from Celsius to Celsius

9 5
Fahrenheit [°F] = [°C] × 5 + 32 [°C] = ([°F] 32) × 9

Kelvin [K] = [°C] + 273.15 [°C] = [K] 273.15

9 5
Rankine [°R] = ([°C] + 273.15) × 5 [°C] = ([°R] 491.67) × 9

For temperature intervals rather than specific temperatures,

1 °C = 1 K
and
1 = 1.8 °F
 from Fahrenheit to Fahrenheit
5 9
Celsius [°C] = ([°F] 32) × 9 [°F] = [°C] × 5 + 32
5 9
Kelvin [K] = ([°F] + 459.67) × 9 [°F] = [K] × 5 459.67

Rankine [°R] = [°F] + 459.67 [°F] = [°R] 459.67

For temperature intervals rather than specific temperatures,

1 °F = 1 °R
and
5
1 °F = 9°C
 from Rankine to Rankine
5 9
Celsius [°C] = ([°R] 491.67) × 9 [°R] = ([°C] + 273.15) × 5

Fahrenheit [°F] = [°R] 459.67 [°R] = [°F] + 459.67

5 9
Kelvin [K] = [°R] × 9 [°R] = [K] × 5

For temperature intervals rather than specific temperatures,

1 °R = 1 °F
and
5
1 °R = 9 K
 from Kelvin to Kelvin

Celsius [°C] = [K] 273.15 [K] = [°C] + 273.15

9 5
Fahrenheit [°F] = [K] × 5 459.67 [K] = ([°F] + 459.67) × 9

9 5
Rankine [°R] = [K] × 5 [K] = [°R] × 9

For temperature intervals rather than specific temperatures,

1 K = 1 °C
and
1 K = 1.8 °R
 ( °F) = 9 / 5 * ( °C) + 32

( °C) = 5 / 9 * [ ( °F) 32]]

32

( °F) = ( °R) 459.. 67

459

( °C) = ( K) 273.. 15
273
.
PV
cons tan t
T
:P
:V
:T
 -
.
-
B
P A
T C
-

-
.
-

.
 -

-
-

: :
-
- - -
- -
seebeak
 2 3
E AB 1 1T 2 T 3 T .... n T n

E AB 1T
0 . 15

3 .9 s
 .

.
United States ASTM:

British BS1843
BS1843:: 1952
1952::
British BS4937
BS4937:: Part 30
30:: 1993
1993::

French NFE:

German DI N:
 TEMPERATURE
SENSORS
Ta
Ta
Cu Metal A Metal A
Cu
Ts - E2+ + Ts
V V E1
Cu Cu E3 -
Metal B - + Metal B

V= K ( Ts-Ta) V= E1-E2-E3

Measurement Errors:
- Reference Temperature variation
- E2 ,E3 are not equivalent
 TEMPERATURE
SENSORS

Compensation Methods
for Reference Temperature Variation
Ta

A B Cu
Ts + + E4 -
+ E3 -
E1 v
- + E2 - Cu
B

V = E1 + E2 - E3 - E4= E1 E4
 Ta
A
Ts + E3 NTC
E1 E2 v
- + - - +
R0 R0
B

R1 R2

V1 V2
_
0 . 001
001cc
( PTC)
( NTC) -2

L :A
R :L
A :P
 Positive - temperature coefficient) PTC
( Positive-

. PTC

2 3 n
R R0 (1 1T 2T 3T .... n T )

R R0 (1 T )
1
 PTC
: ( )
-
-

.
 -1
-2
-3

R1 RT L1 L2
R2 R3
RT L1 L2 R1 R2 REX LX 1 LX 2
R1 R2 R3 L2 RT L1
RTD
RTD

RTD
RTD
 : T
: R
1 1
R R0 exp
T T0 25C 0 : T0
:
NTC
.

.
 C1
W BB ( , T )
5 C
exp 2 1
.T

BB
: W ( ,T )
: C1 ,C 2

:
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