V rho cp CL k A all parameters of fluid contributing to Ht named h

For cond conv both we need a medium but not so with radiation

Absolute 0 mtlb 0 K or 0 rankine

Sunrays ke travel karte hue solar system ko lighten ya heat nhi karti h

They heat and lighten earth only but distance between earth and space is dark

Gyan Prakash ahr koi karta h chahe gyan ho y ana ho

Fraction- property of medium . space me no medium so no friction

Emitted energy

Reflected energy

Radiocity

If no incident energy then no reflected and only emitted energy or radiocity

Sun behaves like black body

Law governing energy radiated in radiation is Stephan boltzman law

Black body ka mtlb black nhi puri but mostly black

Black becoz it absorbs mostly of light falling onit

A body appears black when it absorbs all energy falling on it

Black body don’t reflect any energy so radiocity = emitted energy

A black body doesn’t only have absorbptivity 1 but also emissivity 1

Ya to body emit karti h ya absorb but not all

Direct contact- cond, indirect contact- conv, no contact-Radiation

Neglected at normal temperature

Emissive power same definition but not for all wavelengths but for a particular wavelength

Jaise thin strip ke liye define karke integrate kar dete h waise hi monochromatic – ek wavelength ke liye
define karke sabke liye nikal lete h

Blackbody is a benchmark for our studies

All wavelength ke liye word – total

All direction ke liye word= hemispherical

Monochromatic(hemispherical emissive = emissive)power

Monochrome emiss power= differential of total emissive power

Jab bhi exponential ka function non linear to convert it to liear

Jis temp pe Eb define kiya usi pe E define karte h coz Eb is defined at particular temp

Radiation thermometer se nonblack body ki emissivity or black body ki usme calibrated hoti h already

Jaise cond me k material ki property and available in literature conv me HTC medium ki property
&avaiabe in literature

Isi tarah epsilon surface ki property & available in literature

Table just for reference remember the observations

Just like total hemispherical emissivity total hemispherical emissivity also exists

No need of radius of earth coz its just a dot compared to suns

Radiation- sun ne kitna diya earth ne kitna liya

Eblamda is sontinuous

Temp jyada Eblamda jyada coz temp jyada to emissive power bhi jyada

Jitna jyada temp utni chhoti wavelength ki light emit hogi

Temp inc se Eblamda inc but emit short wavelength ki jyada karega

Plancks law integ- stephans

Diff- weins disp

Noneed to remember the diff remember stephans law

Irradiation – flux received

Emissivity= flux reflected

Total hemispherical nhi lika tab bhi h coz hum ek nhi har dirxn ki study karte h

Opaque=transmittivity=0

Alpha lamda vs amda tells absorptivity

Qlamda vs lamda ka integration irradiation

Half hemisphere-absolute white/diffused body

Hemispherical- white body

Jis angle pe aayi usi pegyi=specular/ diathermaneous

5%ka 95%absorbed &5%reflected and goes on till all energy absorbed

Binomial in case 2 not neglected exponential coz its having variable T can’t neglect it
Non black sara absorb nhi karegi apni absorptivity ke according absorb karegi

E energy emitted by non black

Agar surface transparent nhi diya to assume opaque, transmittivity=0

Epsilon is not const it depends on wavelength, surface properties etc so if we say epsilon of a surface is
1.5 not possible sabke liye 0.5. KIrchoffs law valid for grey body

E & Eb both function of lamda and hance epsilon is function of lamda so to make calc easy we assume its
const value

Grey body used for non black body & says= epsilon is <1 for non black but rhegi const

Grey body= aisi non black body jiska emissivity const

Const for validation of kirchoff and easy calc

Epsilon lamda const for gray body & out of integ

Har lamda ke liye e lamda equal to overall ke liye bhi whi

1 surface se nikli energy 2 pe kitni pahuchi it depend on geometry of surface, kitni door h, body 1 se
dikhti kaisi h , etc

To kmow role of radiation in industry, solar panel ,

radiation ka contribution h ya nhi in industry if h to kitna % contribution h

View factor tells ki exact kitni energy mili h for heat exchange b/w 2 surface . khud pe kitni energy aayi ,
etc by self view fator. w/o knowing kitni receive ki we can’t study ht

Agr view same to symmetric rule like aaas pas ki wall same view thn front to energy from me on aas pas
ki wall same but on front will be diff and greater than those on aas pas wall

From reciprocity theorem fraction received by surface 1 is proportional to Aof surface 1 and fraction of
energy received by surface 2 is proportional to A of surface 2

Heat exchange in annulus region

Solve Q by visualisingsurface bhi emit karegi Eb usne li alpaEb

Eb’ due to surface temp

Eb due to surrounding temp

F32 not possible coz don’t know slant height

Suppose this shape as window of dept w

3 keliye 1 2 equal same area for 1 2 so dono same energy receive krengeF31=F32

CONDENATION PART1
How to represent Q in terms of potential diff and resis in radiartion

Gi= total hemispherical radiation

Absorbed \, radiant and emitted radiant fluxes

Rhoi is opaque zoz not transparent so can write reflectivity in terms of absorptivity

Kirchof= for black and non black body contact, absorptivity = emissivity

Energy balance= pocket me kitna aaya kitna gya