8

Science
Quarter 3 – Module 3:
Atoms: Inside Out
Science – Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 3: Atoms: Inside Out
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Sherlyn P. Fernandez

Editor: William N. Balala
Reviewer: Lovely Shayne Dela Cruz
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Layout Artist: Cressida Madelein D. Gutierrez
Management Team: May B. Eclar, CESO III
Librada M. Rubio, PhD
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Larry B. Espiritu, PhD
Rodolfo A. Dizon, PhD
Mary Queen P. Orpilla, PhD

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 8

Science
Quarter 3 – Module 3:
Atoms: Inside Out
Introductory Message

The Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learner, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as
you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM.
This will tell you if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for
better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity
and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided
to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best
help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of
this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in
this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the nature of Biology. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module contains:

● Lesson 1 – Atoms: Inside Out

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in a
particular atom (S8MT-IIIe-f-10);
2. compute for the atomic number and the mass number of a given element;
3. describe the different models of an atom; and
4. make an inference on objects may carry positive charge and negative charges
 What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer and write it on your notebook/on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. The atomic number tells the _____________________.

a. number of electrons in the atom
b. number of protons in the atom
c. number of neutrons in the atom
d. number of protons and neutrons

2. The number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus is the ____________________.

a. Atomic mass
b. Atomic number
c. Mass number
d. Nucleons

3. Carbon has 6 protons. How many electrons does Carbon have?

a. 2
b. 4
c. 6
d. 8

4. Sodium has an atomic number of 11. How many protons does Sodium (Na)
have?
a. 5
b. 10
c. 11
d. 12

5. Hydrogen has one (1) proton and electron. How many neutrons does
Hydrogen have?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. Zero

6. Who discovered that orbital helps us to predict the area where we can find
electrons?
a. Bohr
b. Dalton
c. Rutherford
d. Schrodinger
7. Which diagram most closely represents Rutherford’s nuclear model of an
atom?

a. c.

b. d.

8. Who was the first person to use the term atom (atomos: meaning
inGFTTGGHGdivisible).
a. Dalton
b. Democritus
c. Rutherford
d. Thomson

9. According to the Atomic theory of John Dalton, all matter consists of tiny
particles called_________________.
a. atom
b. elements
c. particles
d. positively charge

10.Who proposed the plum pudding atomic model?

a. Bohr
b. Dalton
c. Democritus
d. Thomson
 Lesson
Subatomic Particles
of 1 Matter

In Module 2, you have learned that physical changes can make phase of
changes in matter. The different phase changes of matter are melting, freezing,
evaporation, sublimation and deposition. These phase changes of matter were
explained on the previous lesson based on the physical changes in terms of the
arrangement and motion of atoms and molecules.

In this module, you are going to learn about the number of protons, neutrons,
and electrons in a particular atom. An atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of
a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.

What is It

All matter is composed of an atoms. It is the basic unit of matter that

consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged
electrons. The atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged protons and
electrically neutral neutrons.

In the earlier grades, you learned about magnets. A magnet has two ends,
two poles, the north and the south. When you put the north ends of two magnets
next to each other and the magnets move apart. Also, when you put the two south
ends next to each other, it will also move apart. They repel each other.

When you placed the south and north ends next to each other, they will
attract.

Similarly, in the concept of electric charges, the same charges will repel, and
different charges will attract.

For example, when the plastic strips rubbed with the cloth causes the strips
to become negatively charge. This happens because particles move from the cloth
onto the plastic strips. Consider the charge on the cloth after the rubbing action, it
will be positively charge. This is what happened: the negative charge move from the
cloth leaving the cloth positively charged. When the plastic strips is hung over the
wooden rod, the two halve of the strip move equally away from each other. The
conclusion will be the forces are equal and acted on opposite directions. Even the
objects which seemed to be neutral can carry “charges”.
Particles which make up the atom are called Subatomic particles. The
atoms composed of three subatomic particles such as protons, electrons and
neutrons. The proton carries a positive charge (+1). The electron carries a negative
charge (-1). Atoms, in their most stable state are neutral with an equal number of
protons and electrons

Properties of Subatomic Particles

Properties of the three subatomic particles based on their masses are

summarized on table 1.

Table 1: Properties of three subatomic particles based on their masses

Subatomic
Charge Mass, grams Location on the atom
particles
Electrons (e-) -1 9.109 x 10 -28 Outside the nucleus
Protons (p+) +1 1.672 x 10-24 Nucleus

Neutrons (n0) 0 1.675 x 10-24 Nucleus

Based on the table above, the masses of three subatomic particles have
compared. The protons and neutrons are “massive indeed”. Electrons are very
much lighter than the protons and neutrons, to the point that its mass does not
significantly contribute to the mass of the entire atom. In effect, the mass of the
electron is negligible.

The massive part of the atom, then, comes from the masses of the protons
and neutrons. Collectively, the protons and neutrons are called nucleons. The
nucleons, tightly packed together, form the nucleus in the center of an atom. Thus,
most of the mass of an atom is contained in its nucleus. You have also observed
that electrons contain a negative charge and move around the nucleus of an atom.

Models of an Atom Based on History

Democritus (400 BC)

Democritus was a Greek philosopher who was the first person to use the term
atom (atomos: meaning indivisible). He thought that if you take a piece of matter
and divide it and continue to divide it you will eventually come to a point where you
could not divide it any more. This fundamental or basic unit was what Democritus
called an atom.
He called this the theory of the universe:

1. All matter consists of atoms, which are bits of matter too small to be seen.
2. There is an empty space between atoms.
3. Atoms are completely solid.
4. Atoms have no internal structure.
5. Each atom (of a different substance) is different in size, weight and shape.
John Dalton (1800’s)

John Dalton was the first to adapt Democritus’ theory into the first modern
atomic model.
His atomic model are:

1. All matter consists of tiny particles called atoms.

2. Atoms are indestructible and unchangeable.
3. Elements are characterized by the weight of their atoms.
4. When elements react, it is their atoms that have combined to form new
compounds.

Figure1: John Dalton Atomic Model (1808)

Joseph John Thomson (1890’s)

When the idea of an atom was first proposed by the ancient Greeks, they
thought it was a particle with no parts. However the 19 th century, J.J Thomson was
able to discover that atoms have negatively-charged particles, which he called
electrons. It led him to propose a new model for an atom, which he called the plum
pudding model. He also proposed that the negatively-charged electrons were
embedded in a kind of cloud or soup of positive charge.
These are the key points to Thomson’s Atomic Model:
1. Because of its design this model is known as the plum pudding model.
2. Each atom is a sphere filled with positively charged ‘fluid’. This
resembles the sticky jam part of a pudding.
3. Corpuscles (later called electrons), are the negatively charged particles
suspended in this ‘fluid’. This resembles the plums in the pudding.
4. He did not predict the movement of these electrons.

Negatively charged
(electrons)

Positively charged
matter

Figure 2: Plum pudding model or Raisin bread model

(1904)
Ernest Rutherford (1910’s)
A group of scientists composed of Ernest Rutherford, Johannes Wilhelm Geiger
and Ernest Marsden tested Thomson’s model by bombarding a very thin sheet of gold
foil with positively-charged alpha particles. In their experiment, the nucleus was
postulated as small and dense to account for the scattering of alpha particles from thin
gold foil. The observations made by Rutherford led him to conclude that:

1. Very few of the (α) particles that practically bounced back towards the
source and some that were deflected at smaller angles. Hence the
positive charge in an atom is not uniformly distributed.
2. Major fraction of the (α) particles bombarded towards the gold sheet
passed through it without any deflection, and hence most of the space
in an atom is empty.

The nuclear model of the atom proposed by Rutherford in 1912 is still the
picture of the atom that we hold today. The model described an atom as tiny,
dense, positively charged core called a nucleus, in which nearly all the mass
concentrated, around which the light, negative constituents, called electrons,
circulates at some distance, much like planets revolving around the sun.

Figure 3: Nuclear Atomic Model (1911)

Niels Bohr (1910’s)

Niels Bohr agreed with the planetary model of the atom, but also knew that it
had a few flaws. Using his knowledge of energy and quantum physics he was able
to perfect Rutherford’s model. He was able to answer why the electrons did not
collapse into the nucleus.

He theorized that:
1. Electrons orbit the nucleus in orbits that have a specific size and energy.
2. The energy of the orbit is related to its size. The lowest energy is found in the
smallest orbit.
3. Electrons reside in orbits. They move between each shell when gaining and
losing energy.
4. When gaining energy, electrons move to closer orbit from the nucleus.
 Energy shell
Electron is orbiting

Figure 4: Planetary Model (1913)

Erwin Schrodinger (1920’s)

Schrodinger was a revolutionary physicist who used Heisenberg’s uncertainty

principle to come up with the atomic model that we still use today.

He discovered that:

1. Electrons don’t move around the nucleus in orbits.

2. Electrons exist in specific energy levels as a cloud.
3. The electron cloud is the region of negative charges, which surrounds the
nucleus.
4. Orbital: The region with a high probability of containing electrons

Electron Cloud

Figure 5: “Electron Cloud” Model or Quantum

Mechanical Atomic Model (1926-present)

Determining the number of protons, electrons and neutrons

So far, you have learned about the three subatomic particles-protons,

electrons, and neutrons, and how they arranged in the currently accepted model of
an atom.

Among these subatomic particles have the number of protons of all elements
is also known as the atomic number. Then, the mass number tells us the total
number of protons + neutrons in the nucleus. Atomic mass gives us the relative
mass of the individual.
 To understand more about the atomic mass, try to analyze the following
information and examples given below. Atomic symbols represent the atoms of all
the elements.

Atomic symbol is a one-or-two letter notation used to represent an atom

corresponding to a particular element. When the symbol has two letters, only the
first is capitalized.

Atomic number, which is represented by a capital letter Z, is equal to the

number of protons and electrons in the nucleus of an atom.

Atomic number = number of proton (p+) = number of electron (e-)

Mass number, also known as the Atomic Mass, has this formula:

Mass number = number of neutron + atomic number

To get for the number of neutron, derive the formula from the above formula
of mass number:

Number of neutron = mass number - atomic number

Example:

Compute for the number of proton, electron, neutron, atomic number

and mass number of the element Magnesium (24Mg12).

Answer:

Atomic number = 12
Mass number = 24
Number of p+ = 12
Number of e- = 12
Number of n0 = 12