x -2 4 -1 1 0 0 q 1 3 9 2 4 2 4 FIGURE 1.5 Graph of the function in Example 2. 1.1 Functions and Their Graphs 3 gives a real y-value for every x in the closed interval in, | — x? is negative and its square root is not a real ‘given domain, and the square roots is(0, 1] . ‘The formula y = Vt= x? from =1 to 1, Oatside this dom number. The values of | — x? vary from 0 t9.1 on ‘of these values do the same, The range of V1 Graphs of Functions tion with domain D, its graph consists of the points in the Cartesian plane sare the input-output pairs for fn set notation, the graph is {(x fla) |xeD}. “The graph of the function f(x) = x + 2s the set of points with coordinates (x,y) for which y =r + 2. Its graph isthe straight Fine sketched in Figure 13. ‘The graph ofa funetion fis a useful picture ofits behavior. If (x,y) isa point on the raph, then y= f(x) is the height ofthe graph above the point x. The height may be posi- tive of negative, depending on the sign of f(x) Figure 14). FIGURE 1.3 The graph of f(x) =x +2 FIGURE 1.4 If (x,) lies on the graph of is the set of points (x,y) for which y has {fatten the value y= f(x) isthe height of the value x + 2 the graph above the point x (or below x if f(a) is negative). EXAMPLE 2 Graph the function y = x? over the interval [~2,2] Solution Make a table of xy-pairs that satisfy the equation y = x°. Plot the points (x, ») whose coordinates appear in the table, and draw a smooth curve (labeled with its equation) through the plotted points (see Figure 1). . ‘How do we know that the graph of doesn’t look like one of these curves? y16 Chapter 1: Functions, FIGURE 1.29. Tohiftthe graph of flx) = x up (or down), we add positive (or negative) constants to the formula for f (Examples 3a and). Bes: Veand g(a) = 2+ 1 find EXAMPLE 2 IF f(x) OU De @ wes). (@) (Fe gx) ) (g 2 A) Solution ok Composite : _ ee) €) (f+ 80) = lg) = Val) = Ve +1 a (0, 20) ©) (e° Als) = elf) = fle) + 1 = VE HT (© (f° ls) = ffl) = Vib) = VV = 2 ay © le) = gle) eeu) tact Nt LaX+2 (00,00) To sce why the domain of f © gis [—1, 00), notice that g(x) = x + | is defined for ay real x but belongs to the domain of f only if x + 1 = 0, that is to say, when x = —] . Notice that if f(x) = x2 and g(x) = Ve, then (f © g)(x) = (Vx)? = x. Honeve, the domain of f © g is[0, 00), not (—00, 00), since Vx requires x = 0. Shifting a Graph of a Function A common way to obtain a new funetion from an existing one is by adding a constant g each output ofthe existing function, oro its input variable. The graph ofthe new function is the graph of the original function shifted vertically or horizontally, as follows. Shift Formulas Vertical Shits vase) +k Shifts the graph of f up k units if k > 0 Shifts it down |x| units if k <0 Horizontal Shits ya fet hy Shifts the graph of f left h units if h > 0 Shifts it right |h| units if he < 0 EXAMPLE 3 (a) Adding 1 to the right-hand side of the formula y raph up 1 unit (Figure 1.29). (b) Adding ~2 to the right-hand side of the formula y = x? to get graph down 2 units (Figure 1.29). (©) Adding 3 toxin y = x? to get y = (x + 3)? shifts the graph 3 units to the left (Figure 1330) (@) Adding -2 (0.x in y = |x|, and then adding —1 to the result, gives y = |x — 2] -1 and shifts the graph 2 units to the right and | unit down (Figure 1.31). ' 2 + 1 shifts the x? to get y — 2 shifts the Scaling and Reflecting a Graph of a Function To scale the graph of a function y = f(x) is to stretch or compress it, vertically or hot zontally. This is accomplished by multiplying the function f, or the independent variable oe SPoropriae constant e. Reflections across the coordinate axes are special cass where ¢ = =1.5 FIGURE 1.32 Vertically stretching and compressing the graph y = Vr by 8 factor of 3 (Example 4). 4.2 Combining Funtions Shing and Scaling Graphs 17 Adda po Aa negative oa jy constant \veasae FIGURE 1.31. Shifting the graph of ‘y= [x2 units tothe right and I unit ‘down (Example 34), left, we add a positive constant to x (Example 3e). ‘To shift the graph to the right, we add a negative constant t Vertical and Horizontal Scaling and Reflecting Formulas For c > 1, the graph is sealed: Y= cflx) Stretches the graph of f vertically by a factor ofc. = EVO) Compresses the graph off vertically bya factor of y= flex) Compresses the graph of f horizontally by a factor of c. Y= flxje) Stretches the graph of f horizontally by a factor of e For e = =I, he graph is reflected: | y=-sx) Reflects the graph of f across the x-axis | | y= fl-x) Reflects the graph of f across the y-axis . EXAMPLE 4 — Here we scale and reflect the graph of y = Vx, (a) Vertical: Multiplying the right-hand side of y = Vx by 3 to the graph vertically by a factor of 3, whereas multiply sgraph by a factor of 3 (Figure 1.32), (b) Horizontal: The graph of y = 3Vx stretches yy 1/3 compresses the ‘Vix is a horizontal compression of the graph of y= Veeby a factor of 3, and y = V3 isa horizontal smetching by a factor of 3 (Figure 1.33), Note that y = V3x = V3\V/x so a horizontal compression may cor- respond to a vertical stretching by a different scaling factor. Likewise, a horizontal stretching may correspond toa vertical compression by a different scaling factor. (©), Reflection he graph of y = — Visa reflection of y ‘Vir across the x-axis, and ‘=x isa reflection across the y-avis (Figure 1.34), FIGURE 1.33 Horizontally stretching and FIGURE 1.34 Reflections of the graph compressing the graph y = Vrbyafactorof y= Vw across the coordinate axes 3 (Example 4b). (Example 40.tw “Wire Ceeah hate BR Tesora Me facebue — Mews Te af ry ond age Gahan, fh oy — AAMT Dongs Me + Al foal ‘fr. ai | wane x veda Bq). = fal, te a [ Fd bye oa oe oe aon = Qo ei a ap i ——— = Be “i i. ie aWa (. Y nar bas. Vai Yu = i A deo Wa Tha 4m. fea Bol Dom el fo ty 9 be th - 2 5 [eG ta talsRake [eels fag Ton = Fi TE Lasting Tai ex Con gf a Moe fae | tor)Wy eee eee Cometh is olka we co als ‘Dae te at eR wl Fs Sa tdokon VI h. TM Re confi] — “Unctyica tle tes be a — — hg Beals = Aaow tn — eh mor ea. ==s Gate Sat = piers: 602 Bel toe to Otis {0-2 ) = Ix ENS slay 1 ae iar 4 Gels lao “= Oe Joa) & dai Jou, a aBayete — Reps Lor)” eG ©, ron Lies)Ye EEE Wher Td fein el . |e S g ee 3B fava t AL Aat ly Zz J \ aa _ i | — Lg aA Rua The: Ry > toe): SS tw Wage =f — — —— aia) . tts 9-3) a he $s as eh = egPala eam er 1 ; [Se oe 00. Som= YW} arn We qaqa acer fcr = qin) (Ayer fil gh (ey - ahha dg hg: = ee =H Hw re 8 HM fj Las Bs ~ ti CC Wn Get - i c GelPr _we could bes; ml + Soy “td Eki mPottenat— weal bol Bel Soe Rebie. owes a pilots, 2 Sify dows wh Darkd is waclonlaneand. i bails » A fo ao et » \dicitaicn »4.2. Combining Functions; Shifting and Sealing Graphs 19 1F0 <6 < 1 the graph of Equation (1) horizontally stretches the circles ife > 1 he Ce cle is compressed horizontally. In ether cae, the graph of Equation (1) i an ellipse (Figute 1.36), Notice in Figure 1.36 that the y-intercepts of all three graphs are always —-” 1.36b, the line segment joining the points (r/c, 0) is called the major als ofthe ellipse; the minor axts isthe line segment joining (0, 4). The axes of the el lipse nre reversed in Figure 1.36e: The major axis is the line segment joining the points y (0, ser), and i the line segment joining the points (tr/c, 0). In both cases, ths major axis is the we divide both @ FIGURE 1.37 Graph ofthe clipse where a = r/eand b = r. Ifa > b the major axsis horizontal; if < b, the major axis aoe is vertical. The center of the ellipse given by Equation (2) is the origin (Figure 1.37) 84 B= ham bovhorthe mj Substituting x ~ hi for x, and y — F for, in Equation (2) results in sais is horizontal (x - Ay? =k ¢ A We i _ Equation (3) is the standard equation of an ellipse with center at (h, k). The geometric definition and properties of ellipses are reviewed in Section 11.6. | Exercises 1.2 Aigebraic Combinations aI ste dorainsandrmgesot fg. f+ gant RIVET T a ea Mee fe - n= ga)= Vet 10, fo) = 322, a= SEF) Mad V2 2 f= VET ate) = VE= I Let fix) = -3, gh) = Vex) =, and jle) = 2. Be fo Brercses 3 and 4, find the domains and ranges of cand Press each of the functions in Exercises 1] and 128 a composite in tein ad 6 ft te eso fa sant Mesto ec a : =v vi 3 fl) Mea y= Ven3 be y=2Ve 4 fo) eyes yaa e ys Vae-3y f y= (Qr- 6)? Composites of Functions oll bya? 8, If f(x) = x + Sand g(x) = x? — 3, find the following, ‘ a y=x-6 2 f(g) bs) ® fy=VP=3 e. f(g) de g( fx) 13. Copy and complete the following table. & 14-9) f g(@Q)) a) $0) (F296) suo) h. ata) = 6. If f(x) = x — 1 and g(x) = 1/(x + 1), find the following. ax-T Ve . ® f(e(t/2)) b. a(sc1/2) boxt2 2 & f(@0) @. gf) «2 Vew3 © #0) f. a(6@) x 2 & s0@) h. ge) 1 In Exercises 7-10, write a formula for f ° g ° e 2 1+ x 7. fa)=x+1, g(x) =3x, hx) =4—¥ 1 8 fa) = 3x44, g(x) =2r- 1, AG)=0 fz : * a20 Chapter 1: Functions the graph of 7 = 2? shined 22, The accompanying figure rs for the new graphs, 14, Copy and complete the following table, gure shows $e) ans) {we new potion. Wit ea ? + Position (3) ¥eT vag «2 tel 3 ave ial 15, Evaluate each expression using the given table of values Position (6) s[2[-] of 1]2 sol tf ofafafe \ tes 23, Match the equations listed in pats (a)~(d) to the graphs inthe ac, companying igure. oa by=@- se a. f(g(-1)) » g(f(0)) A(f(-I) ayaG- pnd @ (22) & (2) £ #(@(1)) ya @r yee? 16, Evaluate each expression using the functions dys (x43 = 2 eee eer ere =) (FB) « a(a(-D) @ £92). st4(0)) & Mg(1/2)) In Exercises 17 and 18, (a) write formulas for f © g and g © f and find the (b) domain and (6) range of each, 17 fo) = VeF3, gt =! Vi 19. Let f(x) = 75, Find a function y = g(x) so that 18. 0) = 3, e) O° 0) =x. 2 5 ; 24, The accompanying figure shows the graph of y = —x? shifted to 20. Let fx) = 2x* ~ 4, Finda fimetion y = g(x) so that four new positions. Write an equation for each new graph, CF 9) =x +2, Shifting Graphs 21, The accompanying figure shows the graph of y = —x? shifted to ‘two new positions. Write equations for the new graphs. i Position (6)a Y= 49 Down3,ten2 268+ y7= 25 Up3ieng 2 y= x Le down 1 28. y= 8?” Right 1, down 1 y= VE Leos 30.y=- Ve Right3 31 y= 28-7 UpT 1 32 y= e+ +S: Downs, right 33. y= Ife Up Ayright 1 3 y= IP Left 2, down Graph the functions in Exercises 35-54, 3 y= Ved 36 y= OTR ahs be 2d 3B y= [laf -1 Byatt Ven 4 yet-ve 42. &- 87? Hoy tga? 46 yes PHI 83. aT 48, The accompanying figure shows the graph of a function f(s) with, domain [0,2] and range [0 1]. Find the domains and ranges ofthe following functions, and sketch ther graphs, 1 vase) or = a fo) +2 b fa) ©. 24a) 4. -fis) e fle+2) f fir- 0) & fi-x) be -fiet +l 4.2 Combining Functions Shifting and Scaling Graphs 24 '86, The accompanying figure shows the graph ofa function g(0) sith domain [~4. 0] and range (-3.0]. Find the domains and ranges ofthe following functions, and sketch thei graphs. a t-9 & -8 6 8 +3 & 1-80) g(t) £ att) ge el) he =e 4) Vertical and Horizontal Scaling Exercises 57-66 tell by what factor and direction the graphs of the ‘given functions are to be stretched or compressed. Give an equation forthe stretched or compressed graph. 57, y =a? = 1, stretched vertically by a factor of 3 $8, y =x = 1, compressed horizontally by a factor of 2 9. compressed vertically by a factor of2 0. y= stretched horizontally by a factor of 3 a. compressed horizontally by a factor of 4 Oy stretched vertically by a fuctor of 3 a. stretched horizontally by a factor of 2 64. y= V4= 35, compressed vertically by a factor of 3 6s. 66. ‘compressed horizontally by a factor of 3 stretched horizomally by a factor of 2 Graphing In Exercises 67-74, graph each function, not by plotting points, but by starting with the graph of one of the standard functions presented in Figures 1.14-1.17 and applying an appropriate transformation, 75. Graph the function y 76. Graph the function y Ellipses Exercises 77-82 give equations of ellipses. Put each equation in stan- dard form and sketch the ellipse Th. 9x2 + 2597 = 225 78. lost + Ty? +R e3 80, (e+ 1 +2