Republic Act No. 90031, also known as “Ecological Solid Waste Management of 2000”,
states that the Local Government Units (LGUs) shall retain primary enforcement and
responsibility of solid waste management while establishing a cooperative effort among the
national government, other local government units, non-government organizations, and the
private sector. Solid waste management refers to the discipline associated with the control of
generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid
wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health, economics,
engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and that is
also responsive to public attitudes.
LGUs shall exercise such powers and discharge such functions and responsibilities as are
necessary, appropriate, or incidental to efficiently and effectively provide basic services and
facilities such as solid waste disposal system or environmental management system and
services or facilities related to general hygiene.2
The City Government of Caloocan was included in the Government-wide audit due to its
geographical location, rapid development of urban settlements leading to presence of
uncollected solid wastes in the City’s major streets which continuously contributed to the
worsening flooding condition and outbreak of diseases in the area.
A. CE Framework Used
The Philippines is one country where various initiatives related to the circular economy
(CE) have taken off in the last three decades. A circular economy (CE) aims to change
the linear economic model in production and consumption of “take – make – waste” into a
circular system that is regenerative and restorative by design (MacArthur Foundation,
2015). A circular economy is the pathway towards sustainable consumption and
production (SCP). The transition process requires transforming waste into productive
inputs, reduce pollution, and other negative externalities to the environment and health.
As early as 1976, the government passed Presidential Decree 979 or the Marine Pollution
Decree recognizing the need to address marine pollution. It was however the passage of
Republic Act 9003 or the Philippine Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
which institutionalized governmental and private sector efforts for subsequent
consideration of circular economy related initiatives into the national and local policy
processes. Among the policy documents developed in support of CE are as follows: The
Philippine Development Plan for 2017-2022 which was the main outcome document in the
development of the Philippine Action Plan for Sustainable Consumption and Production
(PAPSCP). Other legislations such as the Clean Water Act of 2004, Environmental
Awareness and Education Act of 2008, Energy Act of 2008, Climate Change Act of 2009,
and the Green Jobs Act of 2016 also aim to contribute towards the ideals of the circular
economy. The most recent legislative action supportive of CE was the passage of
Republic Act 11898 or the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Act of 2022 requiring
large producers to establish a mechanism to recover their plastic packaging waste. In
effect, the country has been conscious of the need to manage waste to avoid present and
future negative social, ecological, and economic impacts to the country in the last three
decades. Despite this institutional consciousness, anecdotal evidence show that these
initiatives are unevenly implemented and that challenges remain especially in involving all
1
Republic Act No. 9003 – Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, Section 3 of Article 2 – Definition of Terms
2
Local Government Code of 1991, Section 17 – Basic Services and Facilities
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stakeholders in coming up with a common approach and understanding of the negative

environmental and climate change impacts of the traditional economy.
Towards this end, there remains some gaps in order to ascertain how the country is
currently advancing to ensuring that it is moving to a circular economy. In particular, there
is a need for a unifying framework that puts together the different elements of policies and
frameworks that have been passed into legislations and structures that have been set in
place to monitor. Relatedly, the framework has to identify a set of indicators that will allow
and define the current state of the transition towards the CE. This study has come up a
unifying framework as well as a set of indicators that define CE in the Philippine context.
The succeeding sections will provide the details of the development of the framework,
the selection of corresponding indicators, the processes of data collection, a discussion of
the individual indicators and the values collected both at the national and local levels.
These will then be integrated to provide a summative assessment of the baseline situation
of CE in the Philippines. A subsequent summary will also be provided to the ACE Project
cities that will serve as pilot assessments of baseline situation of CE at the local
government levels.
The main output of this report therefore is a description of the current state of CE in
the country based on a CE framework contextualized to the Philippines. This will be
validated by the extent of data collection among the indicators and will conclude by
suggesting on how to address data gaps in CE in the future.
The critical element in defining a baseline condition is a measuring framework. The

baseline condition will serve as the main reference point in coming up with an assessment
of the presence and extent of the CE in the country. Keeping in mind this working concept
of a circular economy which aims to keep resources in use for as long as possible,
extracting the maximum value from them before recovering and regenerating them. The
study reviewed and covered a number of research where CE frameworks were developed,
used and assessed. Most of the existing frameworks being used are those developed by
the European Union (EU) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD). There are also independent studies from private and civil society
organizations that considered developing a CE framework. In the Philippine context, the
closest to a CE framework are the National Plan of Action for the Prevention, Reduction
and Management of Marine Litter (NPOA-ML) and the Philippine Plan of Action for
Sustainable Consumption and Production (PPASCP). These documents provide general
approach and guidelines for the circular economy that can be used to envision the
progress of the Philippines in transitioning to a circular economy.
The European Union (EU) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) have both developed sets of Circular Economy (CE) indicators to
track progress and identify opportunities for improvement. The EU has developed a set of
indicators to measure progress towards a circular economy, which are grouped into five
main categories: resource use and efficiency, environmental performance, economic
performance, social performance, and governance and policy. The OECD, on the other
hand, has developed an inventory of CE indicators that cover a wide range of aspects
including resource use, environmental performance, economic performance, social
performance, and governance. These indicators provide a useful tool for governments,
businesses, and researchers to track progress and identify areas where further action is
needed. By providing specific and comprehensive indicators, EU and OECD countries are
able to track the progress of their circular economy and identify opportunities for
improvement.
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Definition
Nonetheless, the key challenge in developing the right set of indicators has to do with
the lack of a basic definition of what a circular economy is. Unless this is clear, it is difficult
to come up with a common standard of what we intend to measure. Our definition used
for the development of the framework is based on Republic Act 11898 referring to CE as
“an economic model of creating value by extending product lifespan through improved
design and servicing and relocating ways from the end of the supply chain to the
beginning. This intends to efficiently utilize resources by its continual use and aims to
retain the highest utility and value of products, components, and materials at all times,
through sharing, leasing, reuse, repair, refurbishment, and recycling in an almost closed
loop.”
In the review of frameworks and research on CE and based on the definition above,
we recognized that there is the key concept of “transition to a circular economy.” The word
‘transition’ is emphasized because CE indicators will take time to develop and will need to
institutionalize the capacity to regularly gather data, measure, and track overtime. This is
based on the idea of transitioning from a linear economic mindset towards a systemic
change to a circular economic mindset. Phased here means that it will take some time
before the whole system is affected and changed. This is following the challenges faced
by existing laws that are supportive of the circular economy, notably the Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000 and the recent Expanded Producer Responsibility on Plastics of
2022 requirements. The gap seems to come from the lack of effective mass base
information campaigns to educate and make the population aware of the challenges being
created by the current systems thinking on consumption and production.
In addition, the different existing frameworks represent efforts of developed countries,

and all proved to have difficulty in collecting the indicators identified therein. Thus, the
development of CE framework and indicators for the Philippines followed a phased
approach considering the learning and capacity element. Related to this, the identified
indicators were group from short-term, medium term to long term. In addition, there is also
a need to consider current institutional capacity and mandates if the indicators are to be
collected by the government.
Elements and Categories of the Framework
The framework is divided into 3 major elements of CE, i.e., governance and
infrastructure, environment and business and technology. As this is a phased framework,
it implies that the foundation for CE begins with the system and environment that allows
for its widespread understanding and practice. This means that governance in the form of
institutions, rule of law and the soft and hard infrastructures should be set in place prior to
the large-scale adoption of the process. The environment element covers the transition
wherein daily behavioral processes are starting to become the norm in households and
business. Finally, the element on business and technology looks at the integration of the
circular economy principles in the whole value chain from the source to the final users.
Within each element, there are five subcategories that build up on each other following
the elements. These are public awareness, capacity building, greening daily processes,
sustainable production, and consumption, and closing the loop. In effect, the framework
prioritizes that the immediate elements of CE in the Philippines are in the aspect of public
awareness and education. The outcome indicators of a CE aware society are initially
observed generally through the improvement of waste indicators which is turn is a result
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of a good information and awareness campaign at different levels, particularly at the local.
This is supported by improvements in capacities at the governance, production, and
information dissemination processes. In effect, greening daily processes involved those
activities that the translation of the awareness efforts are processed into changes in the
way things are done through institutional re-arrangements in government, production, and
overall way of life of the population.
When these 3 sub-categories are fulfilled, sustainable processes begin to manifest in

the consumption and production. Behavioral changes are seen in households and firms.
Finally, closing the loop refers to the CE processes becoming the norm from production
to consumption.
Figure 1. CE Framework based on Phase Use
The framework follows the different overall policies that have been approved and is
currently being implemented in the country, among them are various laws, plans and
international frameworks. The challenge is to translate these elements and categories into
actual indicators that can be gathered consistently and sustainably at different levels of
collection points. The framework provided a list of guidance in identifying these indicators
that will explain what a circular economy in the Philippines is as of the moment, the
medium term and in the long term. These criteria are feasibility (to gather data to be
proposed), alignment with national and regional policies, potential impact, and stakeholder
engagement (to represent ownership). These are broad criteria that can easily be done
on a national scale. However, applying this to the local government levels will be
challenging and will require significant capacities and abilities for them to identify and
collect data. Nonetheless, local governments need to have a common framework in order
to align mindsets and to ensure that there is a common understanding on the process of
CE in the country.
B. Local LGU Environmental Framework
Solid Waste Management
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Based on the Comprehensive Development Plan of Caloocan City3, the solid waste
management is under the supervision of the City Environmental Management Department
(CEMD) with two (2) sections namely: Garbage Collection and Disposal Services and
Street Cleaning Services. Within the CEMD service areas, the major collection services
are the door-to-door collection, station to station collection and street cleaning.
A. Garbage Collection and Disposal Services. Waste collection in the barangays is

done three (3) times a week while garbage is collected daily along the main roads
and market areas. A total of 102 units of collection vehicles such as mini, forward,
compactors and dump trucks with different capacities ranging from 7 cubic meter
to 22 cubic meters are dispatched daily making 260 trips are collecting 3,874 cubic
meters on the average of trash.
B. Street Cleaning Services. CEMD implements different cleaning and environmental

projects such as cleaning of barangays, tree planting, antilittering drive, education,
and information campaign. Records indicate that there are about 160 trips at North
Caloocan and 100 Trips at South Caloocan dispatched daily for garbage collection.
Ordinance No. 0753, S. 2018 (Proposed Ordinance No. 10-133)
An ordinance prohibiting littering, dumping or throwing of garbage, or any kind of waste

in public places, amending for the purpose Section 5 (E) of City Ordinance No. 0407, S.
2006 and for other purposes.
Prohibited Acts – No person whether carelessly or intentionally shall scatter about,

throw, place or deposit, dump, dispose, allow to fall or to flow into or escape or cause to
be scattered about, thrown, placed, or deposited, dumped, disposed or cause to fall or to
flow into or to escape, any garbage, waste paper, scrap or rubbish, cigarette butt,
paper/plastic wrapping or bag, obnoxious matter, dung, carrion, dead animal, offal, human
or animal manure, and other similar waste materials, or any filthy putrid or offensive
substance or the contents of any fault or cesspool nor urinate or defecate nor spit in public
places.
Other prohibited Acts – The following acts or omissions are likewise prohibited:
a. Dirty frontage and immediate surroundings for establishment owners;

b. Improper and untimely staking of garbage outside residence or establishment;
c. Obstruction (any dilapidated appliance, vehicle, and etc., display of merchandise,
illegal structure along sidewalk);
d. Dirty public utility vehicles, or no trash can or receptacle;
e. Spilling, scattering, littering of wastes by public utility vehicles; and
f. Illegal posting or installed signage, billboards, posters, streamers and movie ads.,
etc.
Requiring all owners, lessees, occupants of residential, business and other

establishments, whether private or public to maintain cleanliness of their frontage and
immediate surroundings. It shall be the responsibility of the owners, lessees, occupants
of residential, business and other establishments, whether public or private to maintain
cleanliness in their premises, including sidewalks and other streets immediately
surrounding thereof and to dispose of their garbage and litters in a sanitary manner and/or
kept inside their premises until the garbage collector collects them.
3
https://caloocancity.gov.ph/images/transparency/planning/CDP-20-22-Final.pdf
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Ordinance No. 0637, S. 2016 (Proposed Ordinance No. 10-001)
An ordinance establishing a sewage and septage management system in the City of

Caloocan, providing penalties for violation thereof and for other purposes.
Principles of sewage and septage management – The City shall abide by the following
sewage and septage management principles:
a. Untreated excreta from residential areas without septic tanks and untreated
wastewater from commercial, industrial institutional and government offices shall
not be discharged to open drainage canals or piped drainage systems;
b. All buildings and structures, whether residential, commercial, industrial,
institutional or governmental shall be required to have proper sewage and septage
treatment and disposal system, to with:
i. All residential structure shall have hygienic septic tanks;
ii. All commercial, industrial and hospitals establishments shall have hygienic
septic tanks or wastewater treatment facility based on the determination of
the DENR and/or DOH;
iii. All governmental and institutional structure shall have hygienic septic tanks
or wastewater treatment facilities based on the number of individuals
regularly occupying the structure;
iv. Commercial, industrial, institutional and government establishments that
are required to have wastewater treatment facilities shall have an
operational wastewater treatment facility either on-site or by service off-
site.
c. No wastewater shall be discharged to waterways without any proper treatment;
d. For sewered areas, or areas with sewer pipelines, no wastewater, other than those
from residential structures shall be allowed to discharge on the sewers or sewer
pipelines unless such wastewater was serviced by a pre-treatment facility to at
least be of domestic wastewater quality;
e. All food establishment (e.g., restaurants, eatery, food chains, etc.) discharging
organic and inorganic wastes shall be required to have an oil and grease trap
installed in their respective kitchen areas; and
f. All septic tanks must be accessible at all times.
Republic Act No. 9275 - Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
All its river ways and creeks are apparently polluted as shown by its high level of
turbidity or murk. Some of this natural surface drainage (which others are converted to
canals) indicates turbid water filled with garbage and refuse wastes. Some of the
waterways that stands with pollution problems are Tullahan River, DDDP Peripheral
Canal, Maligaya Creek, Casili Creek, Panaca Creek, and some tributaries in North
Caloocan City.
Refer to the table below for one of the LGU’s practices to promote and ensure the
health and safety of the general public and the protection of urban environment against
the adverse effects of air and water pollutants coming from all sources:
Table 1. Practices and Description of R.A. No. 9275

No. Practice Description
1 Septic Tank Septic tank inspections are conducted from Mondays to
Inspection Fridays. LGUs are tasked by the DILG to inspect all
May 2023
facilities and establishments in accordance with the

Mandamus.
Republic Act No. 8749 - Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
The air environment within and surrounding Caloocan City consists of all types of air
pollution sources and pollutants. A large volume of motorized vehicles and various
numbers of manufacturing facilities operating within the city have been contributing to total
accounted air pollutants. Motorized Vehicles, according to World Bank report, are the
largest source of air pollution at 60% of the total pollution load, and the bulk of particulate
matter is still re-suspended soil (or dusts).
Refer to the table below for one of the LGU’s practices to promote and ensure the
health and safety of the general public and the protection of urban environment against
the adverse effects of air and water pollutants coming from all sources:

1 Inspection/ In the same manner as environmental police, they conduct
Monitoring of inspections of establishments from Mondays to
Factories and Wednesdays. Inspections are done with regards to the
Establishments Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, city ordinances, and other
relevant environmental laws.
Republic Act No. 9003 - Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
The average waste-generation rate per day in Caloocan City is 0.50 kilograms per
person and the average city waste generation rate 792 tons per day4. The density of these
wastes is estimated at 225 kilograms per cubic meter, while their composition is 66 percent
biodegradable (yard waste, food waste, woo, etc.) and 34 percent non-biodegradable
(metal, glass, plastic, etc.). The continuous increase of volume of garbage generated
corresponds to the additional cost for collection and handling. Furthermore, uncollected
waste materials continuously contribute to worsening of flooding and outbreak of diseases.
The following are the practices to develop an effective Solid Waste Management
System that promotes public health and safety, and the protection of urban environment:

1 Environmental Environmental police and enforcers patrol from Mondays to
police/ enforcers Wednesdays (Day and night shifts). This is done with
regard to R.A. 9003 and other related city ordinances with
the coordination of PNP (Caloocan).
2 Composting/ Urban In compliance with RA 9003, CEMD is mandated to
Gardening implement the rules and regulations. This is operational
from Mondays to Fridays. All market waste from Brgy. 178
are collected by the city and then transferred to the Sunriser
composting facility. The loam soil produced from said
market waste is used for local urban gardening or by
requesting barangays.
4
Based on 2015 PSA Census on Household Population
May 2023
3 City MRF in North As mandated by RA 9003, the establishment of a Materials

Caloocan City Hall Recovery Facility (MRF) is required. In addition to this,
segregation of waste collected by the city is also enforced.
Operational from Mondays to Fridays.
4 Plastic Factory In compliance with RA 9003, CEMD is mandated to
implement the rules and regulations. Hence, this equipment
would ensure the capability of the LGU to process plastic
into usable materials such as chairs. The factory is still in
progress but is set for relaunching this 2023.
5 Segregation and As schools are registered as one of the biggest waste
composting at generators in the nonresidential sectors, the establishment
schools and operation of on-site MRFs, with composting facilities,
and storage for recyclable wastes would be mandated for
schools. This project would be supported by the ESWM
ordinance.
6 Mobile MRFs As mandated by RA 9003, the establishment of a Materials
Recovery Facility (MRF) is required. In addition to this, the
segregation of waste collected by the barangays are also
enforced. Operational from Mondays to Fridays.
7 Information, Information, Education, and Communication campaigns
Education, and are conducted to spread awareness of environmental
Communication concerns among the public. Such is done in order to effect
(IECs) strategies and approaches for the protection of the
environment. IECs are conducted from Mondays to
Fridays.
C. LGU Institutional Mechanisms related to CE
As part of Environmental Management and Physical Development, the city’s sectoral

mission is to provide adaptive, resilient, and green infrastructures driven by modern social
needs and environmental responsibilities. The following are the basic services provided
by the City Environmental Management Department5:
A. CEMD – Administrative Division
1. Supplies Section – Responsible for provision on material and supplies

distribution such as trash bags, broomsticks, etc.
B. CEMD – Planning & Other Special Operation & Technical Services Division
1. Special Operations Section – Responsible for Sanitation and Beautification

Services such as de-clogging of canals, grass cutting on sidewalks, painting of
curbs, gutters, school/barangay perimeter fences, hauling of debris.
2. IEC Section – Assistance provided to organization, barangays and schools

requesting for informative discussion/seminar for development planning and
research purpose.
5
https://caloocancity.gov.ph/images/planning/CC-Charter-2023-1st-Ed.pdf
May 2023
C. CEMD – Solid Waste Management Division
1. Garbage Monitoring Section – Responsible for receiving reports and acting

on complaints regarding uncollected garbage.
D. CEMD – Pollution Control Division – Assessment of Annual Environmental

Inspection Fee, issuance of temporary clearance, and issuance of environmental
clearance
D. LGU focused indicators in the CE list (Caloocan City)
Table 4. Caloocan City focused indicators in the CE list

No. Indicator Remarks
003 Number of awareness- Majority of the household respondents in
raising activities for waste Caloocan perceive their city’s issue with waste
prevention carried out management as not serious at all (43.2%) and
not serious (36.4%).
005 Citizen participation in an 70.5% of households practice waste segregation.
Inclusive Recycling The least common is composting at 9.1%.
Program
015 Awareness campaigns to The proportion of Caloocan City household
reduce food waste respondents who said they reduce food waste by
composting or feeding to animals’ posts at 90.9
percent.
026 Community-driven Four out of five junkshops interviewed are
associations (junk shops) members of associations or groups.
036 Food waste An estimated total of 65.25 kilos of food waste
were generated in a week by the household
respondents.
042 Mapping of existing sites There are 18 junkshops identified located in 12
for reuse and recycling barangays of Caloocan City.
and needs
There are 111 Materials Recovery Facilities
(MRFs) in the city
047 Amount of renewable The proportion of household respondents in
electricity available to Caloocan City that uses solar power is at 2.3%
each household
049 Solid waste generated Waste generation per year (January to
December 2022) is 350,908,263 kg/year
050 Tons of waste avoided The actual waste diversion per year based on the
waste diversion report is 138,927,932 kg or
39.59% of the total waste generated.
052 Total amount of waste Average waste disposed by residential sector
produced by households (based on WACS): 757,180.66 kg/day
053 Household waste recycled Average recyclable waste from residential sector
(based on WACS): 187,156.88 kg/day
054 Non household waste Average recyclable waste from non-household
recycled sector (based on WACS): 19,894 kg/day
064 Total waste treatment: Average recyclable waste from household and
recycling non-household sources (based on WACS):
207,050.97 kg/day
May 2023
068 Water consumption Caloocan City household respondents spent, on

average, P533.5 per household per month.
069 Car sharing Two out of five respondents either availed of
carpool services in the past year.
070 Number of companies or The 16 junkshops interviewed did not receive any
products with tax benefits of incentives in the past year.
to incentivize the circular
economy
073 Number of collection More than a tenth of the junkshops interviewed in
points for reuse of Caloocan reported collects items for reuse
materials
083 Number of green jobs Junkshops in Caloocan City have an average of
created and secured three employees.
084 Objects collected and Junkshops that reuse items reported collecting
diverted for reuse bottles, metals, PET, and plastic drum.
085 Objects recovered in
reuse centres
086 Objects Junkshops in Caloocan buy the following items
redirected/repaired from for repair: TV, electric fan, refrigerator, aircon,
recycling centres washing machine
100 Adequate environmental Ordinance No. 0503 Series of 2013, also known
management of plastic as “Caloocan City Plastic and Polystyrene
packaging waste Regulation Ordinance of 2013”, is an ordinance
regulating the use of plastic and polystyrene,
providing mechanism for its recovery and
recycling, encouraging the use of sustainable
biodegradable materials, and providing penalties
for violation thereof.
Refer to Section 2.2.1 Ordinance No. 0503

Series of 2023 to further discuss the ordinance.
May 2023
II. Data Collection Methodology
A. Secondary Data Collection
The team reached out to various government agencies and private entities to gather
secondary information on the indicators. Data on solid waste was supplied primarily by
DENR-EMB, specifically the Solid Waste Management Division, the secretariat of the
National Solid Waste Management Commission.
Coordination with Caloocan City LGU was also an integral part of the secondary data
collection. The LGU was able to supply data on solid waste, initiatives related to CE, and
ordinances that support CE.
B. Primary Data Collection
As the framework assumes that CE is a process that requires prior knowledge,

practices and customs across households and firms, the team necessitated the conduct
of a survey that covers primarily the ACE Project cities. Two surveys were conducted, one
for household and one for junkshops, which aims to capture CE knowledge at the basic
level. The respondents from the junkshops were identified using simple random sampling
(95% confidence interval, 5% margin of error) from the list of registered junkshops
provided by the ACE Cities.
A total of 34 respondents were targeted for the junkshops. The team was able to call
67 junkshops. However, only 24 respondents completed the survey, while 8 refused to
answer the survey. The other 35 target respondents were unreachable.
Table 5. Number of Junk Shops provided by Caloocan City with Call Status
Call Status
ACE # of Total
Cannot be
Partner City samples called Completed Refusal
reached*
Caloocan 34 67 24 8 35
*Also includes those with wrong or no number and those not answering
The household survey commenced on March 13. Initially, the design was a multi- stage
sampling with 30 respondents each city (margin of error of 18% for each city; 8% margin
of error overall). The small sample size is due to the limited time and field personnel. The
change in design from multi-stage to quota sampling was based upon consultations with
the LGUs, which recommended that they identify the barangays to be covered by survey
to which the team agreed. With a more efficient methodology, the team decided to instead
increase the quota from 30 to at least 40. During the house-to-house survey, several
households refused to be interviewed because they were busy.
The survey for Caloocan City had 44 respondents, with a higher number of female
respondents (10) compared to male respondents (34). The data from the household can
be disaggregated according to city, sex, educational attainment, self-rated poverty
measure, household size, and employment status. Qualified respondents for the
household survey must fit the following criteria: does not live in a hostel type of
accommodation and is preferably mostly or partly involved in household decision making.
Table 6 presents the number of respondents in Caloocan City, the barangays where the
surveys were conducted, the number of completed interviews, and the sex of the
respondents.
May 2023
Table 6. Number of Respondents Interviewed (as of March 17)

# of Sex
ACE
respondents
Partner Barangay
(as of March Male Female
Cities
17)
Caloocan Brgy. 153 44 10 34
Cotabato Poblacion IV 62 17 45
Manila 6 districts* 31 6 25
Pasig Maybunga & Ugong 89 33 56
Quezon Matandang Balara 56 16 40
City
Total 282 82 200
*The survey was implemented by LGU Manila and so we were not able to track
which barangays the respondents reside in.
May 2023
III. Identified CE Indicators at LGU level
Governance and Infrastructure
Public Awareness & Education
1. Number of awareness-raising activities for waste prevention carried out.
The household survey used two proxy variables that could determine success of
awareness-raising activities on waste prevention. The first question was: “How serious is your
city’s issue with waste generation”, where the response options are very serious, serious,
somewhat not serious, not serious at all, and undecided.
Almost half of the households interviewed (49%) perceive that their city’s issue with waste
generation is serious/very serious. Majority of the household respondents in Caloocan
perceive their city’s issue with waste management as not serious.
Table 7. Households’ perception on the seriousness of their city’s issue with waste
generation
Perception on the seriousness of their city’s issue
with waste generation (%)
ACE Total
Not Not Serious Very Undecided Missing
City (n)
serious serious serious
at all
Overall 279 14.3 32.6 25.8 23.7 2.5 1.1
Caloocan 44 43.2 36.4 9.1 9.1 2.3 -
Regardless of sex, age group, and self-rated poverty category, a significant majority of the
Caloocan City respondents perceive their city’s issue with waste management as not very
serious.
Table 8. Households’ perception on the seriousness of their city’s issue with waste
generation by sex, age group, and self-rated poverty
Perception on the seriousness of their city’s
issue with waste generation (%)
Caloocan City Not serious
Serious /
at all/ Not Undecided
Very serious
serious
Sex
Male 80.0 18.2 2.3
Female 79.4 20.6 -
Age Group
Young adult 66.7 33.3
Middle-aged
61.5 38.5
adult
Older adults 92.0 4.0
Self-rated poverty
Poor 75.0 25.0
On the line 82.4 14.7 2.9
Not poor 50.0 50.0
May 2023
The second measure used to determine the presence of awareness-raising activities for
waste prevention is by asking the respondents to agree or disagree to the statement that
“Protecting the environment will stimulate economic growth”, where the response options are
strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree, undecided.
Almost all of the households interviewed (98.3%) agree that protecting the environment
can stimulate economic growth. In Caloocan, 97.8 percent of the respondents agree.
Table 9. Households’ agreement on the statement that of environment protection can

stimulate economic growth
Agreement on the statement that environment protection can
ACE Total stimulate economic growth (%)
City (n) Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly Undecided Missing
agree disagree
Overall 279 55.6 42.7 0.7 - - 1.1
Caloocan 44 70.5 27.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3
2. Citizen participation in an Inclusive Recycling Program
Citizen participation in waste management practices is measured by asking two questions

that serve as proxy variables. The first one asks, “Which of the following do you practice?”
and the choices are as follows “composting, recycling, waste segregation, using reusables,
reducing use of plastics”. This question aims to determine the household practices when it
comes to waste management.
Of the five waste management practices, the most common among method done by
household respondents is recycling at 57.7 percent. The least common practice is composting
which falls at 26.2 percent. Waste segregation is the most common practice among household
respondents in Caloocan; while the least common practice is composting.
Table 10. Households’ that practice waste management

Engages in practices that reduce food waste (%)
ACE Total
Composting Recycling Waste Reusing Reducing
City (n)
segregation plastic use
Overall 279 26.2 57.7 55.6 32.3 39.8
Caloocan 44 9.1 56.8 70.5 54.5 59.1
Note: Total exceeds 100 percent due to multiple response
The second question asks, “Based on your observation, which of the following are bought
by junkshops in your city?” and the choices are glass bottles/containers, plastic
bottles/containers, aluminum, tin and steel cans, paper/cardboard, food and garden waste,
others please specify. This question aims to determine their knowledge of the wastes bought
by junkshops in their locality.
There is a high awareness among household respondents (98.6%) when it comes to the
items they can to junkshops (see Table 11). In Caloocan, only close to a fourth of the
household respondents (18.2%) reported selling items to junkshops.
May 2023
Table 11. Households’ awareness of items bought by junkshops and whether they sold
items to junkshops
Aware of items
Sold wastes to
ACE Total bought by
junkshops
City (n) junkshops
Yes Yes
Overall 279 98.6 33.8
Caloocan 44 100.0 18.2
3. Awareness campaigns to reduce food waste
The household survey measures this using a proxy variable that could determine success
of awareness-raising activities on food waste reduction. The data for this variable was culled
from the question that asked respondents to estimate kilo of food waste that they either
compost or feed to animal. This question provides the percentage of household respondents
who engages in practices that reduce food waste.
In general, majority of the household respondents (68.5%) reported that they either
compost food wastes or feed them to animals. The proportion of Caloocan City household
respondents who said they reduce food waste by composting or feeding to animals’ posts at
90.9 percent. Composing or feeding food waste to animals reduces Caloocan household
respondents’ food waste by 86.2 percent. This figure also means that a relatively small
percentage (13.8%) of the food waste generated by the household respondents end up in the
landfill or someplace else.
Table 12. Households’ that practice food waste reduction

Engages in Food waste Food waste Food waste
practices generated (in kilos) in reduced
that reduce in the past the past
ACE Total HHs food waste week (in week
City (n) (n) (%) kilos) composted
or fed to
animal
Yes No Sum Sum In percent
Overall 279 243 68.5 31.5 715.6 393.3 55.0
Caloocan 44 43 90.9 9.1 65.2 56.2 86.2
Capacity Building
1. Community-driven associations (junk shops)
The survey attempts to determine the number of junkshops who are member of
community-driven associations by the question: “Are you a member of any organization or
group related to waste management, other junk shops?” Four out of five junkshops
interviewed are members of associations or groups. Comparing by sex, a slightly higher
percentage of males than females are association members. The list of associations Caloocan
junkshops are members of are presented in Table 13.
Table 13. Junkshop membership in community associations and disaggregation by sex

Total Associations or group member (%)
May 2023
(n) Member of Male Female

ACE associations
City or groups Yes No Yes No
(%)
Overall 49 53.1 40.9 59.1 63.0 37.0
Caloocan 24 75.0 75.0 25.0 62.5 37.5
Table 14. Number of junkshops with membership and the names of their respective
associations
ACE City Total (n) Names of associations of organization
Caloocan 16 Bagong Silang Junkshop Credit Cooperative (n=12)
Honor’s Credit Cooperative (n=1)
Junkshop ng Caloocan (n=1)
Samahan ng Junkshop sa ng Bagong Silang (n=1)
Environment
Greening the Economy
1. 1. Food waste
The household survey measures this by requesting the household respondent to self-
report the answer to the question “In the past week, how much food waste (e.g., peelings,
excess food, expired food) in kilos has your household thrown away?”.
The estimated total kilos of household food waste generated in one week by the household
respondents, in general, posts at 715.6. The minimum kilo of household food waste generated
in a week is 0.20, while the maximum is 25. Overall, households generate an estimate of 2.9
kilos of food waste on average. In Caloocan, an estimate total of 65.25 kilos of food waste
were generated in a week by the household respondents. The mean food waste generated
per household is 1.5 kilos while household member generates 0.3 kilos of wastes per week.
Table 15. Household food waste generated in the past week

Household food waste generated in the past week (in
kilos)
ACE Total HHs
City (n) (n) Mean per
Mean per
Sum Minimum Maximum HH
HH
member
Overall 279 243 715.6 0.20 25 2.9 0.6
Caloocan 44 43 65.25 0.25 10 1.5 0.3
2. 2. Mapping of existing sites for reuse and recycling and needs
The junkshop survey also mapped the location of the junkshops to determine the location
of existing sites for reusing and recycling in Caloocan. The location of the junkshops in
Caloocan is presented in the map below. There are 18 junkshops identified located in 12
barangays of Caloocan City.
Figure 2. Junkshops in Caloocan
May 2023
JUNKSHOPS IN CALOOCAN
Source: CALOOCAN LGU
There are 111 Materials Recovery Facilities (MRFs) in the city. However, RA 9003,
otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act mandates the establishment
of MRFs in every barangay resulting to a deficit of 77 MRFs6 . Some barangays have more
than one MRF while others share a single MRF. Several subdivisions belonging to a certain
barangay have also acquired their own MRF. Barangay 178 MRF located at Phase VI,
Camarin has the greatest number of pushcarts at 50, as well as the greatest number of
garbage collectors at 75. Barangay 179 received the highest number of recyclable materials
at 123 kg/ day while Barangay 41 had the least at 0.16 kg/ day.
6
https://caloocancity.gov.ph/images/2019-09-12/2017-2025-Local-Shelter-Plan-Final.pdf
May 2023
MRFs receive mixed waste for final sorting, segregation, composting and recycling. The
resulting residual wastes shall then be transferred to long-term storage, a disposal facility or
sanitary landfill.
Business and Technology
Sustainable Consumption and Production
1. Amount of renewable electricity available to each household
The household survey measures this by asking whether households use solar power as
a source of electricity.
Results show that more than a tenth of the total household respondents (11.5%) uses
solar power. The proportion of household respondents in Caloocan City that uses solar power
is at 2.3%. All of these households have light that run on solar powered.
This data can be validated in the community-based monitoring system (CBMS) household
profile questionnaire which is led by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA).
Table 16. Household solar power use

Solar power use and appliances on solar power (%)
ACE Total
Missing HHs with solar
City (n) Light Electric fan
power
Overall 279 12 11.5 10.8 3.6
Caloocan 44 0 2.3 2.3 0.0
Note: Appliances that run on solar power are in multiple response.
2. Solid waste generated
According to the waste diversion report of Caloocan City, the per capita waste generation
per day is 0.5786 kg/capita/day. The waste generation per year is 350,908,263 kg/year.
Table 17. Waste Diversion Report of Caloocan City

WASTE DIVERSION REPORT OF (CALOOCAN LGU)
(January – December 2022)
Population (as of 1,661,584 LGU Bulk Density: 4,276.657 m3/day
Month Year): (224.800 kg/cu.m)
Per capita waste 0.5786 EWG for the year: 350,908,263.376 kg
generation per day:
Wasted Processed (kgs)
Residual Actual
Composta w/ Waste
Month EWG (kgs) ble/ Recyclabl potential Diversio
TOTAL
Biodegrad e (Upcycling n
able , Down (%)
Cycling)
f g
a b c d e (f÷b x
(c + d + e)
100)
May 2023
Jan 29,803,168 2,806,024 2,728,710 3,870,220 9,404,954 31.56

Feb 26,918,990 2,516,116 2,703,885 3,835,011 9,055,012 33.64
Mar 29,803,168 3,676,300 2,915,128 4,134,623 10,726,051 35.99
Apr 28,841,775 3,830,626 2,903,211 4,150,951 10,884,787 37.74
May 29,803,168 3,711,855 2,926,640 4,150,951 10,789,445 36.20
Jun 28,841,775 3,899,778 2,926,053 4,150,119 10,975,950 38.06
Jul 29,803,168 3,082,682 3,935,044 3,780,910 10,798,636 36.23
Aug 29,803,168 2,999,685 4,030,630 3,722,767 10,753,082 36.08
Sep* 28,841,775 4,529,973 6,788,901 4,899,527 16,218,401 56.23
Oct 29,803,168 3,871,823 3,049,786 4,097,950 11,019,559 36.97
Nov 28,841,775 3,029,600 3,366,223 3,906,348 10,302,171 35.72
Dec 29,803,168 4,826,036 7,725,140 5,448,707 17,999,883 60.40
TOTA 350,908,263 42,780,499 45,999,350 50,148,083 138,927,932 39.59
L
Caloocan City also has WACS in their Revised 10-Year Solid Waste Management Plan.
Based on the WACS, the average waste generation per day in Caloocan City is 851,735
kg/day kg/day.
3. Tons of waste avoided
The actual waste diversion per year based on the waste diversion report is 138,927,932
kg or 39.59% of the total waste generated.
Caloocan City aims for 84.5% diversion rate by 2024.
4. Total amount of waste produced by households
According to the WACS, average waste disposed by the residential sector is 757,180.66
kg/day, or 276,370,940.05 kg/year. The residential source is the largest waste generator,
yielding approximately 88.9% of the total waste generation.
Table 18: Waste Disposed by Sector (WACS, 2015)

Major Waste Waste Disposed based on WACS %
Sources kgs/day kgs/year tons/year Share
Residential 757,180.66 276,370,940.05 276,370.94 88.90%
Commercial 49,516.54 18,073,536.93 18,073.54 5.81%
Institutional 41,376.84 15,102,547.84 15,102.55 4.86%
Industries 3,661.894 1,336,591.48 1,336.59 0.43%
TOTAL 851,735.94 310,883,616.30 310.883.62 100.00%
Population
1,676,161
2015
Per Capita
Generation 0.5081
(PCG)
The household survey measures the total amount of waste produced by the household by
asking them to self-report the answer to the question “In the past week, how much (in kilos)
garbage/ trash has your household generated INCLUDING food waste and EXCLUDING
waste sorted for recycling”.
May 2023
Table 19. Household waste generated in the past week

Household waste generated in the past week (in kilos)
ACE Total HHs Mean per
City (n) (n) Mean per
Sum Minimum Maximum HH
HH
member
Overall 279 45 1473.0 0.2 50.0 5.9 1.2
Caloocan 44 44 153.2 0.2 10.0 3.5 0.7
The estimated total kilos of household waste generated in one week by the household
respondents is 1473. The minimum kilo of household food waste generated in a week is 0.20,
while the maximum is 50. Overall, households generate an estimate of 5.9 kilos of waste on
average. In Caloocan, the total wastes generated by the 44 household respondents amounts
to 153.2 kilos in the past week. The mean kilo of household waste generated per member is
3.5 kilos, while the mean waste of the household respondents is 0.7 kilos a week.
In some cases, households with enterprises also includes in their estimation of household
wastes those that were generated by their enterprises which challenges the accuracy of
estimating household wastes.
5. Household waste recycled (HH and junkshop survey)
According to the WACS, 187,156.88 kg/day of recyclable waste come from residential
sources.
The household survey estimates the waste recycled by households through a self-report
the answer to the question “In the past week, how much kilos of recyclables has your
household brought/sold to junkshops?”
Table 20. Household waste recycled in the past week

Household waste recycled in the past week (in
HH that kilos)
Tota HH
sold Mean
ACE City l s Mean
recyclab per HH
(n) (n) Sum Minimum Maximum per
les (%) membe
HH
r
Overall 279 33.3 88 359.2 0.2 40.0 4.1 4.1
Caloocan 44 18.2 8 35.0 2.0 10.0 4.4 0.7
Survey result shows that, overall, only more than a third of the household respondents
(33.3%) sells recyclables to junkshops or give them away for free to collectors. Close to a
fourth (18.2%) of the Caloocan household respondents reported selling recycled wastes to
junkshops. The mean kilos of waste recycled per household is 4.4; per household member,
the mean kilo of waste recycled is 0.7 kilos.
6. Non household waste recycled
According to the WACS, about 19,894 kg/day of recyclable waste come from non-
household sources, which include waste from the institutional, commercial, and industrial
sectors.
May 2023
7. Total waste treatment: recycling
According to the WACS, the total amount of recyclable waste from the household and
non-household sources is 207,050.97 kg/day.
8. Water consumption
The household survey asked the respondents to provide their estimated water
consumption per month. The survey question was phrased as “How much was your
household’s water bill last month? _______ (in pesos)”. The earlier version of this question
was, “How much water (in cubic meter) have your household consumed in the past month?”.
This earlier version is ideal as it allows a standard measure of water consumption across
households but since households are not familiar, the team opted for a proxy measure which
is the estimate cost per month, which price varies by water district provider.
Based on the result of the survey, Caloocan City household respondents spent, on
average, P533.5 per household per month. The average consumption per household member
in a month is P118.5.
Table 21. Household water consumption in the past month

Water consumption Water consumption
(in cm) (in pesos)
ACE Total Total
Mean Mean Mean
City (n) (n) Mean
per per HH Total per HH Total
per HH
HH member member
Overall 25 30.0 5.1 749.0 230 621.2 141.0 142,878.5
Caloocan 3 12.7 2.7 38.0 36 535.0 118.5 19,261.0
9. Car sharing
The household survey measures car sharing or carpooling behavior by asking the
household respondent whether they have used carpooling or rented a car in the past year.
The question was phrased as “Which of the following have you done in the past year” and the
options were (1) used carpooling apps (e.g., Grab) or (2) used a car-sharing scheme (i.e.,
short-term car rental). Carpooling allows sharing the car with multiple parties headed in the
same direction, which reduces fuel use and fare cost. Meanwhile, car rental is believed to
reduce the number of cars on the road which could lead to better air quality.
About one fifth of the households interviewed shared that they engage in innovative modes
of transport (i.e., car sharing or carpooling). In Caloocan, two out of five respondents either
availed of carpool services in the past year.
Table 22. Households that have rented a car or carpooled in the past year
Rented a
ACE City Total (n) HHs (n) % of HHs Carpool
car
Overall 279 53 19.0 7.9 13.3
Caloocan 44 9 20.5 - 20.5
May 2023
10. Number of companies or products with tax benefits to incentivize the circular economy
The junkshop survey attempts to determine whether they receive incentives from the
government for their contribution to waste management. The exact question is phrased as “In
the past year, did the local government of [city] provide your junk shop with any tax benefits
or incentives related to waste management?” The survey also aims to qualify the kinds of
incentives by asking junkshops to share about the “benefit or incentive did your junk shop
receive from the local government of [city]?”
Non-members did not receive any form of incentive in the past year; while a bit more than
one-tenth of junkshops who are members or associations, or groups have received an
incentive. In Caloocan, the 16 junkshops interviewed did not receive any of incentives in the
past year.
Table 23. Junkshops that received incentives in the past year

Junkshops % junkshops who are member of
who are organizations
ACE Total Type of
member of Received Did not receive
City (n) incentive
organizatio incentives incentives
ns (n)
Overall 49 23 11.5 88.5 -
Caloocan 24 16 - 100.0 -
11. Number of collection points for reuse of materials
The junkshop survey explored whether junkshops serve as collection point for reuse of
materials. The question is phrased as “Do you BUY items for reuse?” The results show that,
overall, 14 percent of the junkshops interviewed collects items for reuse. More than a tenth of
the junkshops interviewed in Caloocan reported collects items for reuse.
Table 24. Junkshops that collect items for reuse in the past week
Collects items for reuse (%)
ACE City Total (n)
Yes No
Overall 49 14.3 85.7
Caloocan 24 12.5 87.5
Closing the Loop
1. Number of green jobs created and secured
The junkshop survey looked into the number of people employed by junkshops.
The results show that the 49 junkshops interviewed has a total of 169 workers. On average,
the junkshops have three workers. In Caloocan, a slightly higher proportion of the junkshop
workers are male (58.7 percent males and 41.3 percent females)
Table 25. Junkshop workers

Number of junkshop workers Sex of junkshop
Total worker
ACE City
(n) Mean per
Sum Minimum Maximum Male Female
junkshop
May 2023
Overall 49 169 1 15 3 74.5 25.4

Caloocan 24 63 1 5 3 58.7 41.3
Overall, a higher proportion of males (78.6%) compared to females (53.5%) gets

compensated for the work they do in the junkshop. In Caloocan, a higher proportion of the
workers are unpaid. A higher proportion of the females (73.0%) than the males (56.8%) are
doing unpaid than males.
Table 26. Paid and unpaid junkshop workers by sex

Total Males (%) Total Females (%)
Total
ACE City employed females
males (n)
(n) Paid Unpaid (n) Paid Unpaid
Overall 169 126 78.6 21.4 43 53.5 46.5
Caloocan 63 37 43.2 56.8 26 26.9 73.1
In terms of the sex distribution of junkshop operators, overall, there are slightly more
female (55.1%) junkshop operators than males. In the case of Caloocan, there are a more
female junkshop operators compared to males.
Table 27. Sex of junkshop operator

ACE Total Operator (%)
City junkshop (n) Male Female
Overall 49 44.9 55.1
Caloocan 24 33.3 66.7
2. Objects collected and diverted for reuse and Objects recovered in reuse centres
The junkshop survey attempts to determine the types and number of wastes that are
reused. The question is phrased as “What items that you BUY that are reused? How many
kilos of each are sold for reuse?”
The items collected by junkshops for reuse are bottles, metals, PETs, plastic drums,
cartons, newspapers, plastic bags, and tin cans. Junkshops quantify items differently, if at all,
which make estimating the overall quantity of items reused difficult to measure. In Caloocan,
junkshops that reuse items reported collecting bottles, metals, PET, and plastic drum.
Table 28. Junkshops that collect items for reuse in the past week
Quantity of items collected
ACE City Total (n) Items collected for reuse
for reuse
Overall 49 Bottles 1 sack
Metal (e.g., steel rods, roof) 2 kilos ++
PET 10 pcs
Plastic drum 13 kilos
Cartons 100 kilos
Newspaper 10 kilos
Plastic bags -
Tin Cans -
Caloocan 24 Bottles 1 sack
Metal (e.g., steel rods, roof) 2 kilos
PET 10 pcs
Plastic drum 13 kilos
May 2023
3. Objects redirected/repaired from recycling centres
The junkshop survey attempts to determine the types and number of wastes that are
recycled. The question is phrased as: (1) What items do you buy for repair, and (2) How many
items did you bring for repair?
The Caloocan junkshops interviewed buys the following items for repair: TV, electric fan,
refrigerator, aircon, washing machine. The quantity of each item ranges from 1 to 2.
Table 29. Objects collected by junkshops for repair

Items collected for repair
Total (%)
ACE City Items collected for repair
(n) Yes No
Overall 49 22.4 77.6 -

Caloocan 24 29.2 70.8 TV, electric fan, refrigerator,
aircon, washing machine
4. Number of places devoted to repair
The junkshop survey attempts to determine whether junkshops buy items for repair. It then
asks follow-up questions on the types and number of items for repair. The questions are
phrased as follows: (1) Do you buy items for repair?.
In Caloocan, close to a third (29.2%) of the junkshops interviewed collects items

for repair.
Table 30. Objects collected by junkshops for repair

ACE Collects items for repair (%)
Total (n)
City Yes No
Overall 49 22.4 77.6
Caloocan 24 29.2 70.8
5. Adequate environmental management of plastic packaging waste
Ordinance No. 0503 Series of 20137 is known as the “Caloocan City Plastic and
Polystyrene Regulation Ordinance of 2013”. The purpose of the ordinance is in line with the
shared mandate and responsibility of the local Government of Caloocan together with the
State in the management and maintenance of the ecological balance, preservation and
protection of our environment. This ordinance regulates the following:
A. Use of plastic and polystyrene
To safeguard and conserve our environment, there is a need to discontinue the

use of non-biodegradable plastic bags and polystyrene products, and consequently
shift to sustainable biodegradable materials.
7
https://caloocancity.gov.ph/images/pdfs/ordinance/ORDINANCE-NO.-0503---Regulating-plastic.pdf
May 2023
B. Providing mechanism for its recovery and recycling
In an effort to instill awareness and promote the 3Rs (Reuse, Retrieve, and
Recycle) among our citizens, all affected retail/business establishments, including
fast-food chains and restaurants, except eateries or carinderias, are required to place
a clearly marked “Plastic Recovery Bin” at entrances and exits that are visible and
accessible, for the purpose of collecting, recycling and proper disposal of plastic bags
and polystyrene products. All Barangay Halls are likewise required to have the same
clearly marked recovery bins that will serve as drop-off points to collect plastic bags
and polystyrene products from barangay residents.
C. Encouraging the use of sustainable biodegradable materials
The City shall conduct a massive information campaign in order to educate its
residents about the benefits of using biodegradable and reusable materials such as
cloth bags (katsa) and oxo-biodegradable plastic bags as well as the proper use and
disposal of plastic bags.
D. Providing penalties for violation
All establishments caught in violation of this Ordinance shall be issued an

Ordinance Violation Receipt (OVR) and shall be penalized as follows:
i. 1st offense: A fine of One Thousand Pesos (P1,000)

ii. 2nd offense: A fine of Three Thousand Pesos (P3,000)
iii. 3rd Offense: A fine of Five Thousand pesos (P5,000) and cancellation of
Business Permit/License for at least one (1) year.
May 2023
IV. Issues on Data Gaps
A. Basic understanding of CE
According to the identified indicators, Caloocan City is focused on solid waste

management. Just like other cities, this is their basic understanding on how CE is
implemented. The Caloocan City has identified key goals and objectives on waste
diversion and the ways on how this is accomplished. These key goals and objectives shall
support the CE objectives on waste reduction. However, the main gap in the
understanding of CE is the lack of attention to sustainable consumption and production.
The city LGU and its stakeholders must consider measures that will focus on sustainable
consumption and production such as non-contribution to resource extraction.
B. Institutional
The CEMD of Caloocan City is tasked with the implementation of the solid waste
management plan. The office has divisions to manage supplies, special operations (i.e.,
beautification, de-clogging of canals, debris hauling, etc.), IEC section, garbage
monitoring section, and pollution control division.
C. Capacities
Caloocan City has capacitated partners with the PNP, schools, and barangay LGUs
in implementing various programs that support the solid waste management system.
May 2023
V. Conclusion and Recommendations
A. Institutionalization of the CE Indicators
The CE indicators at the local level were mostly generated through primary data
gathering. However, reports generated by the city on their various CE related activities
can already serve as their regular metrics on how CE is implemented. There is a strong
political will and capacity for the city to implement various CE related programs. It should
be noted however that based on the survey, there are challenges in relation to how the
city is perceived in its waste management. In particular, it is observed that 79.6 percent
of the respondents does not see the seriousness of the city in addressing waste
management although 70.5 percent strongly believe that environmental improvement can
help the city’s economic growth. The city government will need to integrate and improve
their CE activities and align them into a common objective based waste reduction and
recycling strategy for HHs and firms in the city. This can be done by starting with a
common and unified campaign in awareness improvement of CE as a whole and not just
recycling and waste management.
B. Support Mechanisms
There is a need to investigate how the city is supported by the national government
and development partners in terms of CE initiatives and programs. Other mechanisms
are needed to improve capacities in organizing and harmonizing local level CE
activities of the city.
C. Next Steps
For the city, the next steps toward institutionalization of CE are to review and
harmonize the different initiatives and align them into the national framework. This can
be done by reviewing the different programs and projects and removing redundancy
and streamlining the institutional arrangements especially if the outcomes are the
same. There is a need to come up with an objective and outcome assessment of the
programs to make this work.
May 2023
Thank you!
Contact us:
Kristine I. Aguirre
Partner, Risk Consulting
Advisory Services
Tel +632 8885-7000
Fax+632 894-1985
kiaguirre@kpmg.com
home.kpmg/socialmedia
The information contained herein is of a general nature and is not intended to

address the circumstances of any particular individual or entity. Although we
endeavor to provide accurate and timely information, there can be no guarantee
that such information is accurate as of the date it is received or that it will continue
to be accurate in the future. No one should act on such information without
appropriate professional advice after a thorough examination of the particular
situation.
© 2023 R.G. Manabat & Co., a Philippine partnership, and a member firm of the
KPMG global organization of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG
International Limited, a private English company limited by guarantee. All rights
reserved.
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member firms of the KPMG global organization.

Caloocan City Draft Baseline Report - CE - KPMG

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Caloocan City Draft Baseline Report - CE - KPMG

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Circular Economy

Caloocan City Baseline Report

CBMS – community-based monitoring system

CEMD – City Environmental Management Department

DENR – Department of Environment and Natural Resources

DILG – Department of the Interior and Local Government

DOH – Department of Health

EMB – Environmental Management Bureau

EPR – Extended Producer Responsibility

IECS – Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy

LGU – Local Government Unit

MRF – Materials Recovery Facility

MRS – Material Resource Storage

NPOA-ML – National Plan of Action for the Prevention, Reduction and

PAPSCP – Philippine Action Plan for Sustainable Consumption and

PNP – Philippine National Police

PSA – Philippine Statistics Authority

OECD – Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

R.A. – Republic Act

SCP – Sustainable Consumption and Production

UNDP – United Nations Development Programme

WACS – Waste Analysis and Characterization Study

stakeholders in coming up with a common approach and understanding of the negative

The critical element in defining a baseline condition is a measuring framework. The

In addition, the different existing frameworks represent efforts of developed countries,

Elements and Categories of the Framework

When these 3 sub-categories are fulfilled, sustainable processes begin to manifest in

Figure 1. CE Framework based on Phase Use

B. Local LGU Environmental Framework

Solid Waste Management

A. Garbage Collection and Disposal Services. Waste collection in the barangays is

B. Street Cleaning Services. CEMD implements different cleaning and environmental

Ordinance No. 0753, S. 2018 (Proposed Ordinance No. 10-133)

An ordinance prohibiting littering, dumping or throwing of garbage, or any kind of waste

Prohibited Acts – No person whether carelessly or intentionally shall scatter about,

a. Dirty frontage and immediate surroundings for establishment owners;

Requiring all owners, lessees, occupants of residential, business and other

Ordinance No. 0637, S. 2016 (Proposed Ordinance No. 10-001)

An ordinance establishing a sewage and septage management system in the City of

Republic Act No. 9275 - Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

Table 1. Practices and Description of R.A. No. 9275

facilities and establishments in accordance with the

Republic Act No. 8749 - Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999

Table 2. Practices and Description of R.A. No. 8749

Table 3. Practices and Description of R.A. No. 9003

3 City MRF in North As mandated by RA 9003, the establishment of a Materials

C. LGU Institutional Mechanisms related to CE

As part of Environmental Management and Physical Development, the city’s sectoral

A. CEMD – Administrative Division

1. Supplies Section – Responsible for provision on material and supplies

1. Special Operations Section – Responsible for Sanitation and Beautification

2. IEC Section – Assistance provided to organization, barangays and schools

C. CEMD – Solid Waste Management Division

1. Garbage Monitoring Section – Responsible for receiving reports and acting

D. CEMD – Pollution Control Division – Assessment of Annual Environmental

D. LGU focused indicators in the CE list (Caloocan City)

Table 4. Caloocan City focused indicators in the CE list

068 Water consumption Caloocan City household respondents spent, on

Refer to Section 2.2.1 Ordinance No. 0503

II. Data Collection Methodology

A. Secondary Data Collection

B. Primary Data Collection

As the framework assumes that CE is a process that requires prior knowledge,