CHAPTER 1

LIVING THINGS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT

LESSON 1
Objectives:
 Follow the experiment’s step.
 Enumerate characteristics of living things.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

INVESTIGATION
LIVING OR NON-LIVING
You will need: a partner, a toy (any kind), your pet dog or cat
What to do?
1. Get a partner.
2. Observe the toy and your pet.
3. Record on your notebook the characteristics of the toy and your pet.
4. Determine which is living or non-living thing between the two samples.
5. Share your lists of characteristics with your partner.
Answer the following questions:
1. Which is living thing? Which is non-living thing?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Why do you say so?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
From this activity, I learned that the characteristics of living things are:
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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EXPLORE
1. Living Things BREATHE
Breathing refers to the movement of air into and out of your lungs. In inhales oxygen
and exhales carbon dioxide. The oxygen your body needs comes from the atmosphere,
which is the blanket of gases that surrounds the earth.
2. Living Things EAT
Food is an important part of many happy and memorable occasions shared with family
and friends. It is also essential for all living things to stay alive. Homeostasis is the body’s
ability to keep a steady internal state in spite of changing external conditions.

3. Living Things GROW

Growth is the process of becoming larger. Development is the process of
change that occurs during an organism’s life to produce a more complex
organism.

4. Living Things MOVE

All organisms are made up of cells which are small-building blocks. A cell is the basic
unit structure and function in an organism. It can be Unicellular or single-celled
organisms include bacteria. Or Multicellular which composed of many cells. They
work together to make you move.

5. Living Things REPRODUCE

They produce offspring that are similar to parents. Reproduction is the process by which
living things produce new individuals of the same type. It uses the joining of sperm and egg
which is called fertilization.

6. Living Things REACT

A change in an organism’s surroundings that causes the organism to react is called
stimulus. They react to light, touch, and temperature.
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Exercise
Identify the term being defined or described. Write the answers on the blanks.
___________ 1. Refers to the movement of air into and out of your lungs.
___________ 2. What your respiratory system moves from the outside environment into your body.
___________ 3. The blanket of gases that surrounds earth.
___________4. The body’s ability to keep a steady internal state in spite of changing external conditions.
___________ 5. The process of becoming larger.
___________ 6. The process of change that occurs during an organism’s life.
___________ 7. To produce offspring that are similar to parents.
___________ 8. A change in an organism’s surroundings that causes an organism to react.
___________ 9. An action or change in behavior.
___________ 10. The joining of a sperm cell and egg cell.
LESSON 2
Objectives:
 Recall the previous lesson
 Identify the external parts of the human body and their functions
EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

INVESTIGATION
LIFT ME UP!
You will need: two books of the same size
What to do?
1. Hold the two books of the same size.
2. Stack one book on top of the other.
3. Lift the two stacked books in front of you.
4. The lower book should be leveled with your shoulders.
5. Hold the books in this position for 30 seconds.
6. Observe what happens.
7. Balance one book on top of your head.
8. Walk a few steps with the book on your head.
9. Observe what happens.
Answer the following questions:
1. What external body parts did you use in lifting the books?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. How did your arms feel at the beginning and towards the end of the 30 seconds?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
From this activity, I learned that the external body parts that worked together in performing the
Previous activity are: _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

MALE EXTERNAL BODY PARTS

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 FEMALE EXTERNAL BODY PARTS

EXPLORE

1. Head - the head is the front and the upper part of the body containing the brain and the sense organs.
2. Eyebrow - located on top of the eye which keep dust and dirt out of your eyes.
3. Eye - is the organ of sight of a globular structure that is located in a socket of the skull and is lined with a
sensitive retina.
4. Nose - is the organ of smell and is the part of the head containing the nostrils and covering the front of the
nasal activity. The air you breathe and the odors you smell go in through the holes.
5. Mouth - is the opening through which you take in food. It covers your tongue, lips, and teeth.
6. Teeth - are hard, sharp structures on the jaws used for seizing and chewing food.
7. Tongue - is a fleshy, movable process of the floor of the mouth used in tasting and in taking and swallowing
food. Tongue serves as a speech organ.
8. Lip - either of the two fleshy parts which form the upper and lower edges of the opening of the mouth.
9. Chin - is the part of the face below the lower lip, including the prominence of the lower jaw.
10.Chest - is the part of the body enclosed by the ribs.
11.Leg - is the limb between the knee and the foot used for supporting the body and in walking.
12.Breast - is either of the pair of mammary glands extending from the part of the chest, especially in adult
females.
13.Knee - is the joint in the middle part of the leg.
14.Foot - is the end part of the leg below the ankle.
15.Toe - is the front part of the foot. Your feet have toes with nails to protect them from bumps and blows that could
damage the end.
16.Hair - is the thread-like outgrowth especially from the skin of the human being.
17.Ear - is the organ of hearing. Little tunnels in your ears lead to the inside of your head. The sounds you hear
enter your head through these tunnels.
18.Neck - the neck is the part of the body connecting the head and the trunk. The throat, Adam’s apple, and
shoulders can be found in the neck.
19.Shoulder - are the parts of the body where the arms join the body.
20.Arm - are the upper limb. You use your arms to carry, push, pull, lift, throw, and do many other jobs.
21.Elbow - is the joint of the arm. It is the outer curve of the bent arm.
22.Hand - is the end of the front limb when modified for grasping.
23.Fingers - are five divisions at the end of the hand. You are able to feel, hold, pick, and get things by using your
fingers.
24.Cheek - is the fleshy side part of the face.
25.Back - the rear surface of the human body from the shoulders to the hips.
26.Waist - the part of the human body below the ribs and above the hips.
27.Buttocks - is the back of the hip that forms one of the fleshy parts, by which a person uses in sitting. (Also called
Bottom)
28.Heel - is the hind part of the foot.
29.Ankle - is the joint or region between the foot and the leg.
30.Sex organs - located in the abdomen. The oval-shaped testes are the organs of the male reproductive system that
produce sperms. The ovaries are the organs of the female reproductive system that produce egg cell.

Exercise
A. Answer the following questions. Write the answers on the blanks.
1. Enumerate at least 10 external parts of the human body.

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 ____________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Why are your hands and feet important? Explain those uses.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
B. Write on the blanks the external body parts being referred to.

___________________ 1. Five divisions at the end of the hand.

___________________ 2. The body part connecting the head and the trunk.
___________________ 3. The limb between the knee and the foot used for supporting the body and in walking.
___________________ 4. The end of a front limb when modified for grasping.
___________________ 5. The fleshy side part of the face.
___________________ 6. The hind part of the foot.
___________________ 7. The back of the hip that forms one of the fleshy parts used in sitting.
___________________ 8. The thread-like outgrowth especially from the skin of the human being.
___________________ 9. The two fleshy folds of tissue that surround the mouth and play a role in speaking.
___________________ 10. The front of the upper part of the body containing the brain and the sense organs.
C. Label the parts.

LESSON 3
Objectives:
 Recall the previous lesson
 Identify parts of the eye and its ailments
 Perform an experiment
THE SENSE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
THE EYE

INVESTIGATION
GROWING PUPILS
You will need: dim corner of your house near the light’s switch,
a small mirror
What to do?
1. Stand in a dim corner of your house for a few minutes.
2. Look at your eyes in the mirror.
3. Look closely at your pupils.
4. Put the lights on.
5. Observe what happens.
Answer the following questions. Write the answers on the blanks.
1. What happened to your pupils in dim light?
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. What happened to your pupils in bright light?

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 ________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

From this activity, I learned that pupils:

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

PARTS OF THE EYE – organ for seeing.

EXTERNAL(OUTSIDE) INTERNAL(INSIDE)

eyebrow

eyelid

eyelashes eyeball

PARTS OF THE EXTERNAL EYE

1. Eyelashes - are the hairs on the edge of your eyelids. To stop sweat, dust and dirt from entering
your eyes.
2. Eyelids - are covers that open and close. When sharp things come very close, they blink.
3. Eyebrows - they are the thick, short hairs above your eyes which protect your eyes from dirt and
sweat.
4. Eyeballs - are in your skull which are protected by bones and layers of fat around them. If
something hits your face, the bones are hit first.
PARTS OF THE INTERNAL EYE
1. Cornea - is a bulging, transparent covering of the schlera.
2. Schlera - is the tough outer covering that forms the “whites” of your eyes.
3. Iris - the colored circle in your eyes. It can be black, brown, gray, green, or blue.
4. Pupil - is the part of your eyes that looks like a black hole. It allows light to pass through.
5. Lens - is the clear part of your eyes. It is made up of living cells. The lens focuses the light on
the retina. It bends light.
6. Optic Nerve - is the part of your eye behind the retina. It sends message to a big nerve.
7. Retina - is the lining at the back of your eyeball where images are formed.
Common Ailments, Defects, and Conditions of the Eyes
1. Myopia - near-sightedness 6. Cataract - cloudy lenses
2. Hyperopia - far-sightedness 7. Night-blindness - difficulty seeing through
3. Color-blindness – difficulty in recognizing one dim light.
or more colors 8. Astigmatism – objects look unclear
4. Sty – infection of the hair follicles which swells
5. Conjunctivitis – sore eyes
CARE OF THE EYES
1. DO NOT scratch or rub. 3. NEVER look at the sun directly.
2. Always read with proper lighting. 4. Eat foods rich in vitamin A, such as carrots, squash
or papaya.
Exercises
A. Label the internal and external parts of the eye.

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 B. Fill in the boxes with the missing letters to form the ailment, defect, or condition of the eyes.

1. Difficulty in recognizing one or more colors.

- l
2. A serious eye disease in which the iris becomes inflamed.
r t
3. Also called near-sightedness.
o
4. A painful infection of the hair follicles.
y
5. Commonly called sore eyes.
n c i

ART LINK
Directions: Visualize your dream house and draw it below. You can put some colors in it.

LESSON 4
Objectives:
 Recall the previous lesson
 Identify the parts of the ear and its ailments
 Perform an experiment
THE EARS

INVESTIGATION
SOUND THROUGH A TUBE

You will need: a watch, a rolled-up paper

What to do?
1. Hold the watch by your ear and move it away until you cannot
hear it ticking.
2. Observe.
3. Cover the surface of the watch with the tube, and put the other
end against your ear.
4. Observe.
Answer the following questions. Write the answers on the blanks.
1. How far did you move the watch away until you could not hear it ticking?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. When you covered the surface of the watch with the tube and put the other end against your ear, were you able
to hear anything?
____________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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 From this experiment, I learned that:
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

PARTS OF THE
EAR
It is an organ for hearing.

I. Outer Ear (or Pinna) catches the sound waves. It is the part where you wash and clean. The part that most people call
“the ear”.
a. Ear Canal- is lined with wax and tiny hairs to keep dust from the ear.
b. Eardrum- is the thin tissue at the end of the ear canal. It vibrates when you hear something.
II. Middle Ear made by three small bones which also vibrates when you hear something.
a. Hammer c. Anvil
b. Stirrup
III. Inner Ear
a. Cochlea is a small shell-like opening where the sound waves move in and out.
b. Semicircular Canals are passages to the cochlea.
c. Eustachian Tube is a passage to the inner ear, serving to balance or equalize air pressure on both sides
of the eardrum.
How the Ear Works
Sounds are airwaves. They enter the ear through the ear canal. The sound waves strike eardrum called the
Tympanic Membrane. It vibrates and the sound waves move in and out of the cochlea. The cochlea is attached to the
nerve cell. The vibrating message is picked up by the nerve. The vibrating message is sent along the auditory nerve to
the brain. The message of the sound is recognized by the brain, which tells what kind of sound it is.
Common Ailments of the Ears
1. Middle Ear Infections- most common. An intense stabbing pains.
2. Running Ear- developed by chronic infections, not painful, but may be accompanied by a ringing sensation in the
ear.
3. Boils- caused by severe scratching of the ear canal by objects to remove earwax. Painful. Sometimes called the
“swimmer’s ear”.
4. Deafness- either by water, foreign bodies, or earwax. Acute inflammation of the auditory nerve.
5. Impacted Earwax- hardened wax that causes partial deafness.
Care Of The Ears
1. Use cotton swab to clean the outside part 3. Avoid letting the water get into your ear.
of your ear. 4. Regularly see an ear doctor.
2. Avoid being exposed to loud sounds.
Exercise
A. Label the parts of the ear.

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 B. Fill in the boxes with the letters to form the correct answer.

1. The part that most people call “the ear”.

2. A thin tissue at the end of the ear canal.

3. Three small bones.

4. A small shell-like opening where sound waves move in and out.

5. Where the cochlea is attached.

6. Sometimes called the “swimmer’s ear”.

7. Developed due to chronic infection.

8. An acute inflammation of the auditory nerve.

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LESSON 5
Objectives:
 Recall the previous lesson
 Identify the parts of the nose and its ailments
 Perform an experiment

Materials: module, computer/phone

THE NOSE

INVESTIGATION
A SCENT LIKE
You will need:
A grown-up to help, a blindfold, foods to taste, such as different
flavored jelly beans, different fruit and vegetable slices, a spoon, if
necessary, a cup of drinking water

What to do?
1. Have yourself blindfold by your guardian.
2. Pinch your nose.
3. Guardian, offer different flavors of jellybean or fruit to your child.

Answer the following questions. Write the answers on the blanks.

1. Can a blindfolded one identify any fruits? Why not?

________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. How could you identify one fruit without seeing it? Explain.
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

From this activity, I learned that:

____________________________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

PARTS OF THE
NOSE Is where you breathe in or inhale and breathe out or exhale. You smell pleasant or unpleasant
and even odorless things through your nose. It is an organ for smelling.

Nostrils – the two small openings in the nose. It is where the air enters before it passes through the nasal cavity.
Cilia – are the tiny hairs inside the nose which serve as filters that block dust particles and tiny insects trying to enter
your nose.
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Olfactory nerve – detects the air and sends the sensation to the brain. Then, the brain interprets the smell.

Common Ailments Of The Nose

1. Common Cold- most common disease where one experiences runny nose, coughing, sore throat, sneezing,
headaches, and fever.
2. Nosebleed- caused by too much heat or blowing the nose hard. It may be a symptom of a serious illness.
3. Sinusitis- caused by infection of our sinuses. Swollen and painful sinuses, dizziness, and runny nose are the
symptoms of sinusitis. Taking a rest and a liquid diet is a remedy for this ailment.
4. Rhinitis- caused by infections, allergic reactions, common colds, and viral infections. It is the inflammation of
mucus membranes inside the nose in which breathing through the nose becomes difficult.

Care Of The Nose

1. Use a clean cloth or tissue when cleaning your nose.
2. Cover your nose with clean cloth or mask.
3. Do not blow your nose hard.
4. If you can hardly breathe through your nose, consult a doctor at once.

Exercise
A. Identify what is being described. Write your answers B. Label the parts.
on the blanks.
__________ 1. Two small openings in the nose

__________ 2. Tiny hairs seen inside the nose

__________ 3. Moisten the air and make it warm
__________ 4. Detects the air and sends the sensation to the brain
__________ 5. Interprets the smell
__________ 6. A nose ailment caused by too much heat
__________ 7. To breathe in
__________ 8. To breathe out
__________ 9. The inflammation of mucus membranes inside the nose
__________ 10. It is where you breathe in or inhale and breathe out
or exhale
== End of the lesson ==
LESSON 6
Objectives:
 Recall the previous lesson
 Identify the parts of the tongue and its ailments
 Perform an experiment

Materials: module, computer/phone

THE TONGUE

INVESTIGATION
TONGUE MAP

You will need: a small cup of black coffee, a small cup of salty water,
a small cup of sugary water, a small cup of vinegar,
a teaspoon, a pencil, 2 drinking straws, slices of bread,
a piece of paper

What to do?
1. Draw a tongue map on your notebook like the one above.
2. Cut the two straws in halves to make a dropper for each liquid. Dip a dropper in some vinegar, and then
cover the top of it with your finger to hold the liquid in.
3. Release a couple of drops of vinegar onto each area of your tongue. Dry your tongue with bread between
each test.
4. Mark where the vinegar tastes the strongest.
5. Rinse your mouth with fresh water.
6. Do the test with the other liquids.

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 Answer the following questions. Write the answers on the blanks.
1. On what part of your tongue do you taste sour, bitter, sweet and salty things?

________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

From this activity, I learned that:

____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

PARTS OF THE

TONGUE – organ for tasting.

Papillae- small bumps on the tongue which consist of taste buds. Papillae are small, reddish pink taste buds, which are
found on the surface of the tongue. Sweet foods can be tasted at the tip of your tongue. Bitter foods can be tasted at
the rear of the tongue. Sour and salty foods can be tasted at the sides of the tongue. Each bump has several taste buds
in it.
Nerve cells- pick up the taste of food.
Saliva- helps the tongue to work properly through its moist.

Common Ailments of the Tongue

1. Canker Sores- reddish swellings with white spots on top. Sores can be painful.
2. Glossitis- commonly known as the inflammation of the tongue in which its surface appears to be smooth. It can
be a result of iron deficiency or certain B vitamins, such as vitamin B12. Toothpaste, mouthwash, and breath
fresheners can also trigger glossitis.
3. Leukoplakia- a condition wherein small thickened white patches become visible on the surface of the tongue. It
may be resulting from smoking, rough teeth, or rough places on dentures.
4. Strawberry Tongue- the tongue becomes red like a strawberry in this condition. If you develop a high fever with
your tongue turning red, immediately consult a doctor.

Care of the Tongue

1. Use a soft clean cloth to clean your tongue.
2. Avoid eating too much salty or spicy foods.
3. Before eating, cool off the food.
4. Be careful not to bite your tongue.
5. Be careful in tasting things. They may be
poisonous or toxic.
6. Use a soft toothbrush when brushing your
teeth every after meal.
7. Use dental floss to remove particles between teeth.
8. Avoid eating too much sweets.
9. Use mouthwash when you gargle.
10. See your dentist at least once a year for check-up.

Exercise
A. Label the parts of the tongue.
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 == End of the lesson ==

LESSON 7
Objectives:
 Recall the previous lesson
 Identify the parts of the skin and its ailments
 Perform an experiment

Materials: module, computer/phone

THE SKIN

INVESTIGATION
COLD TOUCH

You will need: ice cubes, rice, a bowl

What to do:
1. Put ice cubes in a bowl and sprinkle a few grains of rice alongside the bowl.
2. Keep one hand in the bowl of ice cubes. Count up to 30.
3. Dry your hand and try to pick up some grains of rice.

Answer the following questions. Write the answers on the blanks.

1. Was it difficult or easy to pick up the grains of rice?
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. How does the skin feel different sensations?
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

From this activity, I learned that:

____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

PARTS OF THE

SKIN – organ for touching and feeling.

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Epidermis- the top layer or the outer covering of the skin. It has a thin waterproof covering made of dead cells.
Dermis- is the thicker layer below the epidermis. It is the inner layer.
Hairs- grow out of the skin that protect it from dust and germs.
Pores- tiny holes or openings in the skin.
Nerve Endings- tell pain, pressure, and changes in temperature.
Oil Ducts- prevent the skin from drying up.

Common Skin Ailments

1. Acne- most common where sebaceous glands of the skin become infected.
2. Scabies- caused by a tiny mite which makes the skin break out in a red, pimply rash with a burning itch.
3. Rash- usually rad pimples caused by an allergy. They may be symptoms of measles or chickenpox.
4. Eczema- disease caused by allergy consisting of an inflammatory reaction in the skin with itchy, burning, and
redness.
5. Dandruff- usually found on the scalp. Also affects the face, neck, chest, armpit, and the genital region.

Care of the Skin

1. Take a bath every day.
2. Wash your hands and face regularly.
3. Always wear clean and comfortable clothes to help you have a healthy skin.
4. Use an umbrella or hat to avoid too much exposure to the sun.
5. Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables, and nutritious foods rich in vitamins A, C, and E.
6. Drink at least 8 glasses of water per day.

Exercise
A. Label the parts of the skin.

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== End of the lesson ==

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