Purposive Communication

Prepared by:

JOHN PAUL C. VALLENTE

Assistant Professor
jcvallente@mmsu.edu.ph
 PART ONE:
Fundamental
Concepts on Language
 Objectives
• To describe the nature of language

• To explain the various functions of language

I. What is Language?
• Language can only be called language if:
a) it has a system of rules (grammar)
b) a sound system (phonology)
c) a vocabulary (lexicon)

Madrunio, M. R. & Martin, I. P. (2018). Purposive communication: Using English in multilingual

contexts. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
I. What is Language?
...
I. What is Language?
...
• Language vs. Dialect
 Dialect is a regional variety of language distinguished by
features of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation from
other regional varieties and constituting together with them
a single language*

*Definition from Merriam Webster Dictionary

II. What are the Functions of Language?
• Haliday (1975) identifies seven functions of language that
children demonstrate in their early years. The first four functions
— instrumental, regulatory, interactional, and personal—help
the child to address his/her physical, emotional, and social needs.
On the other hand, the next three functions— heuristic,
imaginative, and representational—help the child to adapt to
his/her environment.

Halliday, M.A.K. (1975). Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development of language.
London: Edward Arnold. (New York: Elsevier, 1977)
II. What are the Functions of Language? ...

Halliday, M.A.K. (1975). Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development of language.
London: Edward Arnold. (New York: Elsevier, 1977)
II. What are the Functions of Language?
...

Halliday, M.A.K. (1975). Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development of language.
London: Edward Arnold. (New York: Elsevier, 1977)
II. What are the Functions of Language?
...

Halliday, M.A.K. (1975). Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development of language.
London: Edward Arnold. (New York: Elsevier, 1977)
II. What are the Functions of Language?
...

Halliday, M.A.K. (1975). Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development of language.
London: Edward Arnold. (New York: Elsevier, 1977)
II. What are the Functions of Language?
...

Halliday, M.A.K. (1975). Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development of language.
London: Edward Arnold. (New York: Elsevier, 1977)
II. What are the Functions of Language?
...

Halliday, M.A.K. (1975). Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development of language.
London: Edward Arnold. (New York: Elsevier, 1977)
II. What are the Functions of Language?
...

Halliday, M.A.K. (1975). Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development of language.
London: Edward Arnold. (New York: Elsevier, 1977)
II. What are the Functions of Language?
...
• According to Roman Jakobson, we can classify the functions of
language into six factors, which are necessary for successful
communication:
1. Context
2. Addresser
3. Addressee
4. Contact
5. Common Code
6. Message
ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved
from https://elcomblus.com/functions-of-language-by-roman-jakobson/
II. What are the Functions of Language? ...
• A message is sent by the addresser (a sender, or enunciator) to
the addressee (a receiver, or enunciatee). The message cannot be
understood outside of a context. A code should be common fully
or at least partially to the addresser and addressee. A contact
which is physical channel and psychological connection between
addresser and addressee is necessary for both of them to enter and
stay in communication.

ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved

from https://elcomblus.com/functions-of-language-by-roman-jakobson/
II. What are the Functions of Language?
...
• Each of the six factors has a different function of language. The
diversity in these functions is a result of a different hierarchical
order of functions. The functions are:
1. Referential Function
2. Emotive Function
3. Conative Function
4. Phatic Function
5. Metalingual Function
6. Poetic Function

ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved

from https://elcomblus.com/functions-of-language-by-roman-jakobson/
II. What are the Functions of Language?
...
Referential Function Example

denotative, cognitive function The earth is round.

which is oriented toward the
context Water boils at 100 degrees.

most obvious function

of language

ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved

from https://elcomblus.com/functions-of-language-by-roman-jakobson/
II. What are the Functions of Language?
...
Emotive Function Example
also known as expressive Yuck
function that focuses on the
addresser !

to express emotions although Ouch

no information is orally
provided ! Oh!

ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved

from https://elcomblus.com/functions-of-language-by-roman-jakobson/
II. What are the Functions of Language?
... *interjections

ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved

from https://elcomblus.com/functions-of-language-by-roman-jakobson/
II. What are the Functions of Language?
...
Conative Function Example
an orientation toward Drink!
addressee
Go
finds its purest
grammatical expression in away.
evocative and imperative
sentences Don’t do that.

ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved

from https://elcomblus.com/functions-of-language-by-roman-jakobson/
II. What are the Functions of Language?
...
Phatic Function Example
sets for contact establishes, Hello!
prolongs, or discontinues the
communication Are you listening?

purpose is to maintain Do you hear me?

contact with the person we
are talking to

ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved

from https://elcomblus.com/functions-of-language-by-roman-jakobson/
II. What are the Functions of Language?
...
Metalingual Function Example
Code performs the metalingual What do you mean by “krill”?
function which is used
whenever the addresser and What is plucked?
the addressee need to check
whether they use the same
code

ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved

from https://elcomblus.com/functions-of-language-by-roman-jakobson/
II. What are the Functions of Language?
...
Poetic Function Example
orientation toward message when we say “horrible
and the focus on the message Harry” instead of “terrible
for its own sake Harry” or “dreadful Harry”

linguistics cannot limit itself

just to the field of poetry

ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved

from https://elcomblus.com/functions-of-language-by-roman-jakobson/
 PART TWO:
Fundamental Concepts on
Communication
II. What are the Functions of
Language? ...
• To discuss the fundamental concepts on communication
• To describe the different components of the
communication process
• To explain the various types of communication
models introduced by experts
• To identify the causes of communication breakdown
• To discuss the ways of achieving successful communication
I. What is Communication?
• the process of meaning-making through a channel or medium
• communicares – to share or make ideas common
• exchange of ideas, concepts, and views between and among people where
various contexts come into play
• communication process is a dynamic process that begins with the
conceptualizing of ideas by the sender who then transmits the message
through a channel to the receiver, who in turn gives the feedback in the form
of some message or signal within the given time frame.
Madrunio, M. R. & Martin, I. P. (2018). Purposive communication: Using English in multilingual
contexts. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.

Suarez, C. A., Perfecto, M. R. G., Canilao, M. L. E. N., & Paez, D. B. I. (2018). Purposive
communication in English. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
II. What are the Components
of Communication Process?
II. What are the Components of
Communication Process? ...
• Source : the sender who carefully crafts the message
• Message : the meaning shared between the sender and the receiver
• Channel : means by which a message is conveyed; may also be
termed as the medium
• Receiver : person who receives, comprehends, and interprets the
transmitted message
Madrunio, M. R. & Martin, I. P. (2018). Purposive communication: Using English in multilingual
contexts. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.

Wakat, G. S., Caroy, A. A., Paulino, F. B., Jose, M. J., Ordonio, M. R. M., Palangyos, A.
C., Palangyos, S. M., Dizon, E. G. J., Dela Cruz, A. E., & Sao-an, M. B. (2018).
Purposive communication. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
II. What are the Components of
Communication Process? ...
• Feedback : essential to confirm recipient understanding; maybe
written, spoken or acted out
• Environment : place, feeling, mood, mindset, and condition of both
the sender and the receiver; physical setup of a location where
communication takes place, including objects surrounding the sender
and the receiver
• Interference : barrier or noise that prevents effective communication
Madrunio, M. R. & Martin, I. P. (2018). Purposive communication: Using English in multilingual
contexts. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.

Wakat, G. S., Caroy, A. A., Paulino, F. B., Jose, M. J., Ordonio, M. R. M., Palangyos, A.
C., Palangyos, S. M., Dizon, E. G. J., Dela Cruz, A. E., & Sao-an, M. B. (2018).
Purposive communication. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
III. What are Samples
Communication
of Models?
III. What are Samples of
Communication Models?
...
III. What are Samples of
Communication Models?
...
III. What are Samples of
Communication Models?
...
IV What Causes
. Communication Breakdown?
• Ineffective and unsuccessful communication happens due to several reasons:
lack of proficiency in the language of communication
frequent use of idioms, jargons, or unfamiliar terms
stage fright
lack of sufficient knowledge on the topic/subject
lack of opportunity for clarification or further explanation

Suarez, C. A., Perfecto, M. R. G., Canilao, M. L. E. N., & Paez, D. B. I. (2018).

Purposive communication in English. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Wakat, G. S., Caroy, A. A., Paulino, F. B., Jose, M. J., Ordonio, M. R. M., Palangyos, A.
C., Palangyos, S. M., Dizon, E. G. J., Dela Cruz, A. E., & Sao-an, M. B. (2018).
Purposive communication. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
V. How Do We Achieve Successful
Communication?
• General Principles
 Know your purpose, audience, and topic
Assess your context and feedback

• According to Osborn (2009), there are 9Cs of effective oral and

written communication.

Suarez, C. A., Perfecto, M. R. G., Canilao, M. L. E. N., & Paez, D. B. I. (2018).

Purposive communication in English. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.

Wakat, G. S., Caroy, A. A., Paulino, F. B., Jose, M. J., Ordonio, M. R. M., Palangyos, A.
C., Palangyos, S. M., Dizon, E. G. J., Dela Cruz, A. E., & Sao-an, M. B. (2018).
Purposive communication. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
V. How Do We Achieve Successful
Communication? ...
1. Clarity – avoid the use of idioms, jargons, euphemisms, and
unfamiliar terms that will make your speech or writing
incomprehensible
2. Concreteness – messages must be supported by facts, such as
research data, statistics, or figures
3. Courtesy – be polite in terms of approach and manner of
addressing an individual

Wakat, G. S., Caroy, A. A., Paulino, F. B., Jose, M. J., Ordonio, M. R. M., Palangyos, A.
C., Palangyos, S. M., Dizon, E. G. J., Dela Cruz, A. E., & Sao-an, M. B. (2018).
Purposive communication. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
V. How Do We Achieve Successful
Communication? ...
4. Correctness – avoid glaring mistakes in grammar as these
obscure the meaning of a message
5. Consideration – message must be geared towards the audience;
the sender of the message must consider the interests, age,
ethnicity, and level of education of his/her audience
6. Creativity – ability to craft interesting messages in terms of
sentence structure and word choice

Wakat, G. S., Caroy, A. A., Paulino, F. B., Jose, M. J., Ordonio, M. R. M., Palangyos, A.
C., Palangyos, S. M., Dizon, E. G. J., Dela Cruz, A. E., & Sao-an, M. B. (2018).
Purposive communication. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
V. How Do We Achieve Successful
Communication? ...
7. Conciseness – avoid using lengthy expressions and words that
may confuse the recipient of the message; be simple and direct
8. Cultural Sensitivity – gender equality and cultural sensitivity
should be important standards for effective communication
9. Captivating – strive to make messages interesting to command
more attention and better responses from the audience

Wakat, G. S., Caroy, A. A., Paulino, F. B., Jose, M. J., Ordonio, M. R. M., Palangyos, A.
C., Palangyos, S. M., Dizon, E. G. J., Dela Cruz, A. E., & Sao-an, M. B. (2018).
Purposive communication. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
References
Madrunio, M. R. & Martin, I. P. (2018). Purposive communication: Using English
in multilingual contexts. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1975). Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development
of language. London: Edward Arnold. (New York: Elsevier, 1977)
ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved
from https://elcomblus.com/functions-of-language-by-roman-jakobson/
Suarez, C. A., Perfecto, M. R. G., Canilao, M. L. E. N., & Paez, D. B. I. (2018).
Purposive communication in English. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University
Press.
Wakat, G. S., Caroy, A. A., Paulino, F. B., Jose, M. J., Ordonio, M. R. M., Palangyos,
A. C., Palangyos, S. M., Dizon, E. G. J., Dela Cruz, A. E., & Sao-an, M.
B. (2018). Purposive communication. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
Get in
Touch
WSenitdhusUasmessage
or visit us
Laoag City, Ilocos Norte,
Philippines
(63) 77-600-2014
cte@mmsu.edu.ph

Follow us for updates

facebook.com/MMSUofficial
www.mmsu.edu.ph