Fundamental Concepts On Language VALLENTE JOHN PAUL C

Purposive Communication
Prepared by:
JOHN PAUL C. VALLENTE

Assistant Professor
jcvallente@mmsu.edu.ph
PART ONE:
Fundamental Concepts
on Language
Objectives
• To describe the nature of language
• To explain the various functions of language

I. What is Language?
• Language can only be called language if:
a) it has a system of rules (grammar)
b) a sound system (phonology)
c) a vocabulary (lexicon)
Madrunio, M. R. & Martin, I. P. (2018). Purposive communication: Using English in multilingual

contexts. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
I. What is Language? ...
I. What is Language? ...
• Language vs. Dialect
 Dialect is a regional variety of language distinguished by
features of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation from
other regional varieties and constituting together with them a
single language*
*Definition from Merriam Webster Dictionary

II. What are the Functions of Language?
• Haliday (1975) identifies seven functions of language that children
demonstrate in their early years. The first four functions—
instrumental, regulatory, interactional, and personal—help the
child to address his/her physical, emotional, and social needs. On
the other hand, the next three functions—heuristic, imaginative,
and representational—help the child to adapt to his/her
environment.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1975). Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development of language.
London: Edward Arnold. (New York: Elsevier, 1977)
II. What are the Functions of Language? ...
• According to Roman Jakobson, we can classify the functions of
language into six factors, which are necessary for successful
communication:
1. Context
2. Addresser
3. Addressee
4. Contact
5. Common Code
6. Message
ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved from
https://elcomblus.com/functions-of-language-by-roman-jakobson/
• A message is sent by the addresser (a sender, or enunciator) to the
addressee (a receiver, or enunciatee). The message cannot be
understood outside of a context. A code should be common fully
or at least partially to the addresser and addressee. A contact which
is physical channel and psychological connection between addresser
and addressee is necessary for both of them to enter and stay in
communication.

• Each of the six factors has a different function of language. The
diversity in these functions is a result of a different hierarchical
order of functions. The functions are:
1. Referential Function
2. Emotive Function
3. Conative Function
4. Phatic Function
5. Metalingual Function
6. Poetic Function

Referential Function Example
denotative, cognitive function The earth is round.

which is oriented toward the
context Water boils at 100 degrees.
most obvious function of

language

Emotive Function Example
also known as expressive Yuck!
function that focuses on the
addresser Ouch!
to express emotions although Oh!

no information is orally
provided *interjections

Conative Function Example
an orientation toward Drink!
addressee
Go away.
finds its purest grammatical
expression in evocative and Don’t do that.
imperative sentences

Phatic Function Example
sets for contact establishes, Hello!
prolongs, or discontinues the
communication Are you listening?
purpose is to maintain contact Do you hear me?

with the person we are talking
to

Metalingual Function Example
Code performs the metalingual What do you mean by “krill”?
function which is used
whenever the addresser and the What is plucked?
addressee need to check
whether they use the same code

Poetic Function Example
orientation toward message when we say “horrible Harry”
and the focus on the message instead of “terrible Harry” or
for its own sake “dreadful Harry”
linguistics cannot limit itself

just to the field of poetry

PART TWO:
Fundamental Concepts on
Communication
II. What are the Functions of
Language? ...
• To discuss the fundamental concepts on communication
• To describe the different components of the communication
process
• To explain the various types of communication models
introduced by experts
• To identify the causes of communication breakdown
• To discuss the ways of achieving successful communication
I. What is Communication?
• the process of meaning-making through a channel or medium
• communicares – to share or make ideas common
• exchange of ideas, concepts, and views between and among people where
various contexts come into play
• communication process is a dynamic process that begins with the
conceptualizing of ideas by the sender who then transmits the message through
a channel to the receiver, who in turn gives the feedback in the form of some
message or signal within the given time frame.
Suarez, C. A., Perfecto, M. R. G., Canilao, M. L. E. N., & Paez, D. B. I. (2018). Purposive
communication in English. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
II. What are the Components of
Communication Process?
Communication Process? ...
• Source : the sender who carefully crafts the message
• Message : the meaning shared between the sender and the receiver
• Channel : means by which a message is conveyed; may also be
termed as the medium
• Receiver : person who receives, comprehends, and interprets the
transmitted message
Wakat, G. S., Caroy, A. A., Paulino, F. B., Jose, M. J., Ordonio, M. R. M., Palangyos, A. C.,
Palangyos, S. M., Dizon, E. G. J., Dela Cruz, A. E., & Sao-an, M. B. (2018). Purposive
communication. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
Communication Process? ...
• Feedback : essential to confirm recipient understanding; maybe written,
spoken or acted out
• Environment : place, feeling, mood, mindset, and condition of both the
sender and the receiver; physical setup of a location where
communication takes place, including objects surrounding the sender and
the receiver
• Interference : barrier or noise that prevents effective communication
III. What are Samples of
Communication Models?
Communication Models? ...
IV. What Causes Communication
Breakdown?
• Ineffective and unsuccessful communication happens due to several reasons:
lack of proficiency in the language of communication
frequent use of idioms, jargons, or unfamiliar terms
stage fright
lack of sufficient knowledge on the topic/subject
lack of opportunity for clarification or further explanation
V. How Do We Achieve Successful
Communication?
• General Principles
 Know your purpose, audience, and topic
Assess your context and feedback
• According to Osborn (2009), there are 9Cs of effective oral and written
communication.
Communication? ...
1. Clarity – avoid the use of idioms, jargons, euphemisms, and
unfamiliar terms that will make your speech or writing
incomprehensible
2. Concreteness – messages must be supported by facts, such as
research data, statistics, or figures
3. Courtesy – be polite in terms of approach and manner of
addressing an individual
Communication? ...
4. Correctness – avoid glaring mistakes in grammar as these obscure
the meaning of a message
5. Consideration – message must be geared towards the audience;
the sender of the message must consider the interests, age,
ethnicity, and level of education of his/her audience
6. Creativity – ability to craft interesting messages in terms of
sentence structure and word choice
Communication? ...
7. Conciseness – avoid using lengthy expressions and words that may
confuse the recipient of the message; be simple and direct
8. Cultural Sensitivity – gender equality and cultural sensitivity
should be important standards for effective communication
9. Captivating – strive to make messages interesting to command
more attention and better responses from the audience
References
Madrunio, M. R. & Martin, I. P. (2018). Purposive communication: Using English in
multilingual contexts. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1975). Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development of
language. London: Edward Arnold. (New York: Elsevier, 1977)
Suarez, C. A., Perfecto, M. R. G., Canilao, M. L. E. N., & Paez, D. B. I. (2018).
Purposive communication in English. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University
Press.
Wakat, G. S., Caroy, A. A., Paulino, F. B., Jose, M. J., Ordonio, M. R. M., Palangyos,
A. C., Palangyos, S. M., Dizon, E. G. J., Dela Cruz, A. E., & Sao-an, M. B.
(2018). Purposive communication. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
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Purposive Communication

JOHN PAUL C. VALLENTE

• To explain the various functions of language

Madrunio, M. R. & Martin, I. P. (2018). Purposive communication: Using English in multilingual

*Definition from Merriam Webster Dictionary

ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved from

ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved from

denotative, cognitive function The earth is round.

most obvious function of

ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved from

to express emotions although Oh!

ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved from

ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved from

purpose is to maintain contact Do you hear me?

ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved from

ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved from

linguistics cannot limit itself

ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved from

Follow us for updates

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