Introduction to

Thermal Processes
ME2721
(Heat Transfer)-Radiation
SISIRA WEERSEKARALAGE

15/09/2019 THERMODYNAMICS 1
Heat Transfer
We studied Heat transfer processes for
◦ Closed systems
◦ Open system

◦ But we do not analyze the heat transfer process itself with above systems

◦ Therefore it is necessary to find out rate of heat transfer through many

mediums……!!!!

15/09/2019 THERMODYNAMICS 2
Modes of Heat Transfer
◦ Conduction
◦ Convection
◦ Radiation

15/09/2019 THERMODYNAMICS 3
Mode of heat transfer
Radiation

15/09/2019 THERMODYNAMICS 5
Radiation
•All matter continuously emits electromagnetic radiation unless its
temperature is absolute zero. It is found that the higher the
temperature then the greater is the amount of energy radiated.
•If, therefore, two bodies at different temperatures arc so placed that
the radiation from each body is intercepted by the other, then the
body at the lower temperature will receive more energy than it
is radiating, and hence its internal energy will increase;
•similarly the internal energy of the body at the higher temperature
will decrease. Thus there is a net transfer of energy from the high-
temperature body to the low-temperature body by virtue of the
temperature difference between the bodies.
•This form of energy transfer satisfies the definition of heat given in
section I.I, and hence we may say that heat is transferred by
radiation.
•Radiant energy, being electromagnetic radiation, requires no
medium for its transfer.

15/09/2019 THERMODYNAMICS 6
Radiation
Thermal radiation consist of electromagnetic waves emitted due to the
agitation of the molecules of a substance (like light waves).
Radiation striking a body can be
◦ Absorbed by the body(Absorptivity=α),
◦ Reflected from the body(Reflectivity=ρ) and
◦ Transmitted through the body (Transmissivity=τ)

The sum of all three components is = α+ ρ+ τ=1

For solids and liquids transmissivity is negligible.

α+ ρ =1
Define ideal body which absorbs all the radiation from fallen rays is known as Black
body. For Black body α=1 and ρ =0 (Does not necessarily imply Black to eye)

15/09/2019 THERMODYNAMICS 7
Black body - Example
Consider small hole on in the surface of a wall. The hole leads into a small
chamber which successively absorbs all the entered thermal radiation. But in
this chamber, negligible amount of radiation is emitted from the hole or
chamber considered.
This hole act as a black body as the most approximated real black body
Further, Inside surface of the chamber can be made of a material with a high
absorptivity (ex.. Lamp black)

15/09/2019 THERMODYNAMICS 8
Emissive power
The energy radiated per unit area per unit time
Also it can be seen
Black body for radiation
Best possible absorber = Best possible Emitter
If we Keep another body equivalent to black body at the same position
within the enclosure
Then the body is not black and hence will only absorb
Fraction of Energy it receives.

15/09/2019 THERMODYNAMICS 9
Absorptivity - α
Emissive Power = EB
Absorptivity of the body = α
Rate of Absorption = αEB
Eabsorbed = EEmitted
If body has Emissive of E
E = αEB
α = E / EB
Since α less than 1 Then E < EB

15/09/2019 THERMODYNAMICS 10
Emissivity - Є
Black body is the best possible emitter of radiation.
Emissivity - Є
The ratio of the emissive power of a body to a emissive power
of black body(identical to said) is called emissivity (Є)
From the equation α = E / EB
With above equation it can be seen that when two bodies are at
same temperature
Absorptivity (α) = Emissivity (Є)
This is known as Kirchhoff's law

15/09/2019 THERMODYNAMICS 11
Kirchhoff's law
(Emissivity =absorptivity @ same Temp))

The emissivity of a body radiating energy

at a temperature T is equal to the
absorptivity of the body when receiving
energy from a source at a temperature T

15/09/2019 THERMODYNAMICS 12
The Gray Body
Emissive power
per micrometer

Black Body

Black Body
C

A
Wavelength
/ AC Єλ = α λ = AB / AC
= AB / AC

THERMODYNAMICS 13
Gray Body cont..d
Є λ = α λ = AB / AC

Є λ = Monochromatic Emissivity
α λ = Monochromatic Absorptivity
Practically emissivity varies with wave length for different materials
But certain materials emissivity is practically constant over the entire
wave band.(Slate)
But practically , Surfaces are treated to have constant emissivity over all
wavelengths and all temperatures.

15/09/2019 THERMODYNAMICS 14
Gray body
Gray body
It is a body with constant emissivity over all wavelength and for all
Temperatures.
For Gray body α = Є, @ all Temperatures over all wavelengths

15/09/2019 THERMODYNAMICS 15
 Emissive Power
Emissive power of a body increases as the temperature of the body is
increased.
Emissive power 2800 K 2800 K
Of Black body 2800 K
per micrometer

1250 K
Visible band

800 K

550 K

Wavelength
We can say More Energy is emitted over through shorter wave lengths.

15/09/2019 THERMODYNAMICS 16
Wiens’s law
It gives the values of the wavelength for maximum emissive power
λ max = 2900 / T
Where λ max = Wavelength (μm )
T = Temperature (K)
Limit of Visible spectrum
λ = 0.4 μm @ Red end
λ = 0.8 μm @ Blue end

15/09/2019 THERMODYNAMICS 17
The Stefan Boltzman law
The emissive power of a black body is directly proportional to the fourth
power of its absolute temperature.
EB α T4
Emissive power = EB = σ T4
σ = 5.6x10-8 W/m2K4 = Boltzman constant
The rate of energy emitted by a non-blackbody
E = Є σ T4 Where Є = Emissivity of the body

15/09/2019 THERMODYNAMICS 18
Energy Transfer-(Emission & Absorption)
Body 1(@ Є1 , T1 ) is completely surrounded by
Black surrounding @ T2 (lower than T1 )
Rate of Energy Emission (Body 1) =EB,1 = Є σ T14
Rate of Energy Emission (Black Surrounding) =EB,S = σ T24
Fraction of this energy is absorbed by Body-1 depends
on absorptivity of body 1

For Gray body α=Є

Rate of Energy Absorption =Є σ T24 = α σ T24

15/09/2019 THERMODYNAMICS 19
Heat Transfer -to the outside
The rate of heat transferred from the body to its surrounding per square
meter of the body - q
Rate of Heat Transfer - Outer Surrounding = q= Є σ T14 - α σ T24
= Є σ T1 4 - Є σ T 2 4
= Є σ (T14 - T24 )
If the emissivity of the body at T1 is largely different from the emissivity
of the body T2 . Then approximation for Gray body is not valid.
Therefore = q = ЄT1 σ T14 – ЄT2 σ T24

15/09/2019 THERMODYNAMICS 20
You Do!!!!!
You refer the notes again
(Conduction Convection & Radiation)
and do Solved questions……

THERMODYNAMICS 21