UNIT 1: MODULE 1

PLATE TECTONICS:
Earthquakes, Volcanoes and
Mountain Ranges
 DID YOU KNOW?
Our Earth has four
crust
mantle
outer layers consisting
of different
core
inner
core
materials. The
lithosphere is
composed of the
crust and the
upper mantle.
 PLATE TECTONICS

According to the Plate

Tectonics Theory, the entire
lithosphere of the Earth is
broken into numerous
segments called plates.
 PLATE TECTONICS
The lithosphere is said to
be in constant but very slow
motion. These motions are not
the same everywhere. This
movement of the lithosphere is
called tectonics.
 Do you
notice in
Figure 1
that there
are seven
relatively
large
plates and
several
smaller
ones,
including
the
Philippine
plate?
Can you
name
Figure 1. Moving Plates of the Earth them?
 The seven
major plates
include the
African,
Antarctic,
Eurasian, North
American,
South
American,
India-
Australian, and
the Pacific
plates. Some of
the minor plates
include the
Arabian,
Caribbean,
Nazca, and
MAJOR AND MINOR PLATES Scotia plates.
 PLATE
MOVEMENT
 PLATE TECTONICS

Earth’s lithosphere consists of layers, the

crust and the upper part of the mantle. The
crust is made of a variety of solid rocks like
sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. It has
an average density of 2.8 g/cm3 and its
thickness ranges from 5 to 50 km. The crust is
thickest in a part where a relatively young
mountain is present and thinnest along the
ocean floor.
Continental
Crust

Oceanic Crust

Mantle
 You will notice
from Figure 2
that there are
two kinds of
crust: the
thicker
but less dense
continental
crust and the
oceanic crust
which is
relatively
thinner
but denser than
continental
crust.

Figure 2. Types of Crust

 ACCOMPLISH THIS
ACTIVITY!

ACTIVITY 1.2 – LET’S MARK THE

BOUNDARIES
 ACTIVITY 1 – LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES

OBJECTIVES:
❖ Describe the distribution of active
volcanoes, earthquake
epicenters, and major mountain
belts.
❖ Determine the scientific basis for
dividing the Lithospheric plates.
 ACTIVITY 1 – LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES

MATERIALS:
❖Figure 5: Map of earthquake
distribution
❖Figure 6: Map of active
volcanoes of the world
❖Figure 7: Mountain ranges of the
world
 ACTIVITY 1 – LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES

MATERIALS:
❖2 pieces plastic sheet used
for book cover, same size as
a half short bond paper (8.5”
x 11”)
❖marking pens (two different
colors)
 ACTIVITY 1 – LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES
PROCEDURE:
1. Study Figure 5 showing the
earthquake distribution around
the world. Trace the
approximate locations of several
earthquake “clusters” using a
marking pen on one of the
plastic sheets.
Figure 5: Map of Earthquake Distribution
 ACTIVITY 1 – LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES
PROCEDURE:
2. Study the map of active
volcanoes in Figure 6.
3. On the second plastic sheet,
sketch the approximate
locations of several volcanoes
using a marking pen.
Figure 6: Map of active volcanoes of the world
 ACTIVITY 1 – LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES
PROCEDURE:
4. Place the earthquake plastic
sheet over the volcano plastic
sheet.
5. Study Figure 7, the orange
portions indicate mountain
ranges of the world.
Figure 7: Mountain ranges of the world
 ACTIVITY 1 – LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES

PROCEDURE:
6. Now that you have seen the
location of volcanoes, mountain
ranges, and majority of
earthquake epicenters, study
figure 2 on Map of Plate
boundaries once more.
 ACTIVITY 1 – LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES
QUESTIONS:
Q1. How are earthquakes distributed
on the map?
Q2. Where are they located?
Q3. Where are there no earthquakes?
Q4. Why is it important for us to
identify areas which are prone to
earthquakes?
 ACTIVITY 1 – LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES
QUESTIONS:
Q5. How are volcanoes
distributed?
Q6. Where are they located?
Q7. Based on the map, mention
a country that is unlikely to
experience a volcanic eruption.
 ACTIVITY 1 – LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES
QUESTIONS:
Q8. Compare the location of majority of
earthquake epicenters with the location of
volcanoes around the world.
Q9. How will you relate the distribution of
mountain ranges with the distribution of
earthquake epicenters and volcanoes?
Q10. What do you think is the basis of
scientists in dividing Earth’s lithosphere into
several plates?
 The seven
major plates
include the
African,
Antarctic,
Eurasian, North
American,
South
American,
India-
Australian, and
the Pacific
plates. Some of
the minor plates
include the
Arabian,
Caribbean,
Nazca, and
MAJOR AND MINOR PLATES Scotia plates.
MERCATOR PROJECTION WORLD MAP – “Compromise Projection
GALL-PETERS PROJECTION WORLD MAP
 ACCOMPLISH THIS
ACTIVITY!

ACTIVITY 1 – LET’S MARK THE

BOUNDARIES
 ACTIVITY 1 – LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES

Q1. How are earthquakes

distributed on the map?
A1: The world’s earthquakes
are not randomly distributed
over the Earth’s surface. They
tend to be concentrated in
narrow zones.
 ACTIVITY 1 – LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES

Q2. Where are they

located?
A2: Some are located near
the edges of the continents,
some are in mid continents,
while others are in oceans.
 ACTIVITY 1 – LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES
Q3: Where are there no
earthquakes?
A3: Some of the possible answers
are: large part of the Pacific
ocean, northernmost Asia,
majority of Europe, eastern portion
of North and South America and
western Africa.
 ACTIVITY 1 – LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES
Q4: Why is it important for us to
identify areas which are prone to
earthquakes?
A4: It is important to identify areas
which are prone to earthquakes so
that necessary precautions could be
done if ever you’re living in one of
those places.
 ACTIVITY 1 – LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES

Q5: How are volcanoes

distributed?
A5: Volcanoes are not
randomly distributed.
Majority of them are found
along the edges of some
continents.
 ACTIVITY 1 – LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES

Q6: Where are they located?

A6: Majority are found along
the edges of some
continents, particularly in the
western coast of North and
South America, East and
South East Asia.
 ACTIVITY 1 – LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES

Q7: Based on the map,

mention a country that is
unlikely to experience a
volcanic eruption.
A7: Answers may vary
 ACTIVITY 1 – LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES

Q8: Compare the location of

majority of earthquake epicenters
with the location of volcanoes
around the world.
A8: Earthquake epicenters and
volcanoes are both situated at the
same locations.
 ACTIVITY 1 – LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES
Q9: How will you relate the
distribution of mountain ranges with
the distribution of earthquake
epicenters and volcanoes?
A9: Mountain ranges are found in
places where volcanoes and/or
earthquake epicenters are also
located.
 ACTIVITY 1 – LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES
Q10: What do you think is the basis of
scientists in dividing Earth’s
lithosphere into several plates?
A10: Geologic activities such as
seismicity (occurrence of
earthquake), volcanism and
mountain formation are the basis of
scientists in dividing Earth’s
lithosphere.
 TELL ME WHAT YOU LEARN!

Remember that plates are in constant motion.

As they interact along their margins, important
geologic processes take places, such as the
formation of major mountain ranges, active
volcanoes, and earthquake epicenters. It
means to say that, where there are
earthquakes, crusts can either meet or move
apart and form mountains and volcanoes.
 ACCOMPLISH THIS
ACTIVITY!

PERFORMANCE TASK 1:
IT’S TIME TO BOOST OUR
AWARENESS
 PERFORMANCE TASK 1: IT’S TIME TO
BOOST OUR AWARENESS
What you need:
•long bond paper
•a pencil or ball pen
•a ruler or any straight edge
•any coloring material (crayons, markers,
color pencil)
 PERFORMANCE TASK 1: IT’S TIME TO
BOOST OUR AWARENESS
What you have to do: Evacuation Plan
Refer to SLM page 30 - 31
1. Draw a floor plan or rough draft of your house.
Label each room.
2. Identify where the windows and doors are located.
These can be your exit points during calamities or
emergencies. Label them properly. Color the EXIT
points GREEN.
 PERFORMANCE TASK 1: IT’S TIME TO
BOOST OUR AWARENESS
3. Locate possible HAZARDS or HINDRANCES like tall
cabinets, fire or electricity sources, glass objects, or
hanging objects that may drop. Draw their exact
positions in your house. Label them properly. Color
them RED.
4. From your bedrooms or sleeping areas, identify the
most common safe exit point for your entire family.
Then draw a BLUE ARROW from these sleeping areas
going to the identified safest exit.
 PERFORMANCE TASK 1: IT’S TIME TO
BOOST OUR AWARENESS
5. Identify the specific locations of your
medicine/emergency kit, fire extinguisher, Go bags,
and important documents. Draw them also in your
plan. Label them properly. Color them YELLOW.
6. Orient your family about the possible hazards and
safest exit. You can have another copy of this plan to
be posted in your living room if you wish to. It would
also be nice if important emergency hotline numbers
are listed on another sheet of paper.
SAMPLE FLOOR PLAN
Make an
evacuation plan
and indicate the
following:
GREEN – Safe exit
points
RED – Hazards/
Hindrances
BLUE – Arrows
going to safe exit
points
Yellow –
Emergency
supplies/ materials
 PERFORMANCE TASK 1: IT’S TIME TO
BOOST OUR AWARENESS
Standards Rubric
Required Elements (followed the instructions) 10 points
Labels (properly labeled and colored) 10 points
Grammar and Spelling (English and/or vernacular) 5 points
Impact (attractive and neat) 5 points
TOTAL - 30 points
 PLATE
MOVEMENT
 Three
types of
Plate
Boundaries
Divergent Boundary
Plate move apart, creating a zone of tension.
Convergent Boundary
Two plates are moving toward each other
creating a zone where plates collide.
Transform Fault Boundary
Plates slide or grind past each other without
diverging or converging.
Type of Plate Divergent Convergent Transform Fault

Motion Spreading Collision/Subduction Lateral Sliding

Constructive Destructive Conservative
Effect (Oceanic lithosphere (Oceanic lithosphere (Lithosphere is neither
created) destroyed) created nor destroyed)
Trench, Mountain,
Topography Ridge/Raft No feature created
Volcano
Volcanic
Activity
Yes Yes No

Earthquake Yes Yes Yes

Feature
 Cross-
sectional
diagram of
converging
continental
and oceanic
plates
 Cross-
sectional
diagram of
converging
continental
and oceanic
plates
Cross-sectional diagram of
converging oceanic plates
 Cross-sectional diagram of
converging continental plates
 Type Of
Geologic Formation Geologic Feature Subsequent Effect
Convergence

❖ Grinding of plates
❖ Formation of a volcano
Continental and ❖ Trench in the oceanic against each other is the
❖ Arc near the edge of a
Oceanic crust occurrence of
continental leading plate
earthquakes

❖ Formation of trenches
❖ The leading edge of the
❖ The molten material will ❖ Underwater
subducted plate will
rise to the surface earthquakes, especially
eventually reach the
creating a volcanic island the stronger ones, can
Oceanic and Oceanic mantle causing it to melt
arc parallel to the generate tsunamis. The
and turn into magma.
trench. Japanese term for harbor
❖ e.g. the Philippine wave.
islands
❖ A collision zone is
formed. ❖ Large group of tall
Continental and ❖ Shallow earthquake
❖ Subduction ceases for this mountains called
Continental activities
particular type of mountain range.
convergence.
Formation of a volcanic island arc
 Sundaland
block of
Eurasian
Plate which
includes
Palawan,
Mindoro,
and
Zamboanga
Subduction of Philippine Sea Plate
Formation of Mid-Ocean ridge (Diagram by Phyllis Newbill)
Development of a rift valley
San Andreas Fault
The Taal Lake
The Taal Volcano
Mt. Pinatubo
Hot spot forming a chain of volcanoes
The Hawaiian Islands
A “hot
spot” is an
area in the
mantle from
which hot
materials
rise as a
thermal
plume.
High heat and
lower pressure
at the base of
the lithosphere
(tectonic plate)
facilitates
melting of the
rock. This melt,
called magma,
rises through
cracks and
erupts to form
As the tectonic
plate moves over
the stationary
hot spot, the
volcanoes are
rafted away and
new ones form
in their place.
This results in
chains of
volcanoes, such
as the Hawaiian
 THANK YOU!
UNIT 1: MODULE 1
PLATE TECTONICS:
Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Mountain Ranges
MR. CLENMER P. LOCSIN
Science 10 Teacher
San Miguel National High School