Chapter No.

19(Dawn Of Modern Physics)

Q1: What are the measurements on which two observers are in relative motion are
always agree?
Ans: Two observers will always agree upon
 Speed of light because it is a universal constt.
 Temperature, pressure because they donot depend upon the relative motion.
 Lengths perpendicular to their motion because perpendicular lengths are not affected.
Q2: Does time dilation means time really dilates or it appears that the time has dilated?
Ans: Time dilation is a real phenomenon. It has been experimentally proven that time passes slowly in a
fast-moving system.
e.g. Lifetime of a pion (𝜋 + & 𝜋 − ) at rest is about 26 ns. in a particular experiment if accelerated at a
speed of 0.913c, the lifetime increases and they can cover more distance before decaying. so time
dilation is a real phenomenon.
However, real time loses its significance in these cases. Rather we use proper time which is the
shortest measurable time.
Q3: If you are moving in a space-ship at a very high speed relative to Earth. Would you
observe a difference in
a) Your pulse rate
b) The pulse rate of the people on Earth
Ans: a) No, there will be no change in the pulse rate as there is no relative ovement.
If we are moving fast, then we are at rest with respect to the system and thus to the frame of
reference. So, no change in the pulse rate is observed.
b) The pulse rate of people on the earth will be faster w.r.t to moving observer and the pulse rate of
moving observer will be lower (time interval increased) w. r. t. people on earth.
According to special theory of relativity,
𝑡0
𝑡= 2
√1−𝑣2
𝑐
i.e. t > t0
So, our time will be dilated. Hence our pulse will be slow as compared to the people at the Earth.
Q4: If speed of light were infinite what would be the eqns. Of relativity reduced to?
Ans: If c  ∞, then
𝑣2
√1 − =1
𝑐2
𝑚0
𝑚= 2
= m0  ∆𝑚 = 0
√1−𝑣2
𝑐
 𝑡0
𝑡= 2
= 𝑡0  ∆𝑡 = 0
√1−𝑣2
𝑐

𝑣2
𝑙 = 𝑙0 (√1 − ) = 𝑙0  ∆𝑙 = 0
𝑐2

∆𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 2 = 𝑚∞2 = ∞
So there will be no change in length, mass & time.
Q5: Since mass is form of energy. Can we conclude that mass of a compressed spring is
greater than an uncompressed spring?
Ans: Yes, there is more mass in the compressed spring than an uncompressed spring.
According to Einstein eqn.
∆𝐸 = ∆𝑚𝑐 2
Energy and mass are inter convertible. When we compress a spring work is done. This work is
changed into absolute P.E. which is converted into mass. Hence by,
∆𝐸
∆𝑚 =
𝑐2
Since c is very large, so change in mass is negligibly small.
2

Q6: As a solid is heated and it begins to glow. Why does it first appear red?
Ans: When a body is heated, it first emits low energy photons. By eqn,
ℎ𝑐
𝐸=
𝜆
So longer wavelength photons are emitted. As red has the largest wavelength in the visible region,
so the body first appear red. By wien’s law 𝜆 𝑥 𝑇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Q7: What happens to the radiations from a black body if absolute temperature is
doubled?
Ans: If temp is doubled the total energy emitted by radiations becomes 16 times.
According to Stephen Boltzman’s law,
𝐸 = 𝜎𝑇 4
If T’ = 2T then
𝐸 ′ = 𝜎2𝑇 4
𝐸′ = 16𝜎𝑇 4
𝐸′ = 16𝐸
So energy radiated is increased by 16 times.
Q8: A beam of red and blue light have same energy. Which beam has greater no of
photons?

Ans: 𝐸𝑟 = 𝑛𝑟 𝜆
ℎ𝑐
𝑟
ℎ𝑐
And 𝐸𝑏 = 𝑛𝑏 𝜆
𝑏
As Eb=Er
ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
 𝑛𝑏 𝜆 = 𝑛𝑟 𝜆
𝑏 𝑟
 𝑛𝑟 𝜆𝑟
 𝑛𝑏
=
𝜆𝑏
As 𝜆𝑟 > 𝜆𝑏 so, 𝑛𝑟 > 𝑛𝑏
No. of photons of red is greater.
Q9: Which photon blue, green or red has more energy and momentum?
Ans: Energy is given by E = hf
 𝐸∝𝑓
Frequency of blue is the greatest, hence it has max energy.
So, fblue>fgreen>fred
 Eblue>Egreen>Ered
Momentum is given by,
ℎ
𝑝=
𝜆
1
𝑝∝
𝜆
As 𝜆𝑟𝑒𝑑 > 𝜆𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 > 𝜆𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒
So pblue>pgreen>pred
Hence momentum of blue is max.
Q10: Which of these have lower energy quanta? X-rays or radio waves?
Ans: Radio waves have lower energy quanta because,
E = hf  𝐸 ∝ 𝑓
fx-rays>>fradio waves
So, Ex-rays>>Eradio waves
Hence the X-rays have high energy quanta.
Q11: Brightness primarily depends upon frequency or no. of photons?
Ans: Brightness depends upon the no. of photons and not on frequency
As brightness or intensity means the energy delivered per unit area per unit time. So, brightness
depends upon no. of photons.
E= hf
E = nhf
E∝n
Q12: When UV light is fallen on some dyes, it emits visible light. Why does not happen
when IR is fallen?
Ans: UV contains photons of high frequency and higher energy. They can excite the atoms. On the de-
excitation they emit visible light.
E = hf  𝐸 ∝ 𝑓
ℎ𝑐
E=
1
 𝐸∝𝜆
𝜆
Frequency of UV= 1015—1019Hz
Frequency of IR= 1012—1014Hz
So, UV have greater energy. They can cause emission of visible light. But the IR cannot cause
emission due to low energy quanta.
Q13: Will bright light eject more electrons from the surface than a dimmer light of same
colour?
Ans: Yes, bright light will emit more electrons than a dimmer light of same colour if it lies above the
threshold frequency. Because bright light contains greater no. of photons and,
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 ∝ 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
Therefore intense light will cause more emission.
Q14: Will higher frequency of light emit more electrons than the lower frequency light?
Ans: two cases arise
Case-1: if both frequencies lie above threshold frequency, both will emit same no of electrons
Case-2: No, both the photons will emit same no. of electrons because,
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 ∝ 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠
No. of electrons does not depend upon the frequency and depends only on the intensity. Therefore both
lights will emit same no. of electrons.
Q15: When light shines on a surface, is momentum transferred to the metal surface?
Ans: Classical view: According to the classical view, light consists of the waves and falls on metal
surface in form of wave fronts. Energy is uniformly distributed over wave fronts. When light shines
on the metal surface, energy and momentum both are transferred to the metal surface.
Quantum View : According to quantum theory, light consists of particles (photons). When light shines
on a metal surface, there is one to one collision between photons and electrons. So only energy is
transferred to the metal.
Q16: Why is red light used in photographic dark room when developing films but not
blue or white light?
Ans: Red light has longer wavelength and thus have lower energy quanta. As, 𝑬 ∝ 𝝀
𝟏

As blue and white light have low wavelengths, they have high energy and can affect the photo-
graphic plates
Q17: Photon A has twice energy than photon B. what is ratio of their momentum?
Ans: Let energy of photon A = EA
Energy of photon B = EB
EA = 2 EB
As E and momentum p are related as,
E = pc
𝐸
 p=
𝑐
 𝐸𝐴
pA =
𝑐
𝐸𝐵
pB =
𝑐
2𝐸𝐵
 pA =
𝑐
𝑝𝐴 2
=
𝑝𝐵 1
So the ratio of their momentum is 2:1
Q18: Why we do not we observe Compton effect by ordinary light?
Ans: Compton effect is not observed with ordinary light due to its lower energy.
ℎ𝑐 1
E= 𝜆  𝐸 ∝𝜆
For Compton effect wavelength must be very small, so that its energy is very high to impart energy to
an electron. But visible light does not have this much energy to cause Compton effect. That’s why we
do not observe Compton effect through a visible light.
Compton shift is of the order of 10-12m which is not possible to be achieved with visible light.

Q19: Can pair production take place in vacuum?

Ans: No, pair production cannot take place in a vacuum.
For pair production to occur, a heavy nucleus is required to conserve Energy and momentum. but in
vacuum no such nucleus is present. so pair production does not take place in vacuum otherwise it will
be a violation of law of conservation of momentum.
Q20: Is it possible to create a single electron from Energy?
Ans: No, it is not possible to create a single electron from Energy.
Electron means a negative charge. But photon does not have any charge. Creation of single charge
i.e. electron will be against the law of conservation of charge. So its not possible.
So in the phenomenon of pair production always an electron and positron are produced to conserve
charge. A single charge cannot be created.
Q21: If electrons behave like particles only, what would be the pattern after passing
through the double slit?
Ans: If electrons behave like particles only then they would pass through the slits to fall straight on the
screen producing exact image of the double slit. But in actual bright and dark fringes are produced
proving their wave nature.
Q22: If electrons and proton have same de-Broglie wavelength which particle has
greater speed?
Ans: Electron will have greater speed. Because,
ℎ
According to de-Broglie eqn. 𝜆 = 𝑚𝑣
ℎ 1
 𝑣 = 𝑚𝜆  𝑣 ∝𝑚
 As mass of proton is 1836 times greater than the electron mass so its velocity will be less than an
electron.
Q23: We donot observe de-Broglie wavelength for a cricket ball. Why?
Ans: According to de-Broglie eqn.
ℎ 1
𝜆=
𝑚𝑣
 𝜆∝𝑚
Cricket ball has a very large mass and hence wavelength associated with it is very very small.
So de-Broglie wavelength is not observed.
Q24: If following particles have same energy, which would have shortest wavelength?
e-, He, 𝟏𝟎𝒏, proton
Ans: 𝛼-particle will have smallest wavelength. According to de-Broglie eqn.
ℎ 1
𝜆=
𝑚𝑣
 𝜆∝𝑚
As 𝛼-particle have the highest mass, so it will shortest wavelength.
1
Also, 𝐾. 𝐸. = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
2
𝑚𝑣 = 2 𝐾. 𝐸.
Multiplying by m
𝑚2 𝑣 2 = 2(𝑚)𝐾. 𝐸.
mv = √2(𝑚)𝐾. 𝐸.
ℎ
𝜆=
𝑚𝑣
Putting value of mv we have,
ℎ
𝜆=
√2(𝑚)𝐾.𝐸.
1
 𝜆∝
√𝑚
In this case mass is
𝑚 42𝛼 > 𝑚 10𝑛 > 𝑚 +11𝑃 > 𝑚 −10𝑒
So 𝛼 has the smallest wavelength.
Q25: When does light behaves as, (a) Wave (b)Particle.
Ans: Light behaves as a wave,
In refraction, reflection, interference, diffraction and polarization.
When energy of photon is less than 10-10eV it cannot be detected as a quanta and behaves as a wave.
Light behaves like a particle,
In photoelectric effect, Compton effect and pair production
When energy of photon is about 10MeV, they can easily be detected as Quanta and not as a wave.
Q26: What are advantages of electron microscope over light microscope?
Ans: There are following advantages of electron microscope,
Resolving power of electron microscope is 0.5nm and that of optical microscope is 0.2 𝜇𝑚
Magnification of electron microscope is thousand times more than light microscope.
Internal details and image is obtained by Electron Microscope.
A 3-D image can be made of remarkable quality through an Electron Microscope.
Q27: Measurements to show precise position for electron? Can it can show precise
momentum? Explain?
Ans: No, according to Heisenberg’s principle,
Those measurements obtained from the electrons does not give accurate position.
According to uncertainty principle, ∆𝑥. ∆𝑝 ≈ ℎ
Now if position is measured precisely, ∆𝑥 = 0
ℎ
0. ∆𝑝 ≈ ℎ ⟹ ∆𝑝 ≈ ⟹ ∆𝑝 ≈∞
0
Hence the measurement of momentum will not be precise.